Influence Of Different Grades Research Articles

Electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber latex

This article investigated the electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of natural rubber latex (NRL) foam filled with carbon black. The influence of different grades (N330, N660 and conductive grade) of carbon black and content on the foam morphology and electromagnetic wave absorption were of interest. The experimental results revealed that the addition of carbon black can improve the ability of electromagnetic wave absorption NRL over a wide frequency range. The NRL foam filled with the conductive carbon black exhibited more electromagnetic wave susceptibility in comparison to the those filled with classical carbon black. The addition of carbon black results in a decrease in cell size and increase in the number of foam cells. The proposed NRL foams are expected to be used as electromagnetic absorber in lightweight and flexible electromagnetic shielding materials.

Trends in Different Grades of Precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin from 1960 to 2017

Under the background of global warming, the trends and variabilities of different grades of precipitation have significant effects on the management of regional ecosystems and water resources. Based on a daily precipitation dataset collected from 148 meteorological stations in the Yangtze River Basin from 1960 to 2017, precipitation events were divided into four grades (small, moderate, large, and heavy precipitation events) according to the precipitation intensity to analyze the temporal and spatial change trends of different grades of precipitation amounts and frequencies, and the influence of different grades of precipitation on total precipitation was also discussed in this study. The results revealed that small precipitation amounts over the Yangtze River Basin decreased significantly, with a rate of −1.22%/10a, while heavy precipitation amounts showed a significant increasing trend (4.27%/10a) during the study period. The precipitation frequency of small and total events decreased significantly, with rates of −3.86%/10a and −2.97%/10a, respectively. Regionally, from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, the contribution rate of small precipitation amounts and frequencies to the total precipitation gradually decreased, while heavy precipitation amounts and frequencies increased. The different grades of precipitation in region II showed a decreasing trend due to its unique geographical features. Furthermore, a Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the response of precipitation to long-term air temperature, demonstrating that small and moderate precipitation amounts and frequencies were mainly negatively correlated with long-term air temperature and that heavy precipitation amounts showed a stronger positive correlation with long-term air temperature (13.35%/K). Based on this, the rate of change in heavy precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin may be higher under the background of climate warming, which will lead to greater risks of extreme floods in the future. Evaluating and predicting the trends of different grades can provide a theoretical reference for agricultural production, flood control, and drought mitigation.

Гетерозиготність за мікросателітними ДНК-маркерами та жива маса телиць південної м’ясної породи

The purpose of this study was to determine whether heterozygosity (assessed using microsatellite genotypes) was correlated with the body weight of heifers from birth to 18 months. The study was conducted on the heifers’ herd of the Taurian intra-breed type Southern meat cattle breed at Askaniiske State Research Enterprise (Ukraine, Kherson Region). During the study, we used ten microsatellite loci recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) TGLA227, BM2113, TGLA53, ETH10, SPS115, TGLA122, INRA023, BM1818, ETH3 and BM1824. The heifer’s body weight was measured at birth, at weaning, and at the age 8, 12, 15 and 18 months. Individual heterozygosity estimates (for each microsatellite loci separately) and microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity (for all used loci) estimates (MLH) were used in the analysis. ANOVA was used to determine the relationship of the dependent effects (body weight at different ages) to single locus heterozygosity using two classes: 0 (for homozygous individuals) and 1 (for heterozygous individuals). In addition, the following indicators were calculated for each genotype: the squared distances (d2) between the length of both alleles within the individual genotype for each microsatellite loci, as well as the mean squared distance (multilocus d2) between the lengths of both alleles within the individual genotype for ten microsatellite loci. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to measure the association between d2 scores (for each microsatellite loci) and body weight at different ages. The influence of different grades of estimates of MLH and mean d2 classes was also assessed based on ANOVA. Heterozygosity at locus BM2113 was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with heifer’s body weight at the age of 15 months and heterozygosity at locus BM1818 was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with heifer’s body weight at the age of 8 months. Significant Spearman’s rank correlations (P < 0.01...0.05) were also observed between the body weight and d2 score for four microsatellite loci BM2113, SPS115, ETH3 and BM1824. Individual mean heterozygosity estimates for 10 microsatellite loci and mean d2 estimates were weakly associated with weight performance in Southern meat cattle breed heifers.

