Influence Of Fabrication Parameters Research Articles

A novel optical acoustic fabric based on intensity-modulated flexible air-filled fiber adapter for sound sensing

This study proposes and demonstrates an optical acoustic fabric design method to detect sound, which is based on intensity-modulated flexible air-filled fiber adapter (FAFFA). A FAFFA was woven into the weft center of the polyamide fabric as weft, and the FAFFA was realized by connecting polymer optical fibers at each end of an flexible tube. The principle of the optical acoustic fabric is to allow the flexible tube to deform with the resonance of the polyamide fabric, subsequently changing the light intensity in the FAFFA. The macro-scale finite element method and ray tracing optical simulation investigated the operating principle of optical acoustic fabric and performance of FAFFA structures, and the influence of fabric parameters was evaluated by meso-scale finite element simulation. The yarn of the optical fiber acoustic fabric has low Young’s modulus and high flexibility. The proposed FAFFA structure is simple to prepare and has good maneuverability, which breaks away from the constraints of the traditional optical acoustic sensor membrane structure. This proposed optical acoustic fabric is easy to prepare, simple in principle and highly flexible. Along with wireless devices, the use of the optical acoustic fabric can be further extended to “hearing aids” for special individuals in wearable applications.

Fibre fragment pollution: source directed intervention through design

This study analyses the difference in fibre fragment pollution generated during the laundering of woven and knit fabrics for clothing and the influence of fabric parameters on the amount of pollution released. 100% polyester single jersey knit and 2/2 twill woven fabrics were created and washed according to AATCC TM212-2021. Results indicated more tightly woven structures released over three times less pollution than looser knit structures, releasing 6.41 mg of fibre fragments per kg of woven fabric (mean ± 1.50 SD, n = 8) compared to 21.21 mg of fibre fragments per kg of knit fabric (mean ± 1.80 SD, n = 8). The first wash for both knit and woven fabrics shed significantly more fibre fragments than subsequent washes. By the fifth wash both fabrics released under a tenth of the amount of pollution released in the first wash. To mitigate fibre fragment pollution that is released by fabrics designed for clothing this work recommends designing out pollution using more tightly constructed fabrics. Furthermore, the implementation of technology in fabric and garment manufacturing processes (e.g. fibre catching devices) should be utilised specifically during first washes allowing pollution to be filtered from the wastewater to stem the flow of contaminants into the environment.

Daytime radiative cooling capacity of nanoparticle on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film

Radiative cooling, which does not entail any energy consumption, has received considerable attention as a promising, practical, and sustainable solution to heatwaves. This study investigated single layer nanoparticles–polymer films that reflected sunlight and emitted radiation through atmospheric windows. In this paper, the fundamental principles of Mie theory, the cooling power model, and the thermal balance model of metamaterial films were first introduced. Then, the influence of fabrication parameters (nanoparticle materials, mass fractions, and thicknesses) to the reflectivity in solar band was experimentally explained. An increase in the mass fraction enhanced the reflectivity corresponding to the stretching vibration regions of CH, NH, and OH, while an increase in the thickness improved the reflectivity at non-absorption bands. Laboratory measurements indicated that the combination of TiO2, a fluorescent brightener, and a far-infrared ceramic powder on 100 μm thermoplastic polyurethane film achieved excellent solar reflectivity of 92.2 % and infrared emissivity of 96.1 %. Experimental testing and Fluent simulation showed that the film achieved a substantial cooling capacity in both Beijing and Tianjin. Under a transparent atmospheric window, it exhibited a subambient temperature of 3.7 °C when the air temperature reached its peak. The maximum daytime and night-time subambient temperature were 13.4 °C and 14 °C respectively.

Constructing Co3O4/g-C3N4 Ultra-Thin Nanosheets with Z-Scheme Charge Transfer Pathway for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting.

