Influence Of Different Categories Research Articles

Systemic Risk Arising from Shadow Banking and Sustainable Development: A Study of Wealth Management Products in China

Shadow banking is a main way for the financial market to serve the real economy today, and this process is closely related to systemic risk. This study examines the impact of shadow banking associated with sustainable development in China’s banking on systemic risk. We analyze the data obtained from a rich sample of 31 listed commercial banks in China and shadow banking represented by wealth management products (WMPs) by constructing a dynamic complex interbank network model. The results show that the risks and vulnerabilities generated by shadow banking spread out through the interbank network and cause systemic risk to increase. The effect operates through increasing the number of default banks, reducing banks’ survival rate and profit, and forcing central bank bailout funds expansion. However, it has a positive impact in terms of augmenting liquidity and enhancing investment opportunities. Furthermore, the variability in the influence of different categories of shadow banking is assessed, emphasizing that short-term shadow banking exerts a more pronounced impact on systemic risk. In addition, the heterogeneity of the shadow banking effect on different types of commercial banks is explored, revealing that local and rural commercial banks experience a more conspicuous effect compared to state-owned and joint-stock banks. Our findings highlight that improving external supervision, promoting financial internal governance, and constraining credit linkages are vital for alleviating the increase in risks in shadow banking and maintaining the sustainable development of banking.

Influence of different categories of supplements on the body composition of resistance-training practitioners

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different categories of dietary supplements on the body composition of resistance-training practitioners. MethodsParticipants of both sexes and ages 20 to 59 y participated in this cross-sectional study. The use of dietary supplements was investigated and classified into three categories: sports foods, medical supplements, and ergogenic supplements. One-way analysis of covariance adjusted for age, type of exercise, frequency of exercise, total amount of daily exercise, and exercise intensity was used in the analysis. ResultsOf 427 participants, 278 (65%), were supplement consumers. Women who consumed sports foods had higher percentages of skeletal muscle (P = 0.014) and lower percentages of body fat than women who did not take supplements (P = 0.031). Furthermore, women who used medicinal supplements had greater visceral fat levels than women who did not (P = 0.019). No significant differences were found between type of supplement used and body composition among men (P > 0.05). ConclusionsConsuming sports foods was associated with higher percentages of skeletal muscle and lower percentages of body fat; women who used medical supplements had higher visceral fat levels.

The accuracy and influencing factors of sleep staging based on single-channel EEG via a deep neural network

Objective: To investigate theaccuracy of artificial intelligence sleep staging model in patients with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) based on single-channel EEG collected from different locations of the head. Methods: The clinical data of 114 adults with habitual snoring and OSAHS who visited to the Sleep Medicine Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital from September 2020 to March of 2021 were analyzed retrospectively, including 93 males and 21 females, aging from 20 to 64 years old. Eighty-five adults with OSAHS and 29 subjects with habitual snoring were included. Sleep staging analysis was performed on the single lead EEG signals of different locations (FP2-M1, C4-M1, F3-M2, ROG-M1, O1-M2) using the deep learning segmentation model trained by previous data. Manual scoring results were used as the gold standard to analyze the consistency rate of results and the influence of different categories of disease. Results: EEG data in 124 747 30-second epochs were taken as the testing dataset. The model accuracy of distinguishing wake/sleep was 92.3%,92.6%,93.5%,89.2% and 83.0% respectively,based on EEG channel Fp2-M1, C4-M1, F3-M2, REOG-M1 or O1-M2. The mode accuracy of distinguishing wake/REM/NREM and wake/REM/N1-2/SWS , was 84.7% and 80.1% respectively based on channel Fp2-M1, which located in forehead skin. The AHI calculated based on total sleep time derived from the model and gold standard were 13.6[4.30,42.5] and 14.2[4.8,42.7], respectively (Z=-2.477, P=0.013), and the kappa coefficient was 0.977. Conclusions: The autonomic sleep staging via a deep neural network model based on forehead single-channel EEG (Fp2-M1) has a good consistency in the identification sleep stage in a population with habitual snoring and OSAHS with different categories. The AHI calculated based on this model has high consistency with manual scoring.

