Influence Of Electrode Material Research Articles

Study on the influence of electrode materials on energy storage power station in lithium battery

Lithium batteries are promising techniques for renewable energy storage attributing to their excellent cycle performance, relatively low cost, and guaranteed safety performance. The performance of the LiFePO4 (LFP) battery directly determines the stability and safety of energy storage power station operation, and the properties of the internal electrode materials are the core and key to determine the quality of the battery. In this work, two kinds of commercial LFP batteries were studied by analyzing the electrical properties and material properties of the electrodes. After performing the rate and cycle performance tests of the battery cell, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma were used to explore the performance of electrode materials to establish the correlation between the battery performance and the electrochemical reaction law of the internal materials and further to judge the influence of the key material properties on the battery performance. This work opens up an avenue for technical supervision of energy storage power stations.

Additively Manufactured Degradable Piezoelectric Microsystems for Sensing and Actuating

AbstractThe global overabundance of electronic waste and ever‐increasing concerns regarding the energy‐and material‐intensive manufacturing processes associated with traditional electronics are driving the development of solution‐processed, degradable electronics. Of note, the industry‐dominating prevalence of harmful lead‐based materials in sensing and actuating devices drives the push for more eco‐friendly solution‐processed piezoelectric systems. Yet current ecofriendly multi‐material printing processes are limited by both the conventional challenges of multilayer processes as well as the low‐temperature thermal constraints of biodegradable materials. Herein, a novel approach for fabricating fully printed, sustainable piezoelectric transducers on paper substrates is presented. Low‐temperature screen‐printing processes are used to integrate non‐toxic KNbO3 layers with degradable carbon‐ or zinc‐based conductive inks into devices. The influence of electrode material on device characteristics is assessed, with effective piezoelectric coefficients reported as high as 4.6 pC N−1 and 5.1 pC N−1 for devices with carbon and zinc electrodes respectively. The potential of the developed technology is then demonstrated through the first‐ever instance of fully printed piezoelectric force sensors and acoustic speakers comprised entirely of green materials. By demonstrating entirely printable green piezoelectric devices compatible with various electrode materials, this work serves as a step towards developing more complex sustainable piezoelectric technologies in the future.

Electrochemical analysis of total phospholipids in human serum for severe sepsis diagnosis

Electrochemical analysis of total phospholipids was performed for the diagnosis of sepsis. The influence of electrode materials on the analysis of the chromogenic substrate was analyzed using Au, graphite, and pyrolyzed carbon electrodes. The total phospholipid analysis based on electrochemical analysis with pyrolyzed carbon was used for diagnosis of sepsis using sera from healthy volunteers, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and severe sepsis patients. The analysis results using the optical measurement and the electrochemical analysis were compared for the serum samples from sepsis patients and healthy controls. Additionally, the interference of human serum on the optical measurement and electrochemical analysis was estimated by signal-to-noise (S/N) calculation. The assay results of the levels of other biomarkers for sepsis (C-reactive protein and procalcitonin) and the total phospholipid levels obtained using the optical measurement and electrochemical analysis methods were statistically similar. Finally, the mortality of patients, indicated by the results of the total phospholipid assay performed using the electrochemical analysis of the patient samples collected daily (1, 3, and 7 day(s) after admission to hospital), was compared with the patient mortality assessed via conventional severity indexes, such as the SOFA and APACHE Ⅱ scores. The 28-day survival rate was estimated by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis based on the total phospholipid level of patient samples that were obtained after 1, 3, and 7 day(s) from hospital admission.

A state-of-the-art review and guidelines for enhancing nitrate removal in bio-electrochemical systems (BES)

