Influence Of Cold Rolling Research Articles

The influence of cold rolling and hydroxyapatite coating on the mechanostructure, corrosion resistance, cell viability, and antibacterial activity of ZnCu biodegradable implants

The influence of cold rolling and hydroxyapatite coating on the mechanostructure, corrosion resistance, cell viability, and antibacterial activity of ZnCu biodegradable implants

Influence of Cold Rolling on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of FeCoCrNiMn High-Entropy Alloy

Influence of Cold Rolling on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of FeCoCrNiMn High-Entropy Alloy

Influence of cold deformation on the structure, texture, elastic and microdurometric properties of biocompatible beta-titanium alloys based on the Ti–Nb–Zr system

The influence of cold rolling with degrees of 85, 90% on the structural and textural state, microdurometric and elastic properties of hardened biocompatible -titanium alloys (at.%) Ti-26%Nb-3%Zr, Ti -26%Nb-5%Zr, Ti-26%Nb-6%Zr, Ti-26%Nb-3%Zr-1%Sn, Ti-26%Nb-3%Zr-1%Sn-0.7Ta . It is shown that an increase in the degree of deformation during cold rolling contributes to the formation of a more pronounced two-component texture {001}, {112} an increase in microhardness and a decrease in the values ​​of the elastic modulus in the rolling plane . A good agreement between the calculated and experimental values ​​of the modulus of elasticity of alloys in the quenched and cold-rolled states has been established.The influence of alloying and anisotropic state of alloys (through the molybdenum equivalent and the Zener anisotropy factor, respectively) on the level of their microhardness, contact modulus of elasticity E, including the difference in E in different sections of a cold-rolled sheet, is considered. It has been established that the minimum average value of Е=51±2 GPa in the rolling plane is given by the Ti-26Nb-3Zr alloy rolled with ε=90%, and the minimum level of average values Е (52±2 GPa in the rolling plane and 62±1 GPa in cross section) is typical for the Ti-26Nb-3Zr-1Sn alloy after rolling with ε= 85%

Insights into the influence of cold rolling and accelerated isothermal aging on microstructure evolution, corrosion performance, σ precipitation and its kinetics in a low molybdenum Fe-21Cr-5Mn-1.5Ni alloy

In the present work, effect of cold rolling and accelerated isothermal aging at 800 °C on the microstructural changes and corrosion behavior in a low molybdenum Fe-21Cr-5Mn-1.5Ni alloy has been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) were used to investigate the changes in microstructure and σ precipitation, while the corrosion behavior was studied using anodic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosion resistance followed the given sequence – Solution annealed (undeformed) > 50% cold rolled + aged 72 h > solution annealed (undeformed) + aged 72 h > 50% cold rolled. Corrosion products were mainly oxides of iron and chromium.

Influence of cold rolling on the stability of retained austenite and mechanical properties of a Cu bearing low carbon low manganese steel

It was reported that the distribution and morphology of retained austenite were greatly affected by cold rolling prior to intercritical annealing and tempering in medium Mn steel, but the effects of cold rolling have not been well investigated in low Mn steel. In this report, the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon low manganese steel bearing 2 mass% Cu was investigated. The amount of reversed austenite was similar with or without cold rolling, but the morphology was very different, globular and lath-type respectively. Nearly half of reversed austenite transformed to martensite upon cooling to room temperature in the cold rolled steel while almost all reversed austenite was retained in the non-cold rolled steel. During tempering, 85 vol% of retained austenite transformed to bainite in the non-cold rolled steel while a major proportion of austenite remained after tempering probably due to further carbon enrichment during tempering in the cold-rolled steel. The tensile strength and uniform elongation increased from 1104 MPa and 8.5% without cold rolling to 1264 MPa and 23% in the cold rolled steel, which indicates that cold rolling prior to annealing is beneficial for improving mechanical properties.