Analysis of price determinants in the case of Airbnb listings

Nowadays, the role of the sharing economy in tourism increases, the number of people involved as guests or hosts rising day by day. This dynamic generates a viable alternative to the traditional services, allowing tourists to customise their trips and enrich their experiences. This paper focuses on accommodation services, investigating the factors influencing the prices established by Airbnb hosts. Using structural equation modelling, the authors analyse the influence of different categories of factors (listing’s characteristics, hosts’ involvement, listing’s reputation, listing’s location, and rental policies) on the average daily rate. The results emphasise that the hosts establish the listing’s price based on listing’s characteristics and on their involvement – the owners managing only one listing and the ones charging a security deposit value more their involvement, while the other hosts focus more on the listings’ characteristics. The location of the listing counts for experienced owners, while for opportunist owners it has no importance. The listings’ reputation has a negative impact on the price, contrary to the conclusions achieved in other studies, an aspect that supports the idea that price determinants differ across regions.

Influence of different categories of condensates on film condensation of R-134a on in-line arranged 3D finned tubes

The condensates generated in the process of film condensation, such as condensing, falling, and acting condensates, are identified and defined to obtain precise inundation effect model of 3D finned tube bundle. Furthermore, the influence of three categories of condensates on the film condensation under different heat fluxes and condensing temperatures is experimentally investigated via the homologous method. A test bench with a test section contains two arrays of 8 horizontal tubes is initially constructed. Experimental results show that the inundation effect coefficient decreases from 1.00 to 0.78 as acting condensate Re increases from 75 to 1860. The influence of heat flux on three categories of condensates is more significant than that of condensing temperature. As tube row depth increases from 1 to 6, the proportion of condensing condensate Re to acting condensate Re decreases from 100% to 15.0%, whereas the proportion of falling condensate Re to acting condensate Re increases from 0 to 85.0%. Furthermore, the condensation heat transfer model of single 3D finned tube and inundation effect model are established, and the deviations of results between experiments and models are almost within ±3.0%. The deviations of inundation effect coefficients between experiment and model proposed in this study are 92.5% and 50.0% less than those between experiment and models using routine method and considering single condensate with homologous method, respectively. Moreover, the inundation effect model proposed in this study reveals that different proportions of condensing or falling condensates to acting condensate lead to different inundation effect coefficient at the same acting condensate Re. The research results will lay the foundation for further revealing the mechanism of film condensation on 3D finned tube bundle and guide the thermal design of 3D finned tubes applied in shell-and-tube condensers.

Relevant, or irrelevant, external factors in panic buying

In view of panic buying prevalence across countries during the COVID 19 pandemic, this study explores the external factors that may influence consumer engagement or disengagement with this buying behaviour and how they are related. Two studies were undertaken to achieve this research aim. The first was to explore these factors through a scale development processes. Three factors were revealed including (1) intervention and support from the government to combat and manage the pandemic, (2) intervention and support from businesses to prevent stockpiling or panic buying, and (3) influence of different categories of social groups, namely, family and relatives, peers and friends, acquaintance and non-acquainted social-media group. The second study collected data from five countries (Australia, India, China, Vietnam and Indonesia) to understand the relationship between these factors and panic buying engagement or disengagement. The rationale for the country choices has been provided in this manuscript. The results show that interventions and support from government and businesses influenced panic buying engagement, whereas social groups did not. Implications of these findings are highlighted for the relevant stakeholders.

Development of a method for modelling delay propagation in railway networks using epidemiological SIR models

A method has been developed to simulate propagation of train delays in branched railroad ranges using modified epidemiological SIR models. These models take into account the mutual influence of trains with different priorities in the flow. This makes it possible to study the heterogeneous dynamics in the propagation of delays among trains of different priorities. To consider the propagation of the primary delay in space and time, it is proposed to represent the topology of the railway network in the form of an undirected graph with reference to the edge of the graph in the mathematical system of differential equations of the SIR model. This unifies the process of constructing SIR models for each edge (section) of the network graph and reduces the dimension of the problem. To take into account the influence of the “network effect”, it is proposed to determine the transit coefficient for each station of the section. This coefficient helps calculate the number of delayed trains for adjacent sections. To set SIR models, it is proposed to use empirical data on the propagation of the average delay in the standard traffic schedule in the corresponding section. For the sequential solution of SIR models corresponding to interconnected network sections, an algorithm is applied to turn the network graph into a directed tree the root of which is the station where the delay occurs. Tests on modelling the propagation of train delays in the railway network are carried out taking into account the mutual influence of different categories of trains in the flow and the built-in time reserves for the restoration of movement. The obtained simulation results have confirmed the adequacy of the solutions and helped quantify the influence of primary delays and the amount of time reserve in the schedules of trains of various categories on the reliability of the standard train schedule

Altruism as a pathway to unethical action

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to answer the question, “Can particular types of altruism influence people to make unethical decisions?” The purpose of seeking to answer this question is to better understand those cases in personal, public and commercial life whereby a decision-maker is influenced by what is widely perceived to be a positive thing – altruism – to make unethical choices.Design/methodology/approachAn experiment was designed to test the influence of different categories of altruism on decision-making about whether to find another guilty for a regulatory transgression. This involved the establishment and running of a student panel at a UK university, which was given the task of determining the guilt or otherwise of two students accused of plagiarism – one from a poor background; one from a rich background. Through a survey of both the decision-makers and their judgments, and by analyzing the data using t-tests and Mann–Whitney tests, the associations between different categories of altruism and the decisions made could be ascertained.FindingsA total of 70.7% of the participants voted “not-guilty” for the poor student, whereas 68.3% voted “guilty” for the wealthy student. This indicated that self-interested, namely, egoistic altruism complemented by social and self-esteem needs gratification was significantly associated with violating foundational ethical principles.Originality/valueThis is the first study to be done that attempts to evaluate the relationships between different categories of altruism and ethical decision-making. The findings here challenge aggregating all forms of empathy together when exploring the antecedents of unethical behavior.

Are changes in upper extremity use during sub-acute rehabilitation after stroke associated with physical, cognitive, and social activities? An observational cohort pilot study.

To investigate how changes in physical, social, and cognitive activity levels are associated with the use of the affected upper extremity at different time points during inpatient rehabilitation after stroke. In an observational longitudinal cohort pilot study activity of 14 patients with subacute stroke was registered 2-4 times during their inpatient rehabilitation from 2 p.m. to 8 p.m. At the same time, patients wore accelerometers on both wrists to register amount of use and use ratio of the affected to the unaffected upper extremity. Before and after the observation period, patients were assessed with action research arm test, Box and Blocks Test, and Functional Independence Measure. Linear regression models were used to examine the influence of different categories of activities and motor function levels on affected upper extremity use. Increasing physical activity levels during rehabilitation and improvement in upper extremity motor function were associated with increased use of the affected upper extremity. Cognitive and social activity levels did not change and were not associated with affected upper extremity use. Our findings suggest that the use of the affected upper extremity and a general increase in activity are associated. Facilitating both general physical activity and specific upper extremity use at a rehabilitation ward may benefit overall recovery.

Effect of Public Secondary Schools Categorisation on Students’ Commitment to Democratic Values

Nurturing students who cherish commitment to democratic values remains to be one of fundamental desires on the perpetuation of democracy in Kenya since independence. In pursuit for this desire, the categorisation of public secondary schools have remained to be a cardinal instrument toward realisation of this democratic goal. This study was designed to explore the potential of various categories of public secondary schools in influencing students’ commitment to democratic values in Kiambu County, Kenya. In so doing the study sort to find whether there were significant differences in commitment to democratic values between students attending; National schools, Extra-County schools, County schools and Sub-County schools. The study was carried out among public secondary schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. A total of 384 students were involved drawn from target population of 28,213 Form IV students using stratified proportionate random sampling procedure. The study results revealed that, there were statistical significant differences in commitments to democratic values among students attending; National schools, Extra-County schools, County schools and Sub-County schools at F (3, 339) = 16.73, p =0.001, p < 0.05 with Tukey’s test indicating National schools were significantly different from other three categories of public secondary schools (which did not have significant difference among them).Multiple regression on categorisation of schools yielded a significant regression equation (F (4, 338) = 12.790 p<0.001) with R 2 of 0.131 . Thus, confirming that, there were variations in influence of different categories of public secondary schools on students’ commitment to democratic values.

Examining the influence of organizational capability in innovative business operations and the mediation of profitability on customer satisfaction: An application in intermodal transport operators in Taiwan

Implementation of business model innovation to meet customer needs and market requirements is closely linked with organizational capability. However, the literature remains unclear about the influence of different categories of organizational capability on performance outcomes. While organizational capability enhancement may generate higher revenues, it may also incur higher operating costs. As profitability comprises both cost and revenue components, it is imperative that profitability be taken into consideration in exploring the relationship between organizational capability and customer satisfaction. Using empirical data collected from intermodal transport operators in Taiwan, the relationship between organizational capability and customer satisfaction as well as the mediating role of profitability in this relationship is examined. Our findings suggest that organizational capability is positively associated with firm profitability and customer satisfaction. The findings suggest that profitability mediates the relationship between organization capability and customer satisfaction.

Force and time gain interact to nonlinearly scale adaptive visual-motor isometric force control

This study examined the influence of force-time gain on the visual-motor control of isometric force. The spatial lengths on the computer screen representing the unit of elapsed time (time gain) and force (force gain) of the force output were compressed or extended in a crossed fashion while subjects produced index finger abduction force to a sinewave and constant force target that was 20% of maximal voluntary contraction. The results revealed a U-shaped interactive influence of force-time gain on force performance, namely a particular combination of moderate force-time gains leads to optimal force performance. The nature of the interaction between the force and time gains also differed depending on the task demand. During constant force production, the best gain at one dimension (force or time) was invariant across the other dimension (time or force), whereas during sinewave force production, the best gain at one dimension varied with the gain at the other dimension. The results support the proposition that the control of force output is organized by the interactive influence of different categories of constraints where the influence of visual information gain depends on the dynamics of the force control and the task demand. The findings also provide implications for visual gain parameter settings for adaptive force control.

Visual information gain and task asymmetry interact in bimanual force coordination and control

This study examined the question of whether and how the influence of visual information on force coordination patterns is dependent on the settings of a task asymmetry constraint. In a bimanual isometric force experiment, the task asymmetry was manipulated via imposing different coefficients on the index finger forces such that the weighted sum of the finger forces matched the target force. The environmental constraint was quantified by the visual performance error and was manipulated through the change of visual gain (number of pixels on the screen representing the unit of force). The constraint arising from the individual was quantified by the bilateral coupling effect (i.e., symmetric force production) between hands. The results revealed improved performance in terms of lower variability and performance error and more complex total force structure with higher visual gain. The influence of visual gain on the force coordination pattern, however, was found to be dependent on the task coefficients imposed on the finger forces. Namely, the force sharing between hands became more symmetric with high visual gain only when the right finger force had the higher coefficient, and an error-compensatory strategy was evident with high gain only when symmetric coefficients were imposed on the two fingers. The findings support the proposition that the motor coordination and control patterns are organized by the interactive influence of different categories of constraints where the functional influence of the information provided is dependent on the motor output.

Modeling constraints to redundancy in bimanual force coordination

This study investigated the interactive influence of organismic, environmental, and task constraints on the organization of redundant force coordination patterns and the hypothesis that each of the three categories of constraints is weighted based on their relative influence on coordination patterns and the realization of the task goal. In the bimanual isometric force experiment, the task constraint was manipulated via different coefficients imposed on the finger forces such that the weighted sum of the finger forces matched the target force. We examined three models of task constraints based on the criteria of task variance (minimum variance model) and efficiency of muscle force output (coefficient-independent and coefficient-dependent efficiency models). The environmental constraint was quantified by the perceived performance error, and the organismic constraint was quantified by the bilateral coupling effect (i.e., symmetric force production) between hands. The satisficing approach was used in the models to quantify the constraint weightings that reflect the interactive influence of different categories of constraints on force coordination. The findings showed that the coefficient-dependent efficiency model best predicted the redundant force coordination patterns across trials. However, the within-trial variability structure revealed that there was not a consistent coordination strategy in the online control of the individual trial. The experimental findings and model tests show that the force coordination patterns are adapted based on the principle of minimizing muscle force output that is coefficient dependent rather than on the principle of minimizing signal-dependent variance. Overall, the results support the proposition that redundant force coordination patterns are organized by the interactive influence of different categories of constraints.

The Influence of Different Kinds of Reference Groups on Self-brand Connections

Self-brand connections(SBC)measure the extent to which consumers have incorporated brands into their self-concept.Reference groups and their "typical brands" play an important role during this process.Brands with images consistent with an ingroup enhance SBCs whereas brands with images consistent with an outgroup have lower SBCs.However,previous research does not investigate the influence of different categories of outgroups and ingroups and brands with images consistent or inconsistent with all kinds of reference groups on SBCs.Two studies were conducted.82 undergraduate students participated in study 1.We employed a 4(group type)×2(match,not match)mixed design.Participants of the four groups were asked to write an ingroup,aspirational group,dissociative group or neutral outgroup respectively.They then wrote down a brand whose image is consistent and inconsistent with the group they had chosen respectively,and estimated the SBCs of the two brands.SBCs were measured by the scale(α=0.90)developed by Escalas and Bettman(2003).92 undergraduate students participated in study 2.We employed a 2(ingroup,outgroup)×2(match,not match)between subject design.The study is similar to study 1.The scale developed by Ellemerset et al.,(1999)was used to measure the consumers' affective commitment to the ingroups(α=0.712).Two ANOVA models were used to predict SBCs in the two studies.The main effects and the interaction effect are significant in study 1(F(3,160)=5.64,F(1,160)=14.44,F(3,160)=20.08,ps0.001).In study 2,we find a significant interaction of ingroup type by brand image match on SBCs(F(3,160)=20.08,p0.001).The results show that possible selves motivate behavior to achieve the realization of personal goals and brand images consistent with an aspirational group enhance SBCs whereas brands with images inconsistent with an aspirational group have lower SBCs(t =6.41,p0.001).Brand images consistent with a dissociative group have lower SBCs whereas brands with images inconsistent with a dissociative group enhance SBCs,t =3.79,p0.001.As for brands whose images consistent or inconsistent with a neutral outgroup,the SBCs are indifferent,t =1.55,p0.12.Affective commitment is an important part of social identity.When consumers' affective commitment to the ingroups is high,brand images consistent and inconsistent with an ingroup led to higher and lower SBCs respectively,t=2.41,p0.02.When consumers' affective commitment to the ingroups is moderate,brand images consistent and inconsistent with an ingroup led to higher and lower SBCs respectively,t=2.27,p0.03.However,if affective commitment is low,consumers do not want to be a member of the ingroups,so the conclusion does not hold,t=0.54,p0.59.The effects of ingroup on SBC are moderated by the consumers' affective commitment.These findings improve our understanding of the influence of reference groups on SBCs.Companies could employ our findings to promote SBCs between consumers and their brands,which is important because high SBCs could promote brand equity,improve customer loyalty and induce positive WOM.