Influence Of Dietary Fatty Acids Research Articles

Dietary fatty acids and the time elapsed from their intake are related to their composition in rat submandibular gland and salivary flow rates

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of dietary fatty acids (FAs) and the time elapsed from their intake on FA tissue profile of rat submandibular gland (SG) and on its salivary flow rate (SFR). Do dietary FAs depending on the intake time modify their profile in SG and consequently the SFR? Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats were fed on control diet (corn oil, CD, 18:2 n-6 FA) for 7days and then divided into CD and two groups with replacement of corn oil by olive (OD, 18:1 n-9 FA) or chia (ChD, 18:3 n-3 FA) oils (1 and 30day intake). Submandibular ducts were canalized to collect saliva for 20min (μL/min). SG were examined (optical/electron microscopy; ImageJ 1.48 software). SFR values were 6.18 ± 0.34 (CD1), 6.04 ± 0.31 (OD1), and 6.00 ± 0.50 (ChD1) (p > 0.05). At 30-day intake, higher SFR values in ChD (7.82 ± 0.7) with respect to CD (4.68 ± 0.44; p < 0.001) and OD (6.08 ± 0.2; p = 0.038) were found. ChD30 showed a higher serous acinous area percentage than CD30 and OD30, whereas mucous acinous density was greater in CD30 than in OD30 and ChD30 (p < 0.05). α-Linolenic (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid levels were only detected in SG of ChD30, while arachidonic acid was lower in this group as compared with CD30 and OD30 (p < 0.05). SG FA composition and its SFR appear to be modulated by dietary FAs and the time elapsed from their consumption. SFR is highest with n-3 ALA-rich ChD at 30-day intake. Diet could contribute to improve secretory dysfunctions.

Relevance of Fatty Acids to Sperm Maturation and Quality.

Almost 50% of infertility cases are associated with human male infertility. The sperm membrane is a key structure influencing sperm morphology and function in normal and pathological conditions. The fatty acid profile determines the performance not only of sperm motility but also of acrosomal reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion. This review presents available knowledge on the role of fatty acid composition in human sperm and spermatogenesis and discusses the influence of dietary fatty acids on the sperm fatty acid profile. Recent studies in biological sciences and clinical researches in this field are also reported. The topic object of this review has potential application in medicine by identifying potential causes of infertility.

The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses.

Diet-derived fatty acids (FAs) are essential sources of energy and fundamental structural components of cells. They also play important roles in the modulation of immune responses in health and disease. Saturated and unsaturated FAs influence the effector and regulatory functions of innate and adaptive immune cells by changing membrane composition and fluidity and by acting through specific receptors. Impaired balance of saturated/unsaturated FAs, as well as n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FAs has significant consequences on immune system homeostasis, contributing to the development of many allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. In this paper, we discuss up-to-date knowledge and the clinical relevance of the influence of dietary FAs on the biology, homeostasis, and functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells, T cells and B cells. Additionally, we review the effects of dietary FAs on the pathogenesis of many diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis as well as type 1 and 2 diabetes.

Lipidomic study of the influence of dietary fatty acids on structural lipids of cold-water nudibranch molluscs

Nudibranch molluscs occur in marine ecosystems worldwide and prey on numerous invertebrate species. During feeding, dietary fatty acids (FAs) unusual for nudibranchs are transferred to their lipids. Normal biomembrane functions require stable composition of structural polar lipids (PL), but the pathways of dietary FA utilization to PL in nudibranchs still remain unknown. A combination of chromatography and tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to determine total lipid, PL, FA, and PL molecular species composition of two cold-water species of Dendronotus, which then were compared with those of Tritonia tetraquetra. The use of FA trophic markers showed that Dendronotus sp. and T. tetraquetra prey on different soft corals, while D. robustus may consumes hydrocorals and bryozoans. Nudibranch FA profiles were strongly modified by dietary FAs but their PL profilers were similar. Dietary FAs are not included in ceramide aminoethylphosphonate and inositol glycerophospholipids, but directed to ethanolamine, choline, and serine glycerophospholipids and, in some cases, form isobaric molecular species with different FA chain lengths. For such isobaric species, nudibranchs reduce the length of alkyl groups when very-long-chain FAs are obtained with diet. This molecular mechanism may explain the adaptation of nudibranch membrane structure to dietary input of unusual FAs.

The influence of dietary fatty acids on liver fat content and metabolism - ERRATUM.

The influence of dietary fatty acids on liver fat content and metabolism - ERRATUM.

EAACI position paper: Influence of dietary fatty acids on asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis.