Excess unmanaged nitrogen pollutes the environment. A sustainable wastewater treatment system must achieve better pollutant removal efficiency at a lower cost, and the feasibility of integrating biological nitrogen removal into bio-electrochemical systems (BES) has been reported as a tool in green technology. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO3) is a common pollutant in both surface and ground waters, and a high level of NO3 makes water unsuitable for drinking water. This analysis and review of BES for treating NO3 polluted water investigate BES's components and operational factors and their importance on the NO3 removal efficiency to design more powerful but economic systems. The NO3 removal efficiencies were analyzed by the influence of electrode materials, working mode, number of chambers, type of inoculum, capacity, and microbial community structure. Overall, the electrode materials, significantly influence the NO3 removal rate. The operational parameters, such as working mode, the number of chambers, inoculum type and the systems' capacity, were deemed important and have significantly influenced the NO3 removal efficiencies when analyzed by the random forest classification algorithm. Proteobacteria and Firmicute were the prominent phyla observed in BES treating NO3 polluted water. Besides the denitrification (abundance of narG, nirS, nirK, nosZI, and nosZII genes) process in BES, there is evidence of electrochemical support for anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) (abundance of hzsB or ANAMMOX-specific 16S rRNA genes) and dissimilatory NO3 reduction to ammonium (DNRA) (abundance of nrfA genes) processes. Our analysis suggest that BES, as a continuous two-chamber system with cathode and anode materials as granular carbon and carbon paper, respectively, with denitrifying microbes as inoculum type, would contribute to optimum NO3 removal efficiencies.

Bioelectrochemical systems with a cathode of stainless-steel electrode for treatment of refractory wastewater: Influence of electrode material on system performance and microbial community

The large-scale application of the bioelectrochemical system (BES) is limited by the cost-effective electrode materials. In this study, five kinds of stainless-steel materials were used as the cathode of the BES coupled with anaerobic digestion (BES-AD) for the treatment of diluted N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) wastewater. Compared with a carbon-cloth cathode, BES-AD with a stainless-steel cathode had more engineering due to its low cost, although the operating efficiencies were slightly inferior. Stainless-steel mesh with a 100 µm aperture (SSM-100 μm) was the most cost-effective electrode and the implanted BES exhibited better COD removal efficiency, electrochemical performance and biodegradability. Analysis of microbial community revealed the synergetic effect between exoelectrogen and fermentative bacteria had been strengthened in the SSM-100 μm cathode biofilm. Function analysis of the microbial community based on PICRUSt predicted metagenomes revealed that the metabolic pathways of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism in the SSM-100 μm cathode were stimulated.

Influence of electrode material on the electrochemical behavior of the absorbing solution of the quinhydrone method of gases purification from hydrogen sulfide

The electrochemical behavior of carbonate solutions of the quinhydrone at different concentrations 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 g/dm3 at the exposure time 0…12 days on different electrode materials – Ni and Au were studied by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. The catalytic properties of gold different from nickel in the anodic oxidation reactions of the quinhydrone catalyst are noted.

Research on Energy Density and Specific Capacitance of Aqueous Supercapacitors

As a novel energy storage device, supercapacitors with characteristics of large capacitance, high power density and long cycle life can meet the high requirements of energy storage units, having applied in portable instruments, data memory storage systems and electromobile, etc. However, a relatively low energy density limits the further employment of supercapacitors. This paper expounded the concept, composition and energy storage mechanism of supercapacitors in detail, and introduced the advantages and disadvantages of different types of supercapacitors as energy storage components. Meanwhile, the influence of electrode material and structure on the energy density and specific capacitance of aqueous supercapacitors were also discussed, and the problems existing in the current supercapacitors and the direction of future development were analyzed and summarized.

An Electrochemical Strategy for the Simultaneous Detection of Doxorubicin and Simvastatin for Their Potential Use in the Treatment of Cancer.

The aim of this study was to develop a disposable, simple, fast, and sensitive sensor for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of doxorubicin (DOX) and simvastatin (SMV), which could be used in preclinical studies for the development of new pharmaceutical formulations for drug delivery. Firstly, the electrochemical behavior of each molecule was analyzed regarding the influence of electrode material, electrolyte solution, and scan rate. After this, the proper electrode material, electrolyte solution, and scan rate for both active substances were chosen, and a linear sweep voltammetry procedure was optimized for simultaneous detection. Two chronoamperometry procedures were tested, one for the detection of DOX in the presence of SMV, and the other one for the detection of DOX and SMV together. Finally, calibration curves for DOX and SMV in the presence of each other were obtained using both electrochemical methods and the results were compared. The use of amperometry allowed for a better limit of detection (DOX: 0.1 μg/mL; SMV: 0.7 μg/mL) than the one obtained in voltammetry (1.5 μg/mL for both drugs). The limits of quantification using amperometry were 0.5 μg/mL for DOX (dynamic range: 0.5–65 μg/mL) and 2 μg/mL for SMV (dynamic range: 2–65 μg/mL), while using voltammetry 1 μg/mL was obtained for DOX (dynamic range: 1–100 μg/mL) and 5 μg/mL for SMV (dynamic range: 5–100 μg/mL). This detection strategy represents a promising tool for the analysis of new pharmaceutical formulations for targeted drug delivery containing both drugs, whose association was proven to bring benefits in the treatment of cancer.