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen generation is a significant pathway for sustainable energy conversion and production. The photocatalysts with a Z-scheme water splitting charge transfer pathway is superior due to the good separation and migration ability of photoexcited charge carriers. Herein, Co3O4/g-C3N4 photocatalysts with Z-scheme charge transfer pathway were successfully constructed by an electrostatic interaction-annealing method. The as-prepared Co3O4/g-C3N4 ultra-thin nanosheets were tested and analyzed by XRD, EA, ICP, SEM, TEM, AFM, XPS, UV-Vis DRS, PL and photoelectrochemical measurements. Moreover, the influences of fabrication parameters on performance of Co3O4/g-C3N4 catalysts were investigated, and 0.5% Co3O4/g-C3N4 exhibited the optimal activity. Based on the characterization and catalytic performance, the Z-scheme charge transfer pathway of Co3O4/g-C3N4 was established and put forward. To further improve the catalytic performance of Co3O4/g-C3N4, 0.5% Pt was added as a co-catalyst. The obtained Pt/0.5% Co3O4/g-C3N4 was recyclable and remained the original catalytic water splitting performance within 20 h. The modification of Co3O4 and Pt improved the separation and migration of e− and h+, and induced the increased hydrogen evolution rate of g-C3N4.

Injectable Cell- and Growth Factor-Free Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) Microspheres with Open Porous Structures and Great Efficiency of Promoting Bone Regeneration.

Delivering injectable microspheres in a minimally invasive way to repair complexly shaped tissue defects renders them attractive for clinical use. Especially, open porous microspheres that provide sufficient internal space for cell proliferation and nutrient diffusions can efficiently aid to completing reconstructions of tissue defects. In this work, chemically synthesized and biodegradable poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB), which is the U.S. FDA-approved polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), was employed for fabricating open porous microspheres using a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The influences of fabrication parameters were discussed. It was found that the P4HB-based cell-free and growth factor-free open porous microspheres can enhance osteoblast differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in vitro and accelerate rat calvarial bone-defect healing in vivo. These results demonstrated that the injectable open porous P4HB microspheres present a remarkable potential in bone tissue regeneration.

Influence of fabrication parameters on the elastic modulus and characteristic stresses in 3D printed PLA samples produced via fused deposition modelling technique

Abstract Commonly used 3D printed samples are partially infilled to reduce time and cost of printing, with mechanical properties dependent on the infill. In this work, the influence of the percentage and pattern of infill in PLA printed samples on the elastic modulus and characteristic stresses was analyzed. The elastic modulus, E, and characteristic stresses (σ 0.2, σ 4 and the maximum tensile stress) were determined for each sample using impulse excitation technique, IET, and uniaxial tensile tests. An apparent density was calculated for each pattern and infill percentage, and the mechanical parameters were studied as a function of such density. The results of IET obtained in different modes of vibration were analyzed and an apparent value of E was calculated. FEM simulations were carried out and the results were compared with the experimental ones. The mechanical properties for different infill percentages and infill patterns were studied by comparing the specific values of E and the stresses. Samples with higher infill percentages exhibit the best specific values of maximum stress and E, but the sample with 20% infill has the highest specific yield stress and a good value of the specific E from flexural vibrations.

Fabrication of Biodegradable Polymeric Microspheres with Controllable Porous Structure for Cell Delivery

Porous microspheres fabricated by biodegradable polymers show great potential as carriers for cell cultivation in tissue engineering. We have attempted to prepare porous microspheres using various biodegradable polymers, and the polymer used is biodegradable Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin. The influence of fabrication parameters, such as the concentration of crosslinker and polymer, concentration and type of porogen, as well as the post-hydrolysis treatment and thawing time of the porous structure of the microspheres are discussed. an active spread of Hep3B-GFP cells on the microspheres is observed, which indicates that the biodegradable polymeric microsphere with controllable porous structure are of great potential as cell delivery carriers for tissue engineering.