Global Longitudinal Strain of the Left Ventricle in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis

The impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis (HD) on heart function is not fully understood. Assess the influence of different grades of chronic nephropathy and HD on the cardiac function using myocardial deformation: Longitudinal global strain (LGS) Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between January 2017 and January 2018, concerning patients followed for CKD sent for cardiac evaluation. The patients were classified into 3 subgroups (Control: without CKD; Medium to advanced CKD: stages 3, 4 or 5, and terminal CKD on HD. The systolic function of the LV was evaluated by echocardiography with the analysis of the LGS. The study included 100 patients, According to the subgroups: 33 did not have CKD (control), 27 had moderate to advanced CKD (stages 3, 4 or 5) and 40 had terminal CKD on HD. There was no significant difference in gender, age and LVEF among the groups. Compared to control group, the absolute value of SLG was decreased in the CKD groups, this decrease is parallel to the decline in renal function. In addition, compared to moderate CKD patients, LV systolic function was better in patients with CKD on HD. Myocardial strain analysis is much more sensitive for predicting and detecting LV systolic dysfunction in patients with CKD. The decline in kidney function parallels the deterioration in heart function which may indicate that toxins play an important role in LV dysfunction, HD helps clarify toxins and improve LV function.

Evaluation of the Influence of Different Grades of Reinforcing Steel on the Seismic Performance of Concrete reinforced Frame Structures with Nonlinear Static Analysis

In this investigation, the elasto-plastic behavior and the seismic performance of concrete reinforced frame structures reinforced are evaluated by applying the Pushover method. This evaluation is done on several cases: with high ductility steel (Grade 40), conventional steel (Grade 60) and high strength steel (Grade 75). For the previous, the capacity curve graph obtained from the displacement coefficient method was used to measure the capacity of the structure. In addition, the performance of the structure for different levels of seismic design are evaluated with the resulting values of ductility and rigidity of each case. The results showed that reinforcing a structure with a Grade 40 reinforcing steel increases the energy dissipation capacity, and if reinforced with a Grade 75 reinforcing steel increases the strength capacity in the structure. Finally, the comparative result of the various cases are presented to demonstrate the influence of reinforcing steel on the plastic behavior of concrete reinforced frame structures.

Furnace chamber heat exchange peculiarities in using different types of coal

The paper considers the types of heat transfer in the furnace chamber and ash residue values influence on the heat released and received in the furnace. The influence of different grades of coal (Kamyshanskij, Taldinskij and Ekibastuzkij deposits) with ash residue value from 16.4 to 43 % on the furnace combustion heat was analyzed. The ash residue value influence on the value of the heat received in the combustion chamber, which is the boiler efficiency defining characteristic, is considered. The graphical dependence of the heat amount received in the combustion chamber on the ash residue for the different types of solid fuel is shown.

Influence of different grades of CuW electrodes when die sinking ED-machining of cemented carbide

This work investigates the influences of two different grades of copper–tungsten (CuW) electrodes with 65% and 85% of tungsten when sinking ED-machining cemented carbide (WC-Co) with 10% Co. In EDM, literature research works evaluating the influence of different grades of CuW electrodes when ED-machining the same WC-Co workpiece material were not found. In this work, rough, semi-finish, and finish EDM regimes were applied to evaluate process performance aspects as material removal rate (Vw) and volumetric relative wear (ϑ). Workpiece surface integrity was evaluated in terms of surface roughness, hardness, and chemical composition. From the results, the CuW85 electrode presented lower volumetric relative wear (ϑ) and higher material removal rate (Vw) than that of CuW65 electrode. Micro-cracks, from recast layer in direction to heat affected zone, were observed for both grades of CuW electrodes for rough ED-machining. Nanoindentation showed a hardness reduction of about 10% in heat-affected zone in relation to the base material for finishing regime with both CuW electrode grades. EDS revealed that the presence of Co and WC was not altered in recast layer and heat-affected zone.

Influence of Different Grades of CBN Inserts on Cutting Force and Surface Roughness of AISI H13 Die Tool Steel during Hard Turning Operation.

Now-a-days, the application of hard tuning with CBN tool has been massively increased because the hard turning is a good alternative to grinding process. However, there are some issues that need to be addressed related to the CBN grades and their particular applications in the area of hard turning process. This experimental study investigated the effects of three different grades of CBN insert on the cutting forces and surface roughness. The process of hard turning was made using the AISI H13 die tool steel at containing different hardness (45 HRC, 50 HRC and 55 HRC) levels. The work material were selected on the basis of its application in the die making industries in a range of hardness of 45–55 HRC. Optimization by the central composite design approach has been used for design and analysis. The present study reported that the cutting forces and surface roughness are influenced by the alloying elements and percentage of CBN in the cutting tool material. The work material hardness, feed rate and cutting speed are found to be statistically significant on the responses. Furthermore, a comparative performance between the three different grades of CBN inserts has been shown on the cutting forces and surface roughness at different workpiece hardness. To obtain the optimum parameters from multiple responses, desirability approach has been used. The novelty/robustness of the present study is represented by its great contribution to solve practical industrial application when is developed a new process using different CBN grades for hard turning and die makers of workpiece having the hardness between 45 and 55 HRC.

Importance of Different Grades of Abdominal Obesity on Testosterone Level, Erectile Dysfunction, and Clinical Coincidence.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of different grades of abdominal obesity (AO) on the prevalence of testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS), erectile dysfunction (ED), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In a cross-sectional descriptive study, a total of 216 males underwent a complete urological, internal, and hormonal evaluation. Males were divided according to waist circumference into five groups: less than 94 cm (Grade [G] 0), 94 to 101 cm (G1), 102 to 109 cm (G2), 110 to 119 cm (G3), and more than 120 cm (G4). Incidence of ED, TDS, and MetS was compared in these groups and in participants without AO. Some degree of ED was identified in 74.7% of males with AO. In G1, there were 61% of males with ED, in G2 68%, in G3 83%, and in G4 87%. A strong correlation between testosterone (TST) level and AO was identified. Ninety-eight out of 198 (49.5%) males with AO and 1/18 (5.5%) males without AO had TDS. There were significant differences between individual groups. In the group of males with AO G4 (more than 120 cm), 87.1% had TDS. MetS was diagnosed in 105/198 (53.0%) males with AO, but in G4, 83.9% of males with AO had MetS. Males older than 40 years of age with AO have a higher incidence of ED, TDS, and MetS. Dividing males into five groups according to waist circumference seems to be reasonable. With growing AO, there were significantly more males with ED, TDS, and MetS.

Influence of different grades of furnace carbon blacks on the curing kinetics and reinforcement of natural rubber composites

The effect of different grades (N375, N405, N509) of carbon black (CB) powder on the synthesised carbon black natural rubber (CBNR) composites were investigated to study the curing and reinforcing characteristics of CB structure. The different CB grades depicted; on the one hand, the ascending order of nitrogen surface area (NSA) in conjunction with statistical thickness surface area (STSA) to be N375 < N405 < N509, while on the other hand, relative span factor (RSF) together with pellet hardness were N405 < N509 < N375. The synthesised CBNR composites were analysed for rheological and reinforcement behaviour. It was observed that both, elongation at break and cure rate index (CRI) of the CBNR composites varied with RSF of CB powders. The RSF of CB powders showed association with elongation at break and CRI of the CBNR composites. Moreover, there is a synergy in the hardness, resilience and tensile strength of the CBNR composites.

Experimental investigation on the influence of different grades of wood chips on screw feeding performance

Although basic investigations on wood chip material properties haven been carried out, only few studies deal with transport of wood chips, despite the fact that significant problems are commonly observed when feeding biomass in industrial applications. Within the work presented, basic bulk material properties were measured and experiments carried out with a system consisting of a hopper, agitator and a screw conveyor. The aim of this study was to investigate how three different wood chip grades and two blends of wood chips influence typical design parameters, such as mass flow and driving torque, of a biomass feeding system. The measured basic bulk properties are in good overall agreement with the literature. However, discrepancies were discovered between two standardized methods for determination of the bulk density. The results for the driving torque, mass flow and mass-related energy consumption showed that different grades of wood chips can alter these values considerably. Between two wood chip grades, a twice as high torque was recorded, while a third grade could not be fed due to jamming. One of the major findings of this study is that mixing a rather small amount of a high-fine content grade with the non-feedable grade of wood chips resulted in a blend which inhibited jamming during the screw feeding process.