Optimization of EC parameters using Fe and Al electrodes for hydrogen production and wastewater treatment

Electrocoagulation (EC) is an operative strategy to treat domestic wastewater in which coagulants are produced by in-situ electrolytic oxidation at the sacrificial anode. In this present study, EC was utilized in batch mode using iron (Fe), aluminium (Al) metal plates as electrodes in various combinations and optimized to achieve appreciable removal efficiencies. A laboratory-scale EC setup of capacity 5 litres was fabricated for treatment of waste-water which was sampled out from the sewage treatment plant of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi. The influence of electrode material, pH, and current density is further explored for removal performance of turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids and organic matter. The optimum pH range for the removal of pollutants from the domestic wastewater was found to be in the range of 5-7, allowing the water treatment without the pH adjustment by any additional chemical. The process resulted into a removal efficiency of 91.8 % of COD, 94.3 % in the case of BOD and 96.5 % in the case of turbidity after treatment of 30 minutes with the combination of Al (at cathode) and Fe (at anode) with mono-polar electrode connection in parallel. The optimum current density of 1.25 mA cm−2 allows the complete treatment in 30 minutes with a very low energy consumption of 0.017 KWh. Along with wastewater treatment, we tried to capture hydrogen produced as a by-product during the EC process and the yield of hydrogen release is found to be 0.107 which plays a crucial role to reduce the overall cost of EC treatment. The importance of the operating parameters for an efficient EC process as well as the combination of the electrodes along with hydrogen capture technology is addressed.

Influence of electrode materials on molybdenum oxide/n-Si photodetectors

Until recently, different metals have been adopted as the electrode materials for MoOx/Si photodetectors and solar cells, but the influence of these different metals has not been investigated. We have systematically studied and proved that the choice of metal has a great impact on optoelectronic performance. Ag and Al with similar low work functions display similar current–voltage behavior before and after the introduction of MoOx; whereas Au and Ni which own similar high work functions lead to another type of current–voltage behavior. MoOx in the metal/MoOx/Si samples brings the superior diode behavior with an enhanced responsivity and decreased dark current as compared with the metal/Si samples. The choice of Ag as the top electrode on MoOx/Si has low alloying or defect formation with the MoOx/Si structure preventing the deterioration of the diode behavior, and the large downward band bending in MoOx at the Ag/MoOx junction facilitates the multitunnelling capture emission. This leads to high responsivity while maintaining the low dark current.

Thermal effect in ultra-high density 3D vertical and horizontal RRAM array

Thermal induced reliability issues in ultra-high density storage arrays are becoming increasingly significant, especially in 3D stacks. In this paper, research into the reliability issues of a stacked 3D TaOx vertical resistive random access memory (VRRAM) is demonstrated first through experiments. The results indicate that the thermal induced reliability issues of a 3D VRRAM are very severe. To further study the thermal effect and its impact on a 3D VRRAM, finite element analysis models of the 3D VRRAM are established in CMOSOL Multiphysics. Parameters including different feature sizes (F), metal layer thickness (tm), isolation layer thickness (ti) and the number of stacked layers (Ns) are simulated and investigated to clarify the relationship between heat dissipation performance and the device’s integration density. In addition to this, the influence of electrode materials is also discussed. The results reveal that scaling down F and tm are the main reasons for bad heat dissipation performance, and optimizing the thermal conductivity in both electrodes and the isolation layer can improve the heat dissipation performance. In addition, a comparative investigation into the heat dissipation performance in a 3D horizontal RRAM (HRRAM) has also been performed under the same conditions. Finally, by evaluating the influence of the integration parameters on the thermal effect related reliability performance, design guidelines for a 3D VRRAM and HRRAM are proposed.