Study on the Effect of Fabric Parameters on the properties of Wave-Transparent Composites

Novel fabric structures of wave-transparent composites having excellent dielectric property were successfully prepared using autoclave moulding. The influence of fabric parameters (such as weaving patterns, hollow ratio, mix structure) on the properties of quartz fiber-reinforced modified cyanate ester composite were systematically investigated. The results show that satin weave fabric-reinforced composites have better mechanical performance than plain weave fabric--reinforced composites. With hollow ratio of fabric increasing the dielectric properties of composites becomes better, except for the mechanical performance. The prepared hollow/solid quartz fabric-reinforced composites in this study display lower dielectric constant and better mechanical properties than quartz/Aramid III and quartz/Poly-p-phenylene benzobisoxazole(PBO).

Room-temperature and flexible PEDOT:PSS–WO3 gas sensor for nitrogen dioxide detection

In this paper, a resistance type gas sensor which consists of tungsten oxide (PEDOT:PSS), [Formula: see text] particles and silver finger electrodes was prepared on glass as well as (PET) substrates. The structural and surface morphological properties of the sensors were studied using (XRD), UV-visible, (FTIR), (FE-SEM) and 3D optical microscopy. The influence of fabrication parameters on the sensibility for nitrogen dioxide [Formula: see text] detection is discussed. Experimental results reveal that the sensor with [Formula: see text] content of 2 g/mL shows the highest response rate of 2.31 with increasing concentration up to 80 ppm of nitrogen dioxide gas. The response of the flexible gas sensor reveals improved sensing performance after 500 bending tests.

Experimental Study on C<sub>F</sub>/Al Composite Plate with Complex Curved Surface Fabricated by Liquid-Solid Infiltration Extrusion

In this paper, continuous carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix (Cf/Al) composite plate with complex curved surface is fabricated by liquid-solid infiltration extrusion. The influence of fabrication parameters, such as the melting temperature, extrusion temperature and extrusion pressure on the Cf/Al composite plate is studied. The experimental results show that the liquid-solid infiltration extrusion process can be used to fabricate the Cf/Al composite with curved surface. The Cf/Al composite exhibits good infiltration and well-formed quality when the extrusion pressure is 50MPa, the extrusion temperature is 670°C and the melting temperature is 690°C. According to the microstructure observation, the carbon fiber uniformly distributes in the aluminum alloy matrix without damage and obvious defects. The density of the composite is decreased by 17.9%, from 2.71g/cm3 to 2.29g/cm3, which is lower than that of the matrix alloy, and the ultimate tensile strength is increased by 120% compared with the matrix alloy, from 127MPa to 279MPa.

The fabrication, microstructure, photo-catalysis and piezo-catalysis of layered TiO2-MoS2

Layered TiO2 and TiO2-MoS2 nano-materials were fabricated by hydrothermal method. The influence of fabrication parameters on the microstructure was investigated. The sample growth mechanism is proposed. Layered TiO2-MoS2 is consisted of ultrathin repeating unit of a thickness about 0.9 nm. Layered TiO2-MoS2 nano-materials have better organic pollutant absorption, higher visible light absorption, stronger photo-catalyst and piezo-catalyst activity than that of P25-TiO2 and layered TiO2, The piezo-catalysis of MoS2 is first proved to be survival in its hybrid structure.

Effect of Fabrication Parameters and Material Features on Tensile Strength of FDM Built Parts

This paper presents experimental investigations on influence of fabrication parameters and material features viz., layer thickness, build orientation, processing material and processing quality on tensile strength of parts built by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The specimen is designed according to GB/T 1040.2/1BA/1 which maintains the tensile strength test. And the experimental factor levels are setup on account of the fabrication parameters and processing materials of the processing equipment for FDM. Then Taguchi’s parameter design is applied to find optimum factor levels to maximize the tensile strength of FDM built parts. As the experiment plan is designed base on orthogonal test design with mixed levels, tensile strength of each test is obtained and the signal to noise ratio which defined to evaluate the influence and variation is obtain as well. Then main effect plot is drawn and analysis of variance is performed to find optimal level of fabrication parameters to maximize the tensile strength of FDM built parts. Finally, the effect of fabrication parameters and material features on tensile strength of FDM built parts are obtained.

