Influence Of Extreme Temperatures Research Articles

Influence of extreme temperature on adverse pregnancy outcomes in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Influence of extreme temperature on adverse pregnancy outcomes in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Climate extremes and land use carbon emissions: Insight from the perspective of sustainable land use in the eastern coast of China

The changing land use is one of the primary factors influencing the pattern of carbon sources/sinks, while climate change is a major driver for land use change. With global warming increasing, assessing the impact of climate extremes on land use carbon emissions remains a great challenge. Here, we explored the changes in climate extremes from 1961 to 2020 using the CN05.1 gridded observation dataset. The impact of climate extremes on land use carbon emissions was analyzed by Pearson correlation methodology. The results demonstrated that (1) extreme temperatures were trending upwards, and dry periods were long, but short periods of heavy precipitation were possible from 1961 to 2020. (2) In terms of the extreme temperature indices, the high temperatures indices were positively correlated with land use carbon emissions. For the extreme precipitation indices, the other seven indices except CDD were also positively correlated with land use carbon emissions. (3) Furthermore, the extreme heat indices were positively correlated with land use carbon emissions mainly on construction land. The wetness indices showed a positive correlation with land use carbon emissions in the middle of Shandong Province. (4) Additionally, the influence of extreme temperatures on land use carbon emissions in Shandong Province was larger than of extreme precipitation. Among all the extreme climate indices, TN10p had the largest effect on land use carbon emissions and was significantly negatively correlated. These findings will provide scientific references for regional responses to climate change and the promotion of carbon emission reduction.

Egg hatching success is influenced by the time of thermal stress in four hard tick species.

Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods responsible for the transmission of disease-causing pathogens to a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including livestock and humans. Tick-borne diseases have been implicated in significant economic losses to livestock production, and this threat will increase as these obligate parasites widen their geographical ranges. Similar to other ectotherms, thermal stress due to changing global temperatures has been shown to influence tick survival and distribution. However, studies on the influence of extreme temperatures in ticks have focused on advanced, mobile stages, ignoring immobile stages that cannot move to more favorable microhabitats. In this study, low- and high-temperature regimens were assessed in relation to egg viability for hard tick species-Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick), Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick), Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick). Tick eggs exposed early in development (freshly laid during early embryo development) were significantly more susceptible to thermal stress when compared with those exposed later in development (late embryo development denoted by a fecal spot). Based on our studies, differences in egg hatching success among treatments were greater than in hatching success when comparing species. Lastly, there was evidence of extreme thermal exposure significantly altering the hatching times of tick eggs for specific treatments. These results provide insights into the critical period for tick egg viability in relation to thermal exposure and tick survival associated with stress and climate change.

Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loading Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate by Heating Emulsification and Homogenization Methods

The pandemic period has caused antibiotics highly recommended to cure infections. The use of macrolide antibiotics has greatly increased recently due to outbreaks of diseases that attack the human respiratory tract all of part of the world. One member of the macrolide group is erythromycin ethyl succinate which has low solubility in water. Therefore, this study aims to convert erythromycin ethyl succinate into lipid nanoparticles in an attempt to increase solubility. The method for the formation of nanoparticles is heating emulsification and homogenization. The results obtained in the form of formula 1 (F1) showed the percent encapsulation of 85.688±0.30641. The physical properties were that it has a size of 398.9±1.4 nm, a PDI of 0.3895±0.0015, and zeta potential of -17.45±0.15 mV respectively. The stability was determined by an accelerated test by the influence of extreme temperature and mechanics affecting the stability of the particles as an indication of decreasing the pH and particle precipitation. The solubility of erythromycin ethyl succinate in the form of lipid nanoparticles was increased in a comparison with the pure substance of erythromycin ethyl succinate.

Damage evolution in sandwich components at different extreme temperatures

Composites' structures are subjected to various environmental conditions during their service life. However, only a few papers are focalized on analysing damage history after impact at shallow temperatures and among them, even less concern sandwich components. Futhermore, since the effect of any degradation phenomena may not be visible to the naked eye, the evolution of the damage is followed with non-destructive techniquest. In this paper, the damage suffered by sandwich structure composites was evaluated by three NDT techniques: Ultrasound, Lock-in Thermography and speckle interferometry. Sandwich structures investigated consist of carbon fibre reinforced face sheets surrounding a PVC core. Indentation and penetration tests (U = 7.5J, 10.5 J and 12 J) were carried out at room temperature and −55°C, +70°C. After tests, damage extension and propagation has been evaluated in terms of indentation depth and delamination by NDT. The results provided useful information about the influence of extreme temperature on both impact properties and damage evolution in the system investigated.