Influence of Surgical Complications on Kidney Graft Survival in Recipients of Simultaneous Pancreas Kidney Transplantation

PurposeSimultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation is the gold standard treatment for patients with end-stage renal failure secondary to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This kind of transplantation is a complex operation associated with a high incidence of surgical complications and mortality risk which could influence graft survival. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of different grades of postoperative complications, classified according to Clavien-Dindo, on the rate of kidney graft loss. MethodsWe performed an observational retrospective review of all simultaneous transplantations performed between February 1989 and May 2012. Factors examined were related to recipient and donor characteristics, surgical procedures, and postoperative outcomes. For this purpose, Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox-Regression tests are used. ResultsOne hundred thirty-nine transplantations were performed. Complications grades I, II, and IIIa were experienced in 81 (58.3%) patients, and grades IIIb and IVa-b in 55 (39.6%). Multivariate analysis showed an influence of panel reactive antibody (hazard ratio [HR]: 10.79; P = .003), incidence of acute rejection (HR: 2.55; P = .03), and complications grouped into grades IIIb and IVa-b (HR: 3.63; P = .02). Kaplan Meier analysis showed worse kidney graft survival rate in groups grades IIIb and IVa-b compared to grades I, II, and IIIa (86.6% vs 98.7% at 1 year and 81.8% vs 97.3% at 5 years; P = .001). ConclusionsDespite being the gold standard treatment for these patients, pancreas and kidney transplantations have numerous complications which could influence the prognosis of graft kidney survival.

Evaluation of Ceolus™ microcrystalline cellulose grades for the direct compression of enteric-coated pellets

The preparation of multiparticulate tablets by direct compression of functionally coated pellets is technologically challenging. The objective was to investigate the influence of different grades of microcrystalline cellulose (Ceolus™ UF-711, PH-102, PH-200 and KG-802) as fillers on the properties of blends and tablets containing enteric pellets. Celphere™ spheres were drug-layered and then functionally coated with Eudragit® L 30 D-55/FS 30D dispersion. Tablets loaded with 50% pellets were prepared using pure or binary blends of microcrystalline cellulose fillers. The influence of the filler on the blend flow, segregation tendency, tablet hardness and enteric release properties were studied using a mixture design, and the optimum filler composition was determined. Rapidly disintegrating tablets, which yielded a drug release of less than 10% after 2 hours in acidic medium, could be successfully prepared. The blend composition had a significant effect on the flowability, but less on the tablet hardness which was influenced by the selection of lubricant. Blends containing celluloses with low bulk densities exhibited a reduced tendency to segregate. Pellet distribution uniformity was further improved when using Ceolus™ UF-711 blended with a high-density grade. As a conclusion, multiparticulate tablets containing enteric pellets with preserved delayed-release properties were successfully prepared using Ceolus™ microcrystalline celluloses as tableting excipients. The optimized filler blend for the direct compression of 50% enteric pellets into tablets contained Ceolus™ UF-711 as main component in combination with Ceolus™ PH-200.

Production of blanks with thickness transitions in longitudinal and lateral direction through 3D-Strip Profile Rolling

3D-Strip Profile Rolling should enable the production of blanks with a defined thickness profile in latitudinal and longitudinal direction. The production chain of 3D-Strip Profile Rolling will combine Flexible Rolling in a first production step with Strip Profile Rolling in a second step. The control system to adjust the roll gap during 3D-Strip Profile Rolling is currently under development. Nevertheless, some first experiments have shown the general feasibility to produce 3D-profiled blanks. In 3D-Strip Profile Rolling the material will strain harden differently on different locations. This results in a variation of the material properties of the strip. Lateral spread, elastic roll stand deformation and local deformation will be influenced by this variation. To investigate these influences on the complete production process, the complete production chain needs to be modelled in the future with aid of finite element simulations. In this publication a first simulation model is used to study the influence of different grades of strain hardening in a Taylor Rolled Blank on the bulge formation that occurs during the rolling of a rill in this Tailor Rolled Blank.