Influence of Fabric Parameters on Surface Waviness of FRPC: An Experimental Investigation and Development of a Model on Surface Waviness

This paper deals with the surface development of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, so called organic sheets, during processing. To investigate the effect of the textile parameters on the surface development organic sheets with different steel wire fabrics and a polycarbonate matrix were manufactured using a laboratory press. The fabrics differed in fiber diameter and mesh size. The results showed that both textile parameters have a significant influence on the characteristic surface waviness of the FRPC. Increasing fiber diameters and mesh sizes lead to higher maximum waviness. Organic sheets with a fiber diameter of the reinforcement less or equal 50 μm could not be differentiated anymore and had no visible waviness. Based on the equation for linear thermal expansion a thermo rheological process model was developed to predict the surface waviness. The model describes the waviness creation including a pressure induced compensating polymer flow. A waviness comparison of experimental data with calculated results shows a good agreement.

Fabrication and evaluation of oxidation resistance performance of open-celled Fe(Al) foam by space-holder technique

First, fabrication of Fe(Al) open-cell foams by using space-holder technique, in which NaCl powder and polyester resin were utilized as space holder and binder, was investigated. Fe(Al) powder were prepared via mechanical alloying method after 5h milling process. Then, the influences of fabrication parameters, alloying element Al content, time of milling process, sintering temperature and soaked time on the oxidation resistance performance of foam specimens at 800°C were mainly studied. The experimental results exhibit that alloying with 2wt.% Al resulted in acceleration of the oxidation rate of foam samples, additionally, alloying with 4wt.% Al had a little positive effect on oxidation rate at 800°C. However, the oxidation resistance of the 10wt.% Al-containing sample greatly improves compared to pure Fe. In addition, the oxidation resistance performance of prepared foam was improved by increasing the milling time up to 15h, and followed by a decrease gradually. The increase of sintering temperature and the prolongation of soaked time to 1100°C and 90min, respectively had significant positive effect on the oxidation resistance.

ENCAPSULATION AND RELEASE PROFILE OF PROTEIN CAGE FROM A POLYMERIC MATRIX

Protein cages have been widely investigated as molecular drug carrier. E2 protein from Bacillus stearothermophillus forms a dodecahedral cage structure of approximately 24 nm in diameter. To formulate a sustainable release profile, E2 protein was further encapsulated into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles to form a composite structure using water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion method. The influence of fabrication parameters on microparticle morphology and E2 protein release profile were investigated. The microparticle size increased when the stirring speed of the second emulsification decreased. Decrease in the volume of external aqueous phase led to the reduction of microparticle size without affecting its porosity. The higher ionic concentration of external aqueous phase in the presence of surfactant resulted in microparticles with closed pores on surface. Increase in polymer concentration also led to the formation of less porous microparticles. The E2 protein was not dissociated upon encapsulation into PLGA microparticles based on the unchanged particle size of E2 protein. E2 protein release was studied in phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37°C. The initial burst and release rate were lowered as the surfactant concentration in external water phase during the fabrication process was increased from 0.1% to 1% (w/v). After 14-day incubation, no observable polymer degradation was found while the surface of microparticles appeared to be smoother than before incubation.

Influence of Fabrication Parameters on Crystallization, Microstructure, Surface Composition, and Optical Behavior of MgO Thin Films Deposited by rf Magnetron Sputtering

In this work MgO thin films have been grown onto common glass substrates by magnetron rf sputtering from a MgO (99.99%) target with dimensions of 4″×¼″. Basically, we found the optimum conditions for deposition such as working pressure (7×10−3 mbar), the power applied to the target (400 W) and the flow of Ar (20 sccm). The films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at a grazing angle at θ–2θ configuration, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmittance studies. The XRD results show that to reproduce the polycrystalline phase of the target, there is a power threshold of 250 W. AFM results indicate that the films present average roughness of the 200 A and grain size of 1100 A. XPS shows a surface composition of the films most external 5 nm, indicating the presence of MgO and Mg(OH)2. The optical characterization indicates that the films have a high absorption coefficient for wavelengths below 310 nm, and between 450 to 850 nm they showed a transmittance average of 90%.