The prevalence of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis has increased dramatically during the last decades, which is associated with altered environmental exposures and lifestyle practices. The purpose of this review was to highlight the potential role for dietary fatty acids, in the prevention and management of these disorders. In addition to their nutritive value, fatty acids have important immunoregulatory effects. Fatty acid-associated biological mechanisms, human epidemiology, and intervention studies are summarized in this review. The influence of genetics and the microbiome on fatty acid metabolism is also discussed. Despite critical gaps in our current knowledge, it is increasingly apparent that dietary intake of fatty acids may influence the development of inflammatory and tolerogenic immune responses. However, the lack of standardized formats (ie, food versus supplement) and standardized doses, and frequently a lack of prestudy serum fatty acid level assessments in clinical studies significantly limit our ability to compare allergy outcomes across studies and to provide clear recommendations at this time. Future studies must address these limitations and individualized medical approaches should consider the inclusion of specific dietary factors for the prevention and management of asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis.

The influence of dietary fatty acids on liver fat content and metabolism.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease encompasses a spectrum of conditions from hepatic steatosis through to cirrhosis; obesity is a known risk factor. The liver plays a major role in regulating fatty acid metabolism and perturbations in intrahepatic processes have potential to impact on metabolic health. It remains unclear why intra-hepatocellular fat starts to accumulate, but it likely involves an imbalance between fatty acid delivery to the liver, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation within the liver and TAG export from the liver. As man spends the majority of the day in a postprandial rather than postabsorptive state, dietary fatty acid intake should be taken into consideration when investigating why intra-hepatic fat starts to accumulate. This review will discuss the impact of the quantity and quality of dietary fatty acids on liver fat accumulation and metabolism, along with some of the potential mechanisms involved. Studies investigating the role of dietary fat in liver fat accumulation, although surprisingly limited, have clearly demonstrated that it is total energy intake, rather than fat intake per se, that is a key mediator of liver fat content; hyperenergetic diets increase liver fat whilst hypoenergetic diets decrease liver fat content irrespective of total fat content. Moreover, there is now, albeit limited evidence emerging to suggest the composition of dietary fat may also play a role in liver fat accumulation, with diets enriched in saturated fat appearing to increase liver fat content to a greater extent when compared with diets enriched in unsaturated fats.

Hepatic Fasting-Induced PPARα Activity Does Not Depend on Essential Fatty Acids.

The liver plays a central role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, which is highly sensitive to transcriptional responses to nutrients and hormones. Transcription factors involved in this process include nuclear hormone receptors. One such receptor, PPARα, which is highly expressed in the liver and activated by a variety of fatty acids, is a critical regulator of hepatic fatty acid catabolism during fasting. The present study compared the influence of dietary fatty acids and fasting on hepatic PPARα-dependent responses. Pparα−/− male mice and their wild-type controls were fed diets containing different fatty acids for 10 weeks prior to being subjected to fasting or normal feeding. In line with the role of PPARα in sensing dietary fatty acids, changes in chronic dietary fat consumption influenced liver damage during fasting. The changes were particularly marked in mice fed diets lacking essential fatty acids. However, fasting, rather than specific dietary fatty acids, induced acute PPARα activity in the liver. Taken together, the data imply that the potent signalling involved in triggering PPARα activity during fasting does not rely on essential fatty acid-derived ligand.

Omega-3 rich diet alters T cell affinity and decreases anti-viral immunity

Abstract There has been much investigation into the influence of dietary fatty acids with regard to modulation of immune function. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects for both chronic and acute inflammatory disease. Acute viral infection can be controlled and eliminated with an effective CD8 response. Despite studies suggesting the incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into lipid membranes leading to the production of less inflammatory metabolites, little is known about T cell engagement with peptide-MHC (pMHC) antigen and whether omega-3 fatty acids modulate T cell responses. Here using the novel two dimensional (2D) micropipette adhesion frequency assay we determine T cell frequency and affinity for antigen on a single cell basis. Our data indicates that dietary fish oil reduces antigen affinity in T cell receptor transgenic cells. Moreover, we demonstrate decreased polyclonal numbers of antigen specific (gp-33) T cells at peak anti viral immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) infection. These data indicate that omega-3 fatty acids decrease antigen recognition to viral antigens.