Influence of cold rolling and thermal treatment on microstructure and texture evolution, and tensile behaviour of high strength Al-Co-Sc-Zr alloys

• The chilled suction casting of Al-0.1Co-0.15(Sc, Zr) at% alloy enabled substantial amounts of stable compounds of Al 9 Co 2 , primary Al 3 (Sc 1−x Zr x ) dispersoids, and Al 3 Sc precipitates. • Cold rolling and ageing at 375 °C, offer yield strength of 251 MPa and UTS of 276 MPa with good ductility (19%) was achieved. • Solid solution, precipitation and dispersion hardening, and formation of fine subgrained structure have enhanced the mechanical properties. The present work is an effort to develop a set of newer aluminum alloys with a minor amount of alloying additions such as Co, Sc and Zr to pure Al in order to achieve higher strength along with a reasonable tensile ductility and improved microstructural stability at elevated temperatures. The alloys were melted using vacuum arc melting and were produced in rectangular slabs by suction casting. The slabs were cold rolled at room temperature up to ~80% reduction followed by direct aging at two different temperatures of 375 °C and 450 °C for 24 h. The effects of alloying additions, cold rolling and subsequent thermal aging were investigated by detailed microstructural examination and tensile testing at room temperature. Microstructural analysis revealed that the alloy contained significant volume fraction of second phase particles such as Al 9 Co 2, Al 3 Sc and Al 3 (Sc 1−x Zr x ) and were preferentially distributed in supersaturated equiaxed cells of Al matrix. The existence of Al 3 (Sc 1−x Zr x ) precipitates together with large fraction of Al 9 Co 2 phase led to higher yield strengths of ~180–250 MPa and 17–20% tensile elongation. Electron backscattered diffraction observations showed equiaxed cells extensively deformed columnar grains and subgrain formation within the elongated grains in the rolling direction. The cold rolled plus aged samples exhibited a major fraction of rotated cube texture along with improved microstructural stability after high-temperature aging. This could be related to the existence of fine and stable Al 9 Co 2 phase and Al 3 (Sc 1−x Zr x ) precipitates, which control grain growth and thereby these alloys thermally stable at high temperatures.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Change with Cold Rolling of New Ti-13Nb-1.5Ta-3Mo Alloy

In this paper, a new metastable Titanium alloy in the Ti-Nb-Ta-Mo system has been successfully produced using both the d-electron and Moeq concept. The influence of cold rolling on the microstructure and hardness was investigated. The alloy was fabricated by arc melting, cold rolled up to 90% reduction in thickness and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope and Vickers microhardness. The XRD peaks depicted both β and α′′ phases in all the cold rolled specimens. The hardness of the alloy increased with increasing cold rolling reduction thickness. An excellent plasticity (≥ 65%) and compressive strength up to (2.9 GPa) was achieved with low Young’s modulus (31 GPa) and no failure or crack on the alloy. Also, the alloy demonstrated a high compressive true strength coefficient (k ≈1426 MPa) along with improved strain hardening index (n ≈ 0.41). Based on the XRD, optical microscope and microhardness indentation micrographs, the deformation mechanism of Ti-13Nb-1.5Ta-3Mo was found to be a combination of stress induced transformation, mechanical twinning and slipping.

Production and characterization of experimental low noise trailing edges made of cold rolled porous aluminum with special attention to the influence of cold rolling on the mechanical stability of the investigated materials

In the framework of the CRC 880 “Fundamentals of high-lift for future civil air craft” methods for the reduction of aircraft noise are investigated. An important method for this noise reduction is the usage of porous material as low noise trailing edges. To improve the aeroacoustic properties of porous materials, an innovative rolling process was established by Tychsen et al. (Metals 8:598, 2018). Here, the rolling process is described as it is used as an important method for the production of samples. The influence of cold rolling on two different porous materials namely porous aluminum 80–110 (PA 80–110) and PA 120–150 is investigated. Important characteristics studied are the porosity, mechanical properties and the dependence of flow resistivity from the degree of deformation. The flow resistivity is of particular interest as the aeroacoustic performance is significantly influenced by it. The results are then compared to the findings for PA 200–250, which was investigated in Tychsen et al. (Metals 8:598, 2018). Lastly, experimental trailing edges made out of cold rolled porous aluminum with a gradient in thickness reduction are shown. The characterization of the aeroacoustic behavior is not part of this study. Reference is made to Rossignol et al. (Int J Aeroacoust 19:365–384, 2020), where trailing edges shown here are characterized aeroacoustically. The findings shown here demonstrate that different porous materials can be tailored by cold rolling without negative impact on the mechanical behavior. It is proven that the new rolling process is a versatile tool for the production of gradient porous material.