Fabrication of highly c-axis textured ZnO thin films piezoelectric transducers by RF sputtering

The influence of fabrication parameters on ZnO film properties has been analyzed through conducting several experiment processes to develop an appropriate deposition condition for obtaining highly c-axis textured films. A transducer with the structure of Al/ZnO/Al/Si was fabricated at low deposition rate and under a temperature of 380 °C in a mixture of gases Ar:O2 = 1:3, and RF power of 178 W. Pt/Ti was employed as the bottom electrode of the transducer fabricated in a suitable substrate temperature, which starts increasing at 380 °C with an increment of 20 °C for each 2 h stage of the deposition. Highly c-axis textured ZnO films have been successfully deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate under feasible conditions, including RF power of 178 W, substrate temperature of 380 °C, deposition pressure of 1.3 Pa and Ar:O2 gas flow ratio of 50%. These conditions have been proposed and confirmed through investigating the influences of the sputtering parameters, such as substrate temperature, RF power and Ar:O2 gas flow ratio, on the properties of ZnO films.

Direct Electron Transfer of Trametes hirsuta Laccase in a Dual-Layer Architecture of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films

Direct electron transfer (DET) type biocatalysis was accomplished for Trametes hirsuta laccase (ThL) on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode by immobilizing laccase into a well-designed dual-layer architecture of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). PEDOT films were subsequently deposited on a GC electrode via electropolymerization, with NO3− as the counterion for the first accommodation layer and poly(styrene-sulfonate) anions (PSS−) for the second capping layer. The enzyme (ThL) was cast on top of the accommodation layer (PEDOT-NO3), and then the capping layer (PEDOT-PSS) was electrodeposited to entrap ThL between the layers. This enzyme electrode is reported to be able to promote DET between ThL and the GC electrode and catalyze the reduction of O2 into water. The influence of fabrication parameters on the enzyme electrode performance was investigated through chronoamperometric measurements. The investigated parameters included different combinations of PEDOT films, ThL loading, and the thicknesses of b...

Influence of fabrication parameters on crystallization, microstructure, and surface composition of NbN thin films deposited by rf magnetron sputtering

In this work NbN thin films have been grown by magnetron rf sputtering of a δ-NbN (99.99%) target. In particular, the influence of certain fabrication parameters (substrate temperature, power supplied to the target or additional N2 flux in the preparation chamber) on the crystallization, microstructure, and surface composition of the deposited films have been studied. The films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at grazing angle in the θ–2θ configuration, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD results show that films grown at a substrate temperature of 573 K and a power supply applied to the target of 300 W present the same crystalline structure of the target while films grown at these temperature and power supply conditions plus the additional presence of N2 during fabrication, grow highly textured along the plane (200). SEM results indicate that the films present columnar growth and a high homogeneity. WDS analysis shows that films grown at 573 K and 300 W are stoichiometric. XPS shows a complex surface composition of the films most external 5 nm, indicating the presence of niobium nitride (NbNx), niobium oxy-nitride (NbNxOy), and niobium oxide (Nb2O5).

Tuning the structural properties of femtosecond-laser-induced nanogratings

We present the results of our investigations on the formation process of nanogratings in fused silica and the influence of fabrication parameters, thereby identifying ways to systematically control the grating properties. Nanogratings, self-organized nanostructures with subwavelength periodicity, are formed in certain parameter ranges during femtosecond-laser processing of transparent materials, resulting in characteristic birefringent modifications. They provide the opportunity for the fabrication of arbitrary three-dimensional birefringent elements with position-dependent retardation. Based on our findings, we were able to fabricate birefringent elements with various precise retardations in otherwise isotropic fused silica.