Investigation of the influence of electrochemical action on the recovery of hematite in the composition of oxidized ferrous quartzites

The purpose of the work is to develop methods for the treatment of oxidized quartzite, using methods of electochemical effects on hematite grains, converting it into magnetite for further magnetic separation. In laboratory conditions, the basic parameters of the process of recovery of hematite component of oxidized quartzite in aqueous suspension to magnetite with its magnetic properties have been established. When conducting the process of recovery of hematite to magnetite, the possibility of replacement of high-alkaline electrolytes with neutral salts formed by solutions has been established.The influence of structural features of experimental reactors on the recovery of hematite to magnetite has been developed and analyzed; the ability of membrane materials to effectively separate the anolytic and catholic spaces; the influence of electrode materials - anode and cathode, on the magnetization process; electrical parameters of electrical influence on the course of the process; composition of the electrolyte in the process of magnetization. The fiberglass membrane was shown to have a better ability to separate the anolytic and katholyte; maximum degrees of magnetization obtained when using electrodes from low carbon steels; optimal values of the degree of recovery of hematite in laboratory conditions were obtained at 15-25 V and 2.0-4.0 A. The thermodynamic possibility and realization of the processes of reduction of oxidized ores in aqueous solutions of electrolytes at low temperatures with obtaining the magnetic phase are shown. For electrolysis, high alkaline electrolytes can be replaced by electrolytes based on chloride and sulfate salts. The best results are obtained using NH4Cl ammonium chloride.

A comprehensive study of electrochemical disinfection of water using direct and indirect oxidation processes

The electrochemical disinfection (ECD) has achieved much attention due to its environmental compatibility, simplicity and production of oxidizing species. In the present study, the ECD of total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) was investigated with a focus on direct and indirect oxidation using a series of anodes (stainless steel (SS)/lead (Pb) O2 (SS/PbO2), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt), graphite (GP) and Pb/PbO2). The influence of electrode material, current density (CD), charge passed, initial pH values, different concentrations of NaCl, TDS, electrical conductivity (EC) and energy consumption on process performance was examined. The amount of in situ generated active chlorine during the process under the optimal conditions for each anode was found to be effective in removal of bacterial. The disinfection system was very efficient in bacterial elimination in presence of 0.01 M NaCl. An increase in CD from 0.16 to 0.5 mA/cm2 resulted in a decrease more than 60% in log 10 bacterial load for all electrodes except Pt. Among anodes investigated, SS/PbO2 demonstrated the highest efficiency (complete inactivation) in 5 min by applying 0.01 M NaCl in current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 when charge passed was >15 C. The efficiency of the anodes in inactivation of TC and FC was in the order of SS/PbO2 > SS > Ti > Pt > GP > Pb/PbO2. In spite of the high efficiency of the electrochemical method in removing TC and FC, indirect oxidation has a higher efficiency due to the production of strong oxidants such as radical hydroxyl and active chlorine.

Influence of Electrode Material on Space Charge Development in XLPE Plates at HVDC

The PEA method has been used to study the evolutionof electrode interface charge and space charge in 2 mmthick XLPE samples at ±40 kV and room temperature.The voltage polarity is switched and the transition to asteady-state at each polarity is followed. The samplesare intended to be symmetric except for the electricalboundary conditions, however the measured spacecharge distribution is more or less unsymmetrical for allcases studied. Gold leaf, aluminium foil and graphitepaint have been used as electrode materials, and theobtained results are different for the three electrodematerials. Measurements with gold electrodes on threesamples having different storage conditions prior to themeasurements also provided significant differencesbetween the samples.

CHOICE OF OPMIMUM MATERIAL FOR STRENGTHENING THE ENTRANCE EDGES OF STEAM TURBINE ROTOR BLADES

The influence of electrode material on the state of surfacing layer of steam turbine rotor blades is researched. The strengthened layer was produced by electro-spark alloying, using alloy T15K6 and steel 15X11МФШ. The microstructure, microhardness and thickness of surfacing layers were investigated. The advantages of steel 15X11МФШ for strengthening the entrance edges of steam turbine rotor blades which makes it possible to simultaneously harden both the entrance edges of rotor blades as well as increase their erosive resistance are grounded

Removal of Cr ions from aqueous solution using batch electrocoagulation: Cr removal mechanism and utilization rate of in situ generated metal ions

The removal mechanism of batch electrocoagulation (EC) process for removing Cr ions was investigated. The influence of operation parameters on removal mechanisms was discussed. The utilization rate of in situ electro-generated Fe ions in the sludge was introduced to investigate the removal mechanism and optimize the EC process. The Fe elements’ utilization rate resulting from the specific adsorption is much higher than that resulting from precipitation and co-precipitation. The initial pH determines which removal mechanism dominates the Cr removal. At neutral initial pH condition, Cr ions are mainly removed by flocs’ surface complexation reaction (specific adsorption). The utilization rate of Fe ions at neutral pH condition reaches its maximum and is higher than that at other pH conditions. The influence of electrode material on EC performance was investigated on the basis of utilization rate of Fe ions. For EC with Fe/Al electrode combination, although direct dissolution of Al ion from Al electrodes will improve the Cr(VI) removal efficiency, the utilization rate of generated metal ions is much lower, when compared with EC with Fe/Fe electrode. The utilization rate of in situ electro-generated metal ions could be considered as a new index to evaluate EC performances.

Study on Influence of Electrode Material on Hole Drilling in Micro-EDM

Micro-EDM technology is widely used in micro hole machining for its small force and high precision. However, the slow machining rate and large tool wear are the two major problems. In this research, machining with different electrode materials has been characterized under rough, semi-finish and finish machining conditions. Since the tool material has an influence on the tool feed, the relationship between the electrode feed and the machining time has been investigated to show the detailed information of electrode feed. As significant indicators for machining accuracy, the relationship between side gap-width and machining feed, as well as the relationship between electrode wear ratio and machining feed were also investigated. In addition, the influence of electrode material on tool wear is also discussed.

Electrochemical Behavior of Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Oxalic Acid from Acetylene at Pt Electrode

AbstractElectrocatalytic synthesis of oxalic acid from acetylene has been achieved at Pt electrode. The electrocatalytically synthesized oxalic acid has been characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and UV-Vis (UV-Vis spectrophotometry). Influence of electrode material, Na

Influence of electrode material and roughness on iron electrodeposits dispersion by ultrasonification

This study relates the sonoelectrochemical production of metallic particles and nanoparticles. The emphasis is on the influence of electrode material and roughness on the morphology of iron electrodeposits and their dispersion from the electrode by ultrasonification. Ultrasonification is either applied during cyclic voltammetries with solution stirring or after galvanostatic iron electrodeposition; no dispersion was observed when using a gold electrode, whereas dispersion was always observed when using vitreous carbon (VC) substrates. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging of the electrodeposits shows higher iron coverage on gold than on VC electrodes. Iron spreads more on gold than on VC. The values of both the interfacial energy of the iron/electrode interface and the work of adhesion of iron on the electrode are in agreement with the previous observations. Dispersion kinetics on VC were found to be dependent on the electrode surface roughness. Results suggest that dispersion follows a first order kinetics, which is coherent with the constant action of cavitation bubbles in the vicinity of the electrode surface. Enhancement of mass-transfer by ultrasound has also been observed.

A study on the removal of sulfate and nitrate from the wet scrubber wastewater using electrocoagulation

AbstractWet scrubber is widely used to remove pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. However, high cost for the treatment or exchange of contaminated washed water is one of the problems. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical method for treating polluted water, whereby sacrificial anodes dissolve to produce active coagulant precursors in the solution. This technology can be used for the removal of color, anionic contaminants, and colloidal particles. The goal of the present study was evaluation of EC process for treatment of wet scrubber wastewater and optimization of the process. In this study, the influence of electrode material and electrode distance on removal efficiency (%) of nitrate, sulfate, and total suspended solids (TSS) was investigated with synthetic wastewater. Using an Al electrode, 60.6% of nitrate, 50.0% of sulfate, and 96.8% of TSS were removed by EC treatment within 30 min. In case of Fe electrode, 69.7% of nitrate, 75.0% of sulfate, and 98.8% of TSS were r...