Spatial Heterogeneity and Complexity of the Impact of Extreme Climate on Vegetation in China

The impact of extreme climate on natural ecosystems and socioeconomic systems is more serious than that of the climate’s mean state. Based on the data of 1698 meteorological stations in China from 2001 to 2018, this study calculated the 27 extreme climate indices of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Through correlation analysis and collinearity diagnostics, we selected two representative extreme temperature indices and three extreme precipitation indices. The spatial scale of the impact of extreme climate on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in China during the growing season from 2001 to 2018 was quantitatively analyzed, and the complexity of the dominant factors in different regions was discussed via clustering analysis. The research results show that extreme climate indices have a scale effect on vegetation. There are spatial heterogeneities in the impacts of different extreme climate indices on vegetation, and these impacts varied between the local, regional and national scales. The relationship between the maximum length of a dry spell (CDD) and NDVI was the most spatially nonstationary, and mostly occurred on the local scale, while the effect of annual total precipitation when the daily precipitation amount was more than the 95th percentile (R95pTOT) showed the greatest spatial stability, and mainly manifested at the national scale. Under the current extreme climate conditions, extreme precipitation promotes vegetation growth, while the influence of extreme temperature is more complicated. As regards intensity and range, the impact of extreme climate on NDVI in China over the past 18 years can be categorized into five types: the humidity-promoting type, the cold-promoting and drought-inhibiting compound type, the drought-inhibiting type, the heat-promoting and drought-inhibiting compound type, and the heat-promoting and humidity-promoting compound type. Drought is the greatest threat to vegetation associated with extreme climate in China.

Fast-Acting Electric Initiating Blasting Caps

The paper presents the constructions of new, fast-acting electric initiating blasting caps of WN-1 and WN-1A types, developed at the Military Institute of Armament Technology in Zielonka (Poland). These blasting caps have been characterized in terms of the materials used for their production and the applied explosives. The investigation results of selected blasting caps and their most important characteristics are given. Among others, dependence between a response time of a blasting cap and a supply voltage was presented as well as influence of extreme temperatures on its reliability and response time was given. The investigations of the blasting caps for initiation of blasting explosives were performed and the results confirming their usefulness are presented.

Influence of Extreme Temperature on the Pore and Fracture Development of High‐Rank Coal

Pore and fracture structures in coals and their distribution features play an important role in the enrichment and osmosis migration of coalbed methane (CBM). The modification and antireflection of pore and fracture in coal reservoir through ultrahigh and ultralow temperature stress, such as liquid nitrogen frozen‐induced cracking and thermal antireflection of coal reservoir, have attracted wide research attention. This study conducted a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment of pore and fracture features of coal samples under two extreme temperatures (100°C, −196°C) using the Meso MR23‐060H‐I low‐field NMR and imaging instrument. The influencing law of ultrahigh and ultralow temperature stress on pore and fracture development in high‐rank coal was discussed. Results demonstrated that temperature can influence pore and fracture development of high‐rank coal samples. The pore volume, porosity, and permeability of the coal sample increase after low‐temperature (−196°C) treatment. The proportion of microspores decreases, the proportion of small pores increases, the proportion of mesopores remains the same, and the proportion of macrospores increases to some extent. The pore volume of coal sample decreases after high‐temperature (100°C) treatment. Porosity and permeability decrease. The proportion of mesopores declines, the proportion of mesopores remains basically same, and the proportion of macrospores decreases.

Spatial and temporal variability of cv. Tempranillo phenology and grape quality within the Ribera del Duero DO (Spain) and relationships with climate.

The aim of this work was to analyze spatial phenology and grape quality variability related to the climatic characteristics within the Ribera del Duero Designation of Origin (DO). Twenty plots planted with cv. Tempranillo and distributed within the DO were analyzed for phenology from 2004 to 2013. Grape quality parameters at ripening (berry weight, sugar content, acidity and pH, and anthocyanins) were analyzed in 26 plots for the period 2003-2013. The relationships between phenology and grape parameters with different climatic variables were confirmed with a multivariate analysis. On average, bud break was April 27(th), bloom June 17(th), and veraison August 12th. However, phenology during the time period showed high variability, with differences between years of up to 21 days for a phenology stage. The earliest dates were observed in dry years (2005, 2006, and to a lesser degree in 2009) while the later phenology dates occurred in the wettest year of the period (2008). High correlations were found between veraison date and temperature variables as well as with precipitation-evapotranspiration recorded during the bloom-veraison period. These effects tended to be higher in the central part of the DO. Grape quality parameters also showed high variability among the dry and the wet years, and the influence of extreme temperatures on color development as well as the effect of available water on acidity were observed.

Influence of Extreme Temperatures During Grain Filling on Protein Fractions, and Its Relationship to Some Quality Characteristics in Bread, Biscuit, and Durum Wheat

ABSTRACTExtreme temperatures during grain filling have been identified as a major source of variation in wheat quality characteristics. In this study one biscuit, two bread, and one durum wheat cultivars were evaluated in two consecutive seasons for reaction to extreme high and low temperatures during grain filling. In both years, the soft biscuit wheat cultivar showed the largest reaction to low temperature stress, where the monomeric proteins were significantly increased and the polymeric proteins significantly decreased. The effect of temperature stress was more pronounced in the second year, with an earlier planting date. The durum wheat reacted to both heat and cold stress in the second year, where the small polymeric proteins were significantly reduced, and the small and large monomeric proteins were increased with stress. The effect of wheat type was much more pronounced than the effect of temperature treatments on the protein fractions. The protein fractions of the tetraploid durum wheat were very different from the hexaploid cultivars, with much less polymeric proteins, and more monomeric proteins. The soft biscuit wheat had significantly less large polymeric proteins and more large monomeric proteins than the bread wheat cultivars for both years.

Influence of Extreme Temperatures on Consumption and Condition of Walleyes in Pymatuning Sanctuary, Pennsylvania

Temperature is an important abiotic factor affecting fish population dynamics. An unfavorable thermal regimen can restrict a species' ability to thrive in its environment. We studied the effects of an unfavorable thermal regimen on the feeding, condition, and growth of an unexploited population of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in Pymatuning Sanctuary, Pennsylvania. We used gastric lavage to sample stomach contents of walleyes captured by electrofishing during bimonthly sampling from May through October, 1997–1998. We sampled available forage by shoreline seining and recorded water temperatures using an electronic temperature monitor. To determine the effects of temperature on walleye feeding, condition, and growth, we examined relationships among water temperature, forage availability, percentage of stomachs containing food, food consumption by number and volume, and relative weight of adults. Average daily temperature and daily minimum temperature were above the thermal optimum (22°C) for most of the summer in both years. Adult catch-per-unit-effort, percentage of stomachs containing food, average number of food items, and volume of food consumed were all lowest during summer. Average relative weight of adults was lowest during the warmest periods of summer, and was negatively related to average temperature, as was average volume of food consumed. The thermal regimen in Pymatuning Sanctuary negatively affected adult walleye feeding activity, consumption, and condition, and was thus an important factor in structuring this population.

THE EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE HATCHING OF EGGS AND SURVIVAL OF THE FRESHWATER SNAILBIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA(SAY)

SUMMARY The incubation period and percentage hatching of eggs of pigmented and unpigmented Biomphalaria glabrata at constant temperatures were investigated in the range 14 °C to 34 °C. In order to determine the influence of extreme temperatures on adult snails, specimens of the same species were exposed to 0 °C and 40 °C for selected time periods. The results indicate that sustained temperatures below 16 °C and above 32 °C are detrimental to the development and hatching of B. glabrata embryos. The optimum temperatures for incubation period and hatching differ from each other. As far as temperature is concerned, this foreign snail species should be capable of successfully colonizing the warmer parts of southern Africa.

The influence of extreme temperatures on metabolic substances in the hemolymph and foot muscle of Helix pomatia

1. 1. The hemolymph of Helix pomatia subjected to a 1-hr temperature rise from an adaptation temperature (AT) of 20°C to 43°C shows, when examined at intervals of 1 and 24 hr after return to 20°C, at least a temporary increase in the freezing-point depression and also a rise in the concentrations of K, Ca, glucose, NPS and protein. 2. 2. In the case of lowering the temperature to 0°C only rises in glucose and NPS concentrations are found. 3. 3. After both temperature changes the pH value and Na concentration fall in the hemolymph, and in the foot muscle the LDH activity becomes greater. 4. 4. In the hemolymph of heat- (50°C) and cold-killed (−10°C) snails the concentration of K, NPS and glucose are conformably higher, and the Na concentration and pH value are lower in comparison to those at 20°C. 5. 5. The other measured values in the hemolymph generally tend at heat death to increase, however, at cold death they decrease. In the foot muscle the Na intake stands over against a greater K efflux at heat and cold death.

Effects of induced pinocytotic activity and extreme temperatures on the morphology of Golgi bodies in Amoeba proteus.

The morphology of the Golgi apparatus of Amoeba proteus can be influenced by substances inducing pinocytotic activity as well as by extreme temperatures. During the ingestion of a solution of 0.5% egg white the number of Golgi bodies decreases from 100% measured in control cells to 82% measured in cells showing induced pinocytosis. Simultaneously the ratio of the surface area of the cisternae at the proximal face to that of the vesicles at the distal face of single dictyosomes remains constant (1.74-1.72). The decrease and increase of the temperature of the culture medium to 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C respectively, causes the disappearance of most of the dictyosomes. After keeping the cells for 3-10 h at these temperatures the number of Golgi bodies was only 5-10% of the controls. A continued treatment with cold or warm culture medium leads to a partial reorganization of dictyosomes. After 15 h the number of Golgi bodies counted per cell returned to 57% at 4 degrees C and 38% at 30 degrees C. The ratio of the surface area of the Golgi cisternae to the surface area of the Golgi vesicles also alters under the influence of extreme temperatures. The values measured after treating the cells for 3h, 4 h 10 h and 15 h at 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C amounted to 0.75, 0.85, 1.14 1.53 and 0.93, 0.38, 0.88, 1.60, respectively, compared to 1.72 of control amoebae. The different values of the ratio of the surface area of cisternae to that of vesicles indicate that there are strong morphological changes of single dictyosomes.