Influence of dietary fatty acids on differentiation of human stromal vascular fraction preadipocytes

Mediators such as cytokines, eicosanoids, nitric oxide and growth factors may regulate adipogenesis as well as inflammation. It is well documented that production of some form of eicosanoids activates lipid synthesis during adipogenesis but also contributes to the formation of factors maintaining low-level systemic inflammation. Developing nutrients for reduction of adipogenesis and inflammation can enhance preventive efficacy of daily diet.This study examined the effects of free fatty acid influence on changes in lipid biosynthesis and corresponding gene expression during differentiation of human subcutaneous adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells.Proadipogenic conditions promoted SVF cell differentiation and lipid droplet (LD) formation up to 15days. This correlated with gene expression of adipocyte differentiation markers as well as inflammatory cytokines and their receptors.Addition of free fatty acids to differentiation medium increased their incorporation during the first period of differentiation (48h). Presence of eicosanoid acid (EPA) during the initial period of differentiation by elevation of Perilipin 3 protein (TIP47), may be responsible for smaller LD formation. Presence of arachidonic acid (AA) tends to deposit lipids in large form of LDs. Prolongation of differentiation up to 15days decreased AA or EPA in cellular lipids. PUFA through up-regulation of both phospholipase 2 and enzymes related to eicosanoid production influenced type and quantity of eicosanoids which regulated the extent of SVF cell differentiation. Formation of small LDs and reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue are the consequence of eicosanoid production with anti-inflammatory potential from EPA.

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Cross-generational trans fat intake modifies BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus: Impact on memory loss in a mania animal model.

Recently, we have described the influence of dietary fatty acids (FA) on mania-like behavior of first generation animals. Here, two sequential generations of female rats were supplemented with soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA, control group), fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans FA) from pregnancy and during lactation. In adulthood, half of each group was exposed to an amphetamine (AMPH)-induced mania animal model for behavioral, biochemical and molecular assessments. FO supplementation was associated with lower reactive species (RS) generation and protein carbonyl (PC) levels and increased dopamine transporter (DAT) levels, while HVF increased RS and PC levels, thus decreasing catalase (CAT) activity and DAT levels in hippocampus after AMPH treatment. AMPH impaired short- (1 h) and long- (24 h) term memory in the HVF group. AMPH exposure was able to reduce hippocampal BDNF- mRNA expression, which was increased in FO. While HVF was related to higher trans FA (TFA) incorporation in hippocampus, FO was associated with increased percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) together with lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Interestingly, our data showed a positive correlation between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and short- and long-term memory (r(2) = 0.53; P = 0.000/r(2) = 0.32; P = 0.011, respectively), as well as a negative correlation between PC and DAT levels (r(2) = 0.23; P = 0.015). Our findings confirm that provision of n-3 or TFA during development over two generations is able to change the neuronal membrane lipid composition, protecting or impairing the hippocampus, respectively, thus affecting neurothrophic factor expression such as BDNF mRNA. In this context, chronic consumption of trans fats over two generations can facilitate the development of mania-like behavior, so leading to memory impairment and emotionality, which are related to neuropsychiatric conditions.

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Influence of Lineage, Broodstock Conditioning, and Hormone Injection on Gila Trout Reproductive Success and Egg Fatty Acid Composition

AbstractSuccessful reproduction of captive‐reared fishes depends on hatchery practices and proper broodstock nutrition. Nutrient requirements and environmental conditions stimulating reproductive development are unknown for many threatened and endangered species and may differ between lineages within species. Accordingly, prior to spawning, Main Diamond Gila Trout Oncorhynchus gilae broodstock were exposed to different thermal cycles and hormonal injection to improve reproductive success. Additionally, egg fatty acid composition and hatching success of Main and South Diamond Gila Trout were evaluated to determine the extent of phenotypic differences between lineages. Thermal conditioning of broodstock accompanied with injections of exogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) prior to spawning improved progeny survival over historic hatchery means as well as means for broodstock reared in raceways at constant temperatures without LHRHa. Egg n‐6 fatty acid content appears to be associated with this improvement. Eggs from Main and South Diamond broodstock fed the same feeds had similar hatch rates but could be differentiated on the basis of fatty acid profile. Future trials should further evaluate the influence of dietary fatty acids on egg deposition and hatch rate, while acknowledging that changes in reproductive performance may differ across lineages. Broodstocks should continue to be conditioned with thermal cycling and use of LHRHa to induce ovulation, as these techniques resulted in significantly better hatch rates in the current study than use of only photoperiod manipulation to stimulate reproductive development.

Influence of lifelong dietary fats on the brain fatty acids and amphetamine-induced behavioral responses in adult rat

The influence of dietary fatty acids (FA) on mania-like behavior and brain oxidative damage were evaluated in rats. First generation of rats born and maintained under supplementation with soybean-oil (SO), fish-oil (FO) or hydrogenated-vegetable-fat (HVF), which are rich in n-6, n-3 and trans (TFA) FA, respectively, until adulthood, were exposed to an amphetamine (AMPH)-induced mania animal model to behavioral and biochemical evaluations. While AMPH caused hyperlocomotion in HVF and, to a less extent, in SO- and FO-groups, a better memory performance was observed in FO group. Among vehicle-groups, HVF increased reactive species (RS) generation and protein-carbonyl (PC) levels in cortex; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. Among AMPH-treated animals, HVF exacerbated RS generation in all evaluated brain areas and increased PC levels in cortex and striatum; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. FO was related to higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cortex and striatum, while HVF was associated to higher incorporation of TFA in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, besides increased n-6/n-3 FA ratio in striatum. While a continuous exposure to TFA may intensify oxidative events in brain, a prolonged FO consumption may prevent mania-like-behavior; enhance memory besides decreasing brain oxidative markers. A substantial inclusion of processed foods, instead of foods rich in omega-3, in the long term is able to influence the functionality of brain structures related to behavioral disturbances and weaker neuroprotection, whose impact should be considered by food safety authorities and psychiatry experts.

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Influence of dietary fatty acids on muscle fatty acid composition and expression levels of Δ6 desaturase-like and Elovl5-like elongase in common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

The effects of dietary fatty acids on muscle fatty acid composition and liver expression levels of Δ6 desaturase-like and Elovl5-like elongase were investigated in common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Two Δ6 desaturase-like cDNAs (Fad6-a and Fad6-b) and two Elovl5-like elongase (Elovl5-a and Elovl5-b) cDNAs were cloned. Juvenile carp were fed three semi-purified diets (D1-3) for 6 weeks with different lipid sources: D1, fish oil with high highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs); D2, corn oil with high linoleic acid (LA), but no HUFAs; and D3, linseed oil with high α-linolenic acid (LNA), but no HUFAs. Comparing muscle fatty acids among fish fed D1-3, the content of LA and arachidonic acid (AA) in common carp fed D2 and the content of LNA, EPA and DHA in common carp fed D3 were higher than initial levels (P<0.05), respectively. The liver transcript levels of Fad6-a and Elovl5-a in fish fed D2 and D3 were higher than initial levels (P<0.05), but Fad6-b and Elovl5-b levels were seldom affected by the diets. The dietary fatty acids affect the muscle fatty acid composition and the liver Fad6-a and Elovl5-a gene expression levels in common carp, and further studies should be undertaken.

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The influence of dietary fatty acids on their metabolism in liver and subcutaneous fat in growing pigs

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of fatty acids sources on their metabolism in the liver and subcutaneous fat. Four iso-energetic and iso-protein diets with different ratio of PUFA/SFA and C 18:2 n-6/C 18:3 n-3 obtained by changing part of the diet energy with plant oils (linseed or rapeseed), tallow or fish oil, were given to pigs from 60 to 105 kg body weight (BW). Pigs were slaughtered at 105 kg BW. The content of fatty acids in the liver and subcutaneous fat per 100 g tissue and the activity (index) of Δ4- and Δ9-desaturase and elongase were determined. It was assumed that replacing part of energy of the diet with energy from different fatty acids of dietary oils will differ activity of enzymes in the investigated tissues and allow to determine in which the metabolism is more intense. Replacement of the part of the energy diets with energy from saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), improved those feeds in the quantity/quality of these fatty acids and increased their proportional content, however, more in the subcutaneous fat than in the liver. Kind of diet had no influence on weight and fat content of the investigated tissues. Irrespective of the applied diet, a lower activity of ∆9-desaturase but higher activity of ∆4-desaturase and index of elongation were detected in the liver rather than in the subcutaneous fat. Results showed that they yield of elongation of the carbon chain of fatty acids and transformation of long-chain fatty acids is higher in the liver, however stronger transformations of SFA and MUFA take place in the subcutaneous fat.

Effects of a diet lacking HUFA on lipid and fatty acid content of intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle

A feeding experiment was carried out to determine the effect of a diet lacking n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on lipid and fatty acid content in intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle: November (pre-spermatogenesis), March (spermatogenesis), and June (post-spermatogenesis). For this purpose, gilthead seabream broodstock were fed either a control diet (C) or an n-3 and n-6 HUFA-deficient diet (D). The results showed no changes in fatty acid content of polar lipids of intestine and gills from fish fed diet C at different stages of the reproductive cycle. However, significant changes were observed in the fatty acid content of neutral lipids in intestine but not in gills in this group. Thus, between November and March, saturates and n-3 HUFA decreased while monoenes increased. In June, the contents of these fatty acids had returned to their initial values (November). Moreover, in fish fed diet D, the fatty acid content of neutral lipid changed in both intestine and gills. In intestine NL, a decrease in saturates and n-3 HUFA and an increment in monoenes were observed from November to June. In gills, a decrease was also observed in n-3 HUFA from NL along the cycle. Nevertheless, n-6 HUFA content remained unchanged. These results show both tissue specificity in seasonal mobilization of fatty acids linked to reproductive processes and the influence of dietary fatty acids on body composition.