Influence of Cold Rolling on the Recrystallization Texture and Ridging of AISI 430 Type Ferritic Stainless Steel

The effect of cold rolling on the recrystallization texture and ridging of AISI 430 type ferritic stainless steel is investigated. For comparison, the steel was cold-rolled under different reductions, two-stage rolled, and cross-rolled, respectively, and the recrystallization texture was determined by EBSD and microstructure was characterized by SEM, and the uniaxial deformation was conducted on MTS electronic universal material testing machine. The results show that in the one-stage cold rolling and annealing process, γ-fiber texture component increases with the rolling reduction, and the maximum orientation density of which appears at {334} orientation with a slight deviation from {111} . The intensity of {100} texture decreases and the other main texture components remain unchangeable. After two-stage cold rolling, the recrystallization texture returns to the γ-fiber texture that is of the feature of the ordinary bcc metals, while cross-rolling results in a recrystallization texture of mainly {100} and {111} components. It is indicated that intermediate annealing obviously improves the deviation of orientation from γ-fiber texture, which is beneficial for the steel obtaining the typical texture of bcc metals. By one-stage cold rolling and annealing process, AISI 430 type ferritic stainless steel possesses a microstructure with the texture components of {100} , {211} , {111} and {111} , with clusters of {111} , {hkl} and {hkl} grains, which deteriorates the ridging resistance, while in the two-stage rolling and annealing process, the microstructure of dispersed oriented grains shows a much better surface ridging resistance.

Influence of cold rolling on the fatigue crack growth behavior of tungsten

The influence of cold rolling on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of pure tungsten was investigated. For that tungsten sheets with three different thicknesses (2 mm, 1 mm and 100 μm) corresponding to different degrees of deformation were selected to prepare compact-tension (CT) and single edge notched tension (SENT) specimens. To account for orientation influences the crack propagation direction parallel, perpendicular and under 45° to the rolling direction was investigated. It could be shown that a pronounced cyclic R-curve behavior evolves, leading to relatively high thresholds of stress intensity factor range ΔK th , even at high load ratios. Furthermore, for the smallest grain size a pronounced anisotropy of the FCG behavior was observed where the crack growth direction perpendicular to the rolling direction exhibits the highest ΔK th and the lowest crack growth-rates. Especially the tungsten foils with 100 μm thickness showed stable crack growth with a pronounced Paris-regime. As a consequence, cold rolled tungsten qualifies as a fatigue resistant laminate material applicable for future structural applications in harsh environments.

Influence of Cold Rolling and Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Texture Evolution, and Tensile Behaviour of High Strength Al-Co-Sc-Zr Alloys

Influence of Cold Rolling and Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Texture Evolution, and Tensile Behaviour of High Strength Al-Co-Sc-Zr Alloys

Influence of Cold Rolling and Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Texture Evolution, and Tensile Behaviour of High Strength Al-Co-Sc-Zr Alloys

Influence of Cold Rolling and Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Texture Evolution, and Tensile Behaviour of High Strength Al-Co-Sc-Zr Alloys

Phase transformations in commercial cold-rolled Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys with Sc and Zr addition

The influence of cold rolling on thermal and mechanical properties together with microstructure observation of cast AlZnMgCu(ScZr) alloys has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and microhardness were compared to microstructure that was observed by microscopy (scanning electron and transmission), electron backscatter and X-ray diffractions. Microstructure observation of all studied alloys proved eutectic phase at (sub)grain boundaries. The eutectic phase at grain boundary in the AlZnMgCuScZr has a disordered quasicrystalline structure (known as the T phase or Mg32(Al,Cu,Zn)49). In the AlZnMgCu alloy, the eutectic phase consists of two phases—predominant MgZn2 phase and minor quasicrystalline T phase. During casting and subsequent cooling, multilayer primary Al3(Sc,Zr) particles also precipitated in the alloy with Sc,Zr addition. Solute clusters and/or Guinier–Preston zones were dissolved during the annealing up to ~ 170 °C in the alloys. The highest hardening is caused by particle formation of metastable η′ and stable η phase in AlZnMgCu system observed at ~ 200 °C. Precipitation of the secondary Al3(Sc,Zr) particles is probably the reason of hardening after annealing above 300 °C in the Sc,Zr-containing alloys. Melting of eutectic phases was observed in DSC curves at temperatures ~ 481 and ~ 493 °C in the studied alloys. Activation energies of the Guinier–Preston zones dissolution and/or solute clusters were calculated using Kissinger and Starink method as QA ≈ 100 kJ mol−1 and the formation of the particles of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu system as QB ≈ 150 kJ mol−1. No significant effect on the calculation of activation energy values of thermal processes was observed in deformed alloys. Sc,Zr addition in the alloys stabilizes grains, and there is no recrystallization in the AlZnMgCuScZr alloy at temperature 450 °C/10 h.

The Effect of Cold Rolling on the Mechanism of Fracture of an In Situ Filled Polypropylene–Graphene Plates Composite

The influence of cold rolling on the mechanical characteristics of polypropylene saturated with particles consisting of three to five monolayers of graphene (the degree of filling of 0.2–3.5 wt %) is studied. The nanocomposites are obtained by in situ filling, i.e., synthesis of the polypropylene matrix on the particles, thus allowing more uniform distribution of the filler throughout the bulk of the matrices. The filling makes it possible to increase the Young modulus of the material. A certain fraction of particles assemble to form agglomerates, and another fraction of particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The agglomerates already lead to the embrittlement of unrolled polypropylene at a degree of filling of 0.2 wt %. Cold rolling suppresses the brittle behavior of the composite irrespective of the method of reduction of the particles of graphite oxide (chemical or thermal reduction). As a result of preliminary cold rolling, the elongation at break and strength of filled polypropylene sharply increase (depending on the degree of cold rolling and concentration of the filler, the elongation at break increases 50- to 100-fold, and the strength increases 1.5- to 2.0-fold). In the initial material, the agglomerates initiate the appearance of local fluidity microzones where rhombohedral microcracks fracturing the composite are conceived. No microzones appear at a degree of cold rolling Λ = 1.25, while no neck is observed either at Λ = 1.9. After cold rolling to a value of Λ = 1.25, pore formation upon further stretching disappears.

Effect of cold rolling and subsequent aging on tensile properties and thermoelastic coefficient of Ni-Span-C 902 superalloy

The influence of cold rolling and subsequent aging on tensile properties and thermoelastic coefficient (TEC) of Ni-Span-C 902 superalloy was investigated. The solution treated specimens conventionally cold rolled to 30–50% thickness reduction and subsequently aged at different temperatures ranging from 550 to 850 °C for 5 h. The results of room temperature tensile tests indicated that higher strength and elastic modulus are achieved by increasing the amount of reduction area from 30 to 50%. Also, the maximum tensile strength and elastic modulus are obtained in the specimens which were 50% cold-rolled and subsequently aged at 650 °C for 5 h. Microstructural evaluation revealed that fine and spherical γ’ phase with size of 80 ± 20 nm is precipitated during aging at 650 °C. By increasing aging temperature from 650 to 750 °C, coarse γ’ phase is obtained and consequently UTS is declined. The evolution of ɛ phase is observed as a result of aging at 850 °C. According to tensile test it can be demonstrated that ɛ phase decreases the UTS and increases the ductility of the alloy. Tensile test results in the range of 30–100 °C showed that by increasing the aging temperature from 550 to 650 °C, TEC increases and with increasing the amount of cold rolling from 30 to 50 pct, TEC decreases. Meanwhile the lowest TEC value is obtained with aging of the 50 pct cold-rolled specimens at 550 °C.

The influence of cold rolling and thermomagnetic treatment on the magnetic and mechanical properties of Fe-23Cr-9Co alloy

Abstract In this paper, the effect of thermomagnetic treatment (TMT) on the magnetic and mechanical properties of the cold-rolled Fe-Cr-Co alloy was investigated. For this purpose, an alloy with Fe-23Cr-9Co chemical composition was prepared by vacuum induction melting. Then, the cast ingots were subjected to hot forging. The homogenization treatments were performed on the forged samples at 1200 °C for 10, 60, 120, 240 min. Then, the homogenized samples were cