Influence Of Different Intensities Research Articles

Physiological mechanisms of exercise related to prevention and treatment of breast cancer: A review

Background: Considering limitations related to intensity, duration, and mode of exercise and possible physiological mechanisms, this study aimed to summarize the physiological mechanisms emphasizing inflammation, angiogenesis, and immunology of different exercises related to prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Methods: In the current review study, different platforms were analyzed including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Research Gate as well as Iranian databases such as Scientific Information Database (SID) and Magiran. The data was reviewed until May 2024. Search keywords included “exercise", "sport”, “physical exercise”, “intensity, training”, “breast cancer”, “inflammation”, “angiogenesis”,” immunology”, and “physiological mechanisms”. Results: Among several proposed mechanisms, inflammation, immunity and angiogenesis have been mentioned as important indices but there are ambiguities regarding the influence of different intensities and durations of exercise on breast cancer prevention and treatment. Other effective factors such as the effect of exercise on gene regulation and some other mechanisms have been proposed as possible mediators. Conclusion: According to some previous studies, aerobic exercise induces positive effects on preventing and treating breast cancer through reducing inflammation, improving angiogenesis, and enhancing immunological mechanisms. Regarding duration and intensity, long term regular exercise (>8 weeks), in the form of aerobic and especially high intensity interval training (HIIT) reduces inflammation. while the effect of short-term exercise training is not clear yet and high intensity exercise may induce suppressing effects on the immune system. Therefore, the effect of intensity and duration of exercise on physiological mechanisms must be clarified.

Are Proteins Such as MMP2, IGF1, IL-13, and IL-1ra Valuable as Markers of Fitness Status in Racehorses? A Pilot Study

In a recent study, in which more than a thousand racehorses were evaluated, three potential blood markers were selected. It was concluded that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) may enable the early detection of horses at risk of injuries. However, in other studies, it was suggested that cytokine concentrations indicate the athlete’s status better than mRNA expression in blood cells. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in IGF1, MMP-2, and novel markers such as interleukin-13 (IL-13) after exercise in horses at different fitness levels as well as after different intensities of exercise. ELISA tests were performed on thirty-one racehorses [n = 31], who were divided into an inexperienced [beginner] group [n = 20] and an experienced [advanced] group [n = 6]. In addition, differences between race and training session were evaluated to see the influence of different intensities of exercise. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise. The basal IGF1 concentration was lower in an inexperienced group (p < 0.01) as well as IL-13 (p < 0.05) in comparison to the experienced group. There were no differences between pre- and post-exercise samples, changes in multiples or between training, and racing exercises. In conclusion, the basal values of some cytokines may appear to be more beneficial in forecasting horse fitness level.

Pruning and Fruit Thinning of Psidium guajava cv. Paluma under a Seasonal Tropical Climate

Maintaining the plant architecture of Psidium guajava L. (guava tree) is essential for enhancing capture and distribution in the plant, directly affecting the fruit quality. The lifespan of the harvest period can be extended by proper pruning. Both timeliness and proper pruning play crucial roles in achieving high-quality fruit production and in maintaining a consistent fruit size while stimulating ascorbic acid levels, sugar content, total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity. From this perspective, this study aimed to characterize the influence of different intensities of fruit pruning and thinning on guava trees grown under a seasonal tropical climate in two growing seasons in Currais, Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement corresponding to short, medium, and long pruning intensities and 0%, 10%, and 20% thinning intensities during the two growth seasons, respectively. An analysis was performed to discriminate the treatment groups according to the physicochemical variables of the guava tree cv. Paluma and canonical discriminant analysis. There was significant variation in the SS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and pH contents. Cluster analysis of all treatments allowed division into five different groups for the two pruning times. Canonical discriminant analysis showed that the first two canonical variables explained 91% of the total variance. The fruits of the second harvest exhibited a lower level of acidity, higher levels of soluble solids, and higher levels of ascorbic acid contents. In addition, these fruits also obtained better nutrient contents. Short pruning with up to 20% thinning, medium pruning with up to 10%, and long pruning without thinning favored better levels of macronutrients and micronutrients and, consequently, better fruit quality. Medium or long pruning with up to 20% thinning resulted in higher average fruit weights and nutrient contents (especially of Fe and Cu), lower acidity, and higher ascorbic acid contents. Thus, in general, the importance of production pruning in guava plants is evidenced and thinning of 20% is recommended to improve the fruit quality.

Influence of Different Intensities of Tillage on Physiological Characteristics and Productivity of Crop-Rotation Plants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different intensities of tillage on the physiological characteristics and productivity of plants in crop rotation. Five tillage practices (DP-deep ploughing (22-24 cm); SP-shallow ploughing (16-18 cm); SH-shallow harrowing (8-10 cm); DH-deep harrowing (14-16 cm); and DD-direct drilling) were investigated in a long-term experiment in Dotnuva. The crop rotation was as follows: winter oilseed rape → spring wheat → spring barley → field pea → winter wheat. The simplification of conventional tillage negatively affected the photosynthetic indices of the majority of the crop rotation plants. The most favorable conditions for the photosynthetic processes in the plants were identified in the deep-ploughing treatment. The photochemical activity was negatively influenced and leaf senescence was accelerated under direct drilling. Direct drilling significantly decreased the grain yield of winter oilseed rape, spring wheat, and spring barley by 10.5%, 12.8%, and 17.2%, respectively, compared to deep ploughing. The grain yield of winter wheat was similar under deep ploughing and direct drilling; conversely, under shallow ploughing, shallow harrowing, and deep harrowing, the yield tended to decrease compared to deep ploughing.

Effects of Acute Moderate- and High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Oxygenation in Prefrontal Cortex of Male Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients.

The aim of this study was to explore the influence of different intensities of acute aerobic exercise on brain activation in male methamphetamine (MA)-dependent patients during exercise. Twenty MA-dependent patients were divided randomly into two groups participating in 35 min of either moderate- or high-intensity aerobic exercise. Functional near-infrared spectral imaging (fNIRS) was used to detect hemodynamic changes in prefrontal cortex during the main 25-min exercise stage. The results revealed that high-intensity acute aerobic exercise aroused more cerebral oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during exercise as compared with moderate-intensity exercise. Furthermore, there was a stronger positive connection observed between orbital frontal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the high-intensity group than in the moderate-intensity group. Together these results suggest that for submaximal exercise intensities, high-intensity exercise may bring more benefits to male MA-dependent patients than moderate-intensity.

Plasma Activin A and Decorin in Exercised Purebred Arabian Horses – Preliminary Study

Development of the musculoskeletal system occurs, in part, through an impact on regulatory proteins, such as activin A and decorin. Activin A induces atrophic effects on skeletal muscle, and decorin regulates the formation of connective tissue proteins like collagen and elastin in tendons and ligaments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different intensities of exercise on blood plasma activin A and decorin concentrations in horses. Ten young purebred Arabian horses were subjected to routine training sessions on a racetrack, and another 11 adult horses of the same breed participated in endurance rides. Race horses were examined during gallop tests over a distance of 1200 m and endurance horses at distances from 20 to 80 km. Blood samples were collected at rest and after exercise to determine plasma concentrations of activin A, decorin and cortisol. Despite differences in the intensity of exercise, the plasma decorin concentration remained unchanged, and activin A tended to decrease in endurance horses only. The exercise-induced changes in plasma activin A concentrations correlated with the covered distance (r = -0.43; P < .05), but not with the changes in cortisol values. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of plasma activin A as a potential indicator of a horse's endurance performance.

Increased lipid synthesis in the culture of Chlorella homosphaera with magnetic fields application

This study aimed to investigate the influence of different intensities (15, 30 and 60 mT) and exposure times (1 h d−1, 24 h d−1) of magnetic fields (MF) on the stimulation of lipid synthesis by the microalga Chlorella homosphaera. The growth and biochemical characterization of protein, carbohydrate and lipid content were determined. Biomass concentration increased by 20.6% (30 mT, 1 h d−1) and 12.4% (60 mT, 1 h d−1) in the presence of MF. However, biomass decreased by 33.0% (15 mT, 1 h d−1) in relation to control cultivation (CC). The stress caused by the MF application stimulated lipid synthesis and biomass production. In all evaluated conditions, MF application showed a positive effect on lipid production; the application of 60 mT or 30 mT for 1 h d−1 increased lipid productivity by 108.4% and 135.1%, respectively. MF application with ferrite magnets was thus efficient to stimulate lipid synthesis.

Application of Micro-CT in the Examination of the Influence of Different Intensities of Exercise on the Injury of Junction of Bone and Tendon

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of exercise on the injury of the junction of bone and tendon. In this study, the feasibility of Micro-CT technology to calculate the thickness of fibrous cartilage band was investigated experimentally. Adult female New Zealand white rabbits were selected as the study subjects and randomly selected into 4-week cyclic load group (n = 8) and 8-week cyclic load group (n = 8). Among them, left hind limb was used for experiment and right hind limb was used as blank control. The results showed that the tissue morphology of the bone tendon junction was changed in each load group, while the tendon cell density was significantly increased in the high-exercise load group, and there was no significant difference in the thickness of the fibrous cartilage band. Micro-CT calculation results of bone mass and trabecular bone showed no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intervention of different strength load train and rest on the injury of the junction of the patella and tendon can change the fine structure of the bone, but not the tissue changes of the junction of bone and tendon, and the bone reconstruction and recovery ability is stronger than the junction of bone and tendon.

The influence of different intensities of chalky spot damage on seed germination, grain yield and economic returns of red lentil

Chalky spot damage caused by Dolycoris baccarum (L.) and Piezodorus lituratus (F.) causes significant losses to productivity and marketing lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in southeastern Anatolia region, Turkey. The chalky spot-damaged grains attract lower price in the market, which decreases productivity. Limited is known about the influence of varying intensities of chalky spot damage on seed germination, productivity and economic returns of lentil in the region. The current study was conducted to assess the influence of varying intensities of chalky spot damage, on seed germination, yield and economic returns of lentil in laboratory and field. Seeds of different lentil cultivars (5 for laboratory and 2 for field studies) were sorted to get 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% damaged seeds with chalky spot. The data relating to grain weight, reduction and percent reduction in 1000-grain weight were collected. Seed germination of Altintoprak, Cagil, Firat-87, Seyran and Tigris with varying chalky spot damage intensities was inferred in laboratory, whereas seed germination and yield of Cagil and Tigris cultivars was observed under field conditions. The 1000-grain weight, seed germination percentage under laboratory and field conditions, grain yield and gross income were linearly decreased with increasing intensity of chalky spot damage. The cultivar Cagil observed lower reduction in grain yield and gross income compared to Tigris cultivar. It is recommended that non-damaged, certified seeds should be sown in the region to get higher grain yield and economic returns of lentil.

The Influence of Different Intensities of Recovery on Anabolic and Catabolic Hormonal Responses after Resistance Exercise

The Influence of Different Intensities of Recovery on Anabolic and Catabolic Hormonal Responses after Resistance Exercise

The effect of maximal vs submaximal exertion on postprandial lipid levels in individuals with and without coronary heart disease

Decisions about fat consumption and levels of physical activity are among the everyday choices we make in life and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be affected by those choices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a standard fat load combined with physical exertion of different intensities on the plasma lipid profile of CHD patients and CHD-free individuals. This study looked at the influence of different intensities of physical exercise on postprandial lipid metabolism in 20 healthy men and 36 men with diagnosis of CHD. Venous blood samples were obtained after overnight fasting, 3hours after standard fat load (before the physical load), and immediately after maximal or submaximal physical exercise on bicycle ergometer. After fat load total cholesterol (TC) concentration did not change in either group. However, after the addition of maximal exercise, TC, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein (Apo) B increased significantly (P<.01) in both groups. After fat load and maximal exercise, there was no change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in healthy men, but in men with CHD, HDL-C fell significantly (P<.01); and Apo AI rose in healthy men (P<.01) but dropped significantly (P<.01) in men with CHD. Submaximal physical exercise (60% of max VO2 load for 40minutes) after fat load decreased TG level in CHD patients (P<.01) and improved other lipid parameters in both groups significantly (↓LDL-C, ↑HDL-C, ↑Apo AI, ↓Apo B, P<.01). We observed a worsening of physical work capacity in men with CHD (significant reduction of duration and total amount of work performed, maximal VO2, oxygen pulse), during maximal stress test performed 3hours after fat load. There was a doubling of the number of abnormal stress test results (P<.01). Healthy persons showed an increase in respiratory parameters (ventilation, CO2 production, maximal VO2, and oxygen pulse), but no significant change was found in work capacity. Thus, maximal physical exercise produced atherogenic blood lipid changes (increased TC, increased LDL-C, increased TG, increased Apo B, P<.01) in men with CHD and in healthy men; however, individuals with CHD also demonstrated a significant decrease in HDL-C and Apo AI (P<.01). In contrast, the submaximal physical load improved postprandial lipid changes in both healthy men and men with CHD. This study demonstrates that moderate exercise is beneficial in improving postprandial lipid abnormalities in both CHD and CHD-free subjects after fatty meal preload. In addition, maximal exercise demonstrated evidence of increase of lipid abnormalities in both CHD and CHD-free individuals under similar conditions of fatty meal preload.

The influence of different exercise intensities on kicking accuracy and velocity in soccer players

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different exercise intensities induced by a soccer specific protocol on kicking performance in soccer players. MethodsTwelve semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study and performed maximal instep kicks before and after the implementation of an exercise protocol to determine the influence of different intensities upon kicking ball velocity and the target-hitting accuracy. ResultsAnalysis of variance designs with repeated measures showed that maximal ball velocity was affected only after the most intense circuit (F(6, 66) = 2.3; p = 0.041; η2 = 0.18), while accuracy was not affected in the protocol (F(6, 66) = 0.19; p = 0.98; η2 = 0.02). Low and moderate intensities did not affect accuracy or kicking ball velocity. ConclusionThese findings suggest that kicking ball velocity is influenced by high-exercise intensities. Low and moderate exercise intensities do not affect the performance of the kick, and intensity does not influence accuracy. Otherwise, it is possible that other mechanisms (not only physiological) may influence players during the exercise.

Influence of different intensities of vibration on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells

IntroductionTo understand the effects of low-magnitude, high-frequency (LMHF) mechanical vibration at different intensities on human periodontal ligament stem cell (hPDLSC) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.Material and methodsThe effect of vibration on hPDLSC proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, tenogenic differentiation and cytoskeleton was assessed at the cellular, genetic and protein level.ResultsThe PDLSC proliferation was decreased after different magnitudes of mechanical vibration; however, there were no obvious senescent cells in the experimental and the static control group. Expression of osteogenesis markers was increased. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA was up-regulated at 0.1 g, 0.3 g, 0.6 g and 0.9 g magnitude, with the peak at 0.3 g. The type I collagen (Col-I) level was increased after vibration exposure at 0.1 g, 0.3 g, and 0.6 g, peaking at 0.3 g. The expression levels of both mRNA and protein of Runx2 and osterix (OSX) significantly increased at a magnitude of 0.1 g to 0.9 g, reached a peak at 0.3 g and then decreased slowly. The scleraxis, tenogenic markers, and mRNA expression decreased at 0.05 g, 0.1 g, and 0.3 g, and significantly increased at 0.6 g and 0.9 g. Compared with the static group, the F-actin stress fibers of hPDLSCs became thicker and clearer following vibration.ConclusionsThe LMHF mechanical vibration promotes PDLSC osteogenic differentiation and implies the existence of a magnitude-dependent effect of vibration on determining PDLSC commitment to the osteoblast lineage. Changes in the cytoskeleton of hPDLSCs after vibration may be one of the mechanisms of the biological effects.

Relationship between the intensity of physical activity and depressive symptoms among Korean adults: analysis of Korea Health Panel data.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the intensity of physical activity and symptoms of depression. [Subjects and Methods] We analyzed the influence of different intensities of physical activity on depressive symptoms using the data of 12,350 adults over the age of 20 years who had completed the 2011 Korea Health Panel. After controlling for confounding variables, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the association between the intensity of physical activity and depressive symptoms. [Results] The results showed that vigorous physical activity had a significant effect on depressive symptoms. The incidence of depressive symptoms was 1.487 (95% CI 1.137, 1.943) OR higher among people who did not participate in regular activity than it was among those who took part in regular intense physical activity. [Conclusion] It appears that physical activity affects depressive symptoms, a result which is in agreement with previous studies. However, we also showed a difference in influence according to activity intensity. Thus, the intensity of physical activity should be considered when developing physical activity programs for improving depressive symptoms.

Influence of different intensities of magnetic field on germination, vegetative growth and some physiological aspects of salinity-stressed cucumber

Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of different static magnetic fields and 10% seawater stress on seed germination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Beit Alpha), seedling vigour, vegetative growth and some biochemical aspects. Salinity stress reduced seeds germination, seedlings fresh mass and seedlings vigour by about 30%, 54%, and 70 % respectively. Moreover, salinity significantly reduced the depletion in seedling dry mass in comparison with control. The magnetic fields of 50 mT for ½ h and 100 mT for 30 s improved seed germination, seedlings fresh mass and seedlings vigour under salinity stress by about 30%, 50% and 150%, respectively in comparison with salinity treatment alone. Conversely, the dual treatment of 200 mT for 1/2 h and salinity stress had more reduction effect on cucumber than salinity alone. In general, the magnetic fields of 50 mT 30 s, 100 mT 1/2 h and 200 mT 30 s had a non significant effect on seed germination. Except for 50 mT 30 s intensity which had a promotive effect, the effect of all used magnetic fields on shoot biomass and chlorophylls content were comparable with those for seedlings fresh mass. The positive effect of magnetic fields seemed to be attributed to the enhancement in total amylase activity, soluble sugars, RNA, K+/Na+ ratio and chlorophylls level. On the contrary, magnetic treatments decreased peroxidase activity, total proteins and electrolytes leakage under salinity stress conditions. However, all magnetic intensities increased Fe content, in spite of being independent of magnetic intensity or exposure period.

Changes in leaf water potential and photosynthesis of Bauhinia forficata Link under water deficit and after rehydration

To evaluate the influence of different intensities of water deficit and rehydration on water relations and gas exchanges of Bauhinia forficata Link, plants were grown in a greenhouse for three months under the following water regimes: daily watered (control) and watered every 7 (7D) and 15 days (15D) returning to daily watering on 7D and 15D treatments at 75 days of the experiment. Aiming to evaluate short-term responses to re-hydration, plants of 7D and 15D treatments were re-watered 2 days before measurements and sampling was carried out at the 45th day of experiment. At fortnightly intervals (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days) soil moisture (Usoil), leaf water potential (Ψwf), photosynthesis in response to photosynthetically active radiation (A × PPFD) to obtain the maximum net photosynthesis (Amax), and light saturation point (PARsat) were evaluated. The water deficit has affected water relations and photosynthesis with the lowest values observed in the treatments Usoil 7D, and 15D respectively, coinciding with the lowest Ψwf and Amax. Changes in PARsat in response to water deficit were observed showing mean values of 665, 275 and 254 µmol photons m-2 s-1 in control, 7D and 15D respectively. The return of daily watering after 75 days of experiment, promoted the recovery of Amax (7.8 and 9.6 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and PARsat (588 and 643 µmol photons m-2 s-1) in 7D and 15D respectively with values higher than control plants (4.7 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and 631 µmol photons m-2 s-1), suggesting a strong dependence of photosynthesis of Bauhinia forficata to the soil water availability.

English

Today, mobile phones are used frequently and held close to the body. It is believed that microwaves may interfere with the cellular signaling systems, affecting the mechanisms by which the cells balance their functions. The objective of this work is the evaluation of the influence of different intensities of 950 MHz cell phone electromagnetic field (EMF) on the hematological parameters of male rabbits. This study was conducted on 54 male rabbits of average mass of 1400 to 1700 g. The exposure period of simulated mobile phone radiations (950 MHz, 3 and 6 W) was 2 h/day for 2 weeks. The blood from the heart was collected on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and was analyzed for hematological parameters, and was then compared with the control group. The results showed an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the white blood cells (WBC) counts in 6 W group when compared with both 3 W and control groups. Platelets (PLT) counts decreased in 3 W group but increased in 6 W group. Lymphocyte counts decreased in 3 and 6 W groups when compared with each other and control group. There were no differences in red blood cells (RBC) counts and related indices of any groups. In conclusions, mobile phone EMF disturb the constant number of some hematological parameters which may reflects from thermal or non-thermal effects of such radiations, but the exact reason for such discrepancies is not easy to identify. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Mobile phone 950 MHz radiations, hematological parameters, rabbits.

Physical exercise performed before bedtime improves the sleep pattern of healthy young good sleepers

To investigate the influence of different intensities and durations of exercise before bedtime on the sleep pattern and core body temperature of individuals considered good sleepers, we selected 17 healthy males and all underwent 5 nonconsecutive days of study. Measurements of polysomnographic parameters and core body temperature were taken at baseline and after each experimental protocol, performed at night. We found increased sleep efficiency (p = .016) among all protocols compared with baseline data and increase in REM sleep latency (p = .047) between two experiments; there was decrease in the percentage of stage 1 sleep (p = .046) and wake after sleep onset (p = .003). Core body temperature did not change significantly during the nights following exercise. Exercise performed before sleep does not impair sleep quality; rather, its practice improves sleep in good sleepers who are nonathletes, and may be considered to improve sleep pattern.

Influence of intermittent-direct-electric-current (IDC) on phytochemical compounds in garden cress during growth

The influence of different intensities of applied intermittent-direct-electric-current on the levels of phytochemical compounds in garden cress sprouts was determined. One-week-old treated and non-treated plants were harvested and used to analyse the total phenol content and associated antioxidant activity. The contents of chlorophyll, proteins, in addition to specific elements of macro- and micronutrients, as well as heavy metals, were supplementary determined in order to explain changes in secondary metabolism of the treated garden cress. The results of this study showed that, in contrast to other abiotic elicitors, weak levels of IDC can be applied to promote the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, proteins, and phenolics. An IDC of 1400mA was effective enough to significantly maximise the total phenol content and other biosynthetic products in garden cress, revealing no signs of damage. The accumulation of heavy metals had no toxic effects in garden cress and did not exceed the legal regulations for human consumption.

Influences of postfire salvage logging on forest birds in the Eastern Cascades, Oregon, USA

In coniferous forests of western North American, fire is an important disturbance that influences the structure and composition of floral and faunal communities. The impacts of postfire management, including salvage logging and replanting, on these forests are not well known. We compared densities and relative abundances of forest birds after fire in unsalvaged stands and stands subjected to one of two intensities of salvage logging (moderate, 30 snags retained per ha and heavy, 5–6 snags retained per ha) in mixed-conifer forests in central Oregon. We used analysis of variance with repeated measures to evaluate three hypotheses concerning the influence of different intensities of salvage on densities or relative abundances of sixteen species of birds, and two hypotheses concerning the influence of time since salvage logging on relative abundances or densities of birds. We also examined the relationship between vegetation and abundances of each bird species. We did not detect significant differences among treatments in densities or relative abundances for eight species and one genus of birds. We detected significant differences for seven species, though the patterns differed among species. Relative abundances or densities of the black-backed woodpecker ( Picoides arcticus), hairy woodpecker ( P. villosus), brown creeper ( Certhia americana), western wood-pewee ( Contopus sordidulus) and yellow-rumped warbler ( Dendroica coronata) were lower in the heavy and moderate salvage treatment compared to the unsalvaged treatment, while densities of the dark-eyed junco ( Junco hyemalis) and fox sparrow ( Passerella iliaca) were greater in the moderately and heavily salvaged stands than in the unsalvaged treatment. We detected significant differences between years for four species of birds. Our findings suggest that both cavity-nesting and cup-nesting species respond to salvage logging, and that some species respond uniquely to habitat features influenced by salvage logging. For species that responded negatively to salvage logging, the moderate salvage intensity did not appear to mitigate the negative influence of salvage logging. Areas of unlogged burned forest appear to provide important habitat for some species of birds following forest fires. Our findings parallel those of other recent studies of these species, suggesting robust patterns that transcend particular locations.