Microalbuminuria in Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract that may be inherited. Reflux of infected urine may cause scarring in susceptible kidneys with the potential to compromise renal function. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible influence of different grades of VUR on glomerular damage using microalbuminuria as a parameter. Children with VUR detected by voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) were investigated. According to the grade of VUR, patients were separated into three groups. The first group included 12 children with VUR grade I–II. The second group consisted of 12 children with grade III of VUR. Patients with VUR grade IV–V (n = 11) were members of the third group. The control group consisted of 17 healthy children. Microalbuminuria was examined in samples of morning urine specimens using a microalbumin/creatinine reagent kit. Serum urea, creatinine levels and creatinine clearance (CCR) were measured as markers of renal function. The mean value of microalbumin excretion in the third group showed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) compared to all other groups. CCR in the third group was statistically significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in comparison to the group of healthy children. There were no statistically significant changes of microalbumin excretion and CCR in the first and second group compared to control values. We discussed the presence of microalbuminuria and decrease of CCR in children with high grade of VUR as a possible consequence of retrograde urine flow (intrarenal reflux), glomerulosclerosis, and consecutive hyperfiltration.

Effects of coating treatments on the mechanical behavior of wood‐fiber‐filled polystyrene composites. I. Use of polyethylene and isocyanate as coating components

AbstractThe influence of different grades of polyethylenes and poly[methylene(polyphenyl isocyanate)] (used to precoat the fiber) on the mechanical properties of polystyrene (PS 201 and PS 525) and chemithermomechanical pulp composites have been investigated. Mechanical properties, including impact strengtth of PS 201 based composites, improved when polyethylene was used along with isocyanate, whereas PS 525 based composites performed less well in this respect. Polystyrene itself seems a better partner for isocyanate as a coating component.

Influence and Trust in a Multinational Company

The research is concerned with the level of trust between subordinates and superiors, level of influence of different grades in the hierarchy as perceived by members of the enterprise and how the level of each is influenced by the perceived style of leadership. The sample was taken from the staff in the headquarters of a major mining company in Western Australia. It was found that trust, for both supervisory and non‐supervisory grades, was unrelated to perceived style of leadership. However, trust was significantly related to perceived influence that each hierarchical grade had on what happened in the enterprise with a more democratic style producing higher influence. This was also true for the level of influence of each grade and the perceived decision style, although it was not significant at the accepted level for senior managers and departmental heads. Hence, to increase influence on what happens in the organisation it may be necessary to introduce some form of employee participation programme such as quality circles.

Prognostic significance of architectural patterns in non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Clinical data and lymphoma biopsies were analyzed in 651 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in order to describe the prognostic influence of different grades of follicular architecture compared to diffuse architecture. The follicularity was graded qualitatively according to the distinctness of the pattern (intra-follicular, infiltrative follicular and traceably follicular patterns). The partially follicular pattern, with co-existence of follicular and diffuse areas in the same biopsy, was graded quantitatively according to the proportion of these areas. The median survival of patients with diffuse pattern was 1.2 years, while that of patients with follicular patterns ranged from 2.5 to 7.3 yr. The prognosis for those with partially follicular pattern was not affected, whether or not more or less than 50% of the lymphoma was diffuse. For cytologically identical lymphomas, only the intra- and infiltrative follicular patterns influenced the prognosis favourably. This conclusion was further substantiated by means of multivariate analysis.

VI. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. —VI. Genetic (reproductive) selection: Inheritance of fertility in man, and of fecundity in thoroughbred racehorses

I understand by a factor of evolution any source of progressive change in the constants—mean values, variabilities, correlations—which suffice to define an organ or character, or the interrelations of a group of organs or characters, at any stage in any form of life. To demonstrate the existence of such a factor we require to show more than the plausibility of its effectiveness, we need that a numerical measure of the changes in the organic constants shall be obtained from actual statistical data. These data must be of sufficient extent to render the numerical determinations large as compared with their probable errors. In a “Note on Reproductive Selection,” published in the ‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ vol. 59, p. 301, I have pointed out that if fertility be inherited or if it be correlated with any inherited character—those who are thoroughly conversant with the theory of correlation will recognise that these two things are not the same—then we have a source of progressive change, a vera causa of evolution. I then termed this factor of evolution Reproductive Selection . As the term lias been objected to, I have adopted Genetic Selection as an alternative. I mean by this term the influence of different grades of reproductivity in producing change in the predominant type.