Influence Of Economic Policies Research Articles

The influence of economic policies on social environments and mental health.

Despite increased advocacy and investments in mental health systems globally, there has been limited progress in reducing mental disorder prevalence. In this paper, we argue that meaningful advancements in population mental health necessitate addressing the fundamental sources of shared distress. Using a systems perspective, economic structures and policies are identified as the potential cause of causes of mental ill-health. Neoliberal ideologies, prioritizing economic optimization and continuous growth, contribute to the promotion of individualism, job insecurity, increasing demands on workers, parental stress, social disconnection and a broad range of manifestations well-recognized to erode mental health. We emphasize the need for mental health researchers and advocates to increasingly engage with the economic policy discourse to draw attention to mental health and well-being implications. We call for a shift towards a well-being economy to better align commercial interests with collective well-being and social prosperity. The involvement of individuals with lived mental ill-health experiences, practitioners and researchers is needed to mobilize communities for change and influence economic policies to safeguard well-being. Additionally, we call for the establishment of national mental wealth observatories to inform coordinated health, social and economic policies and realize the transition to a more sustainable well-being economy that offers promise for progress on population mental health outcomes.

A Study on the Influence of Economic Policy on Fertility Reduction and the Countermeasures Based on China and Foreign Policy

It has been confirmed that China's fertility rate has fallen below the fifth lowest globally and has fully entered the low fertility trap. There is an urgent need to increase the fertility rate. This paper mainly studies the causes of the gradual decline in fertility in China in recent years. It compares the subsidy measures taken by various countries to cope with the low fertility rate. It compares the living cost and economic policy system in China to analyze how China should raise the fertility rate. Through the analysis and summary of the literature, it is found that the reasons for the decrease in China's fertility rate year by year are that the explicit and implicit costs of birth and raising are too high, and the allocation of educational resources is unfair, resulting in low social identity and low happiness. With the gradual decrease of the fertility rate, the population structure changes, and the risk increases, making it difficult for the fertility rate to return to normal. Therefore, China should follow the Nordic countries' policies on parenting costs and social welfare, favor multi-child families, reduce parenting costs after childbirth, improve family happiness, and introduce economic support policies for child-rearing. At the same time, China should avoid the policy risk of "only giving money" and avoid the ineffective phenomenon of increasing welfare but declining fertility rates instead of rising.

Money Multiplier Bias Due to Informal Sector: An Extension of the Existing Money Multiplier

To demonstrate the impact of informal economy on the official money multiplier in currency supply, we present an extension of the basic money multiplier model. The influence of economic policies may differ if they are based only on official statistics without considering the informal sector. Since most of the activities in informal sector are hidden from authorities, it is widely assumed that these activities are based on cash transactions, a part of total currency that cannot be attracted towards deposits due to the holder’s fear of prosecution and taxation, etc. Therefore, it is expected that such currency holdings can give biased results by playing a role in the money multiplier, a phenomenon that is usually ignored while attempting to alter money supply. The article also indicates that because of informal sector, the currency deposit ratio in the money multiplier is smaller than expected (depending on size of the informal sector), leading to a larger multiplier effect. JEL Classifications: E26, E51, O17

Methodology for assessing the impact of institute on sustainable economic growth

The paper presents an overview of methodological approaches to the study of the influence of institutions on macroeconomic indicators characterizing long-term economic growth, although other indicators that are influenced by institutions can be identified: economic growth rate, GDP per capita, saving rate, and total factor productivity. The article analyzes the research of leading scientists conducted within the framework of the institutional theory that explains global inequality and some of its features. In addition to the institutional theory, two more theories compete to explain the causes of global inequality: geographical theory and the theory of cultural influence. Both of these theories are unpromising from the point of view of practical applicability, since geographical, climatic factors, cultural characteristics are not subject to the influence of economic policy within reasonable time limits. Institutional theory explains the inequality of countries by differences in their formal legal and informal social norms that govern the behavior of individuals and structure social interactions. The growing volume of empirical work of this kind has shown that institutions should be considered in the context of alternative approaches (culture and social capital, human capital), alternative econometric methods and alternative strategies for identifying the influence of institutions on macroeconomic indicators (long-term economic growth).

Wage developments in south-east Europe and the influence of economic policy

This article analyses economic development in five western Balkan countries - Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; and Serbia - between 2008 and 2018. Data on the status of the economy and on the situation of wages were provided for the study by trade union economic experts from each of the countries in the region and based on a questionnaire, for which the data was collected in December 2018 and then supplemented by the authors during 2019. In most western Balkan countries, the economic situation may be characterised, among others, by low salaries and low purchasing power, a high unemployment rate, plenty of corruption, a considerably-sized grey economy, a low GDP growth rate, massive participation of public and foreign debt in GDP, the widespread phenomenon of the non-payment of taxes and contributions, low economic competitiveness, sizable inequalities in pay between men and women, a high poverty rate and other social disparities. The authors conclude that, in such circumstances, the need for an effective worker voice, and for true social dialogue, remains as important as ever.

INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF THE QUALITY OF NATIONAL EXPORT

In the article we analyze the impact of institutional factors on export of innovation in various countries. The components of the Global Innovation Index are important indicators that predict international competitiveness of export, these are, for example, quality of institutions, state of human capital, level of expenditure on research, infrastructure, etc. In this study we examine the influence of economic policies on technical complexity of export.

A Literature Review on Institutional Change and Entrepreneurship

The literature argues that what is an institution, how institution changes, and the relationship between institutional change and entrepreneurship. I argue that institution is not only the rule in a hierarchical order, but also a rule as something spontaneously and endogenously shaped and sustained in the repeated operational plays of the game itself [1]. Culture and meaning are important in the definition of institution. An institution conceptualized is essentially endogenous, but appears to be an exogenous constraint to the individual agents [2]. Paths of in institutional change have two ways: Demand Induced Change—Bottom-up Change or Supply Induced Changes: Change from above and from outside. Entrepreneurship does an important role during institutional change. Most of researches about the relationship of entrepreneurship and institutional change are how nation’s institution or economic policy influence entrepreneurship, and how entrepreneurs’ actives make the economy successful or unsuccessful. I argue that entrepreneurship is not only concerned with business success, as measured by profits, but also with subjective welfare and noneconomic wellbeing. Entrepreneurship is a catalyst for structural change and institutional evolution. Evasive entrepreneurs could be viewed as a new rule-breaker. In most theories of institutions and entrepreneurship, causality is understood to run from institutions to entrepreneurship [3].

Economic policies, macroeconomic environment and entrepreneurs' expectations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of macroeconomic variables and economic policies on expectations and confidence of entrepreneurs. It provides an econometric analysis of the expectation transmission channel under inflation targeting in Brazil, emphasizing the effect of inflation targeting credibility on the business confidence of industrial entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachBased on ordinary least square (OLS), generalized method of moments (GMM) and vector autoregression (VAR), the paper provides empirical evidence about the influence of inflation targeting credibility and macroeconomic policies on expectations and confidence of entrepreneurs and, as a consequence, on industrial production.FindingsThe evidence for the Brazilian economy suggest that monetary and fiscal policies as well as the credibility of the monetary regime affect economic activity by their impact on expectations of entrepreneurs.Research limitations/implicationDevelopment of macroeconomic stability is important to the expectations formed by entrepreneurs and, therefore, for industrial production. In particular, inflation targeting credibility stimulates industrial production, since it increases the confidence of entrepreneurs about the functioning of the economy and their businesses.Originality/valueThe results suggest new insights about the influence of economic policies on the real side of the economy, pointing out that the conduct of economic policies in emerging countries with inflation targets are likely to affect the expectations of entrepreneurs and therefore their production decisions.

Economic policy and the presidential election cycle in stock returns

Many papers in the academic literature have documented a “Presidential Election” cycle in stock returns. Prior literature also documents that stock returns appear to be influenced by economic policy. The goal of this study is to examine the tools of fiscal and monetary policy to test for the presence of a presidential election cycle. The findings strongly suggest that the presidential election cycle in stock returns and the government’s economic policy influence on stock returns are two separate phenomena. Moreover, it is much more likely that stock returns are influencing economic policy rather than the other way around. However, the findings also suggest that tax legislation may drive the Presidential Election Cycle.

Public attitudes toward business in contemporary Russia: influence of economic policy and opportunities for corporate response

This article, based on public polls conducted in Russia in recent years and the analysis of relations among the state, business and society by Russian and foreign researchers, presents a step-by-step consideration of public opinion about business and the reasons for the formation of negative trends in this sphere; the influence of different aspects of economic policies (such as privatisation, tax policy, anti-monopoly policy and protection of consumers' rights, and combating corruption) on business activity and on the population's views on business; and the reaction of business to the negative attitude of society. The concluding part of the article identifies those social groups and economic and political players (federal and regional authorities, oligarchic and non-oligarchic big business, trade associations, NGOs and independent think tanks) who are capable of influencing opinion about business and also analyses their possible actions in the medium-term future.

The Impact of 'Hub and Spokes' Port Networks on Transport Systems

This paper centers on recent developments in the maritime liner container shipping industry. Investigation focuses on the trade-offs between hub and spokes (H&S) organization of ports and ship size, between H&S and intermodalism, between H&S and development of forwarders, taking into account that all the above phenomena are strongly interrelated. Discussion also addresses more extremist H&S scenarios that interpret maritime container transport as a single large grid of mega hubs, and more reasonable scenarios that also allow for reinforcement of interregional maritime trade. The development of forwarders is interpreted as an effect of the synergy between transportation and logistics. The influence of economic policy on certain growth trends is also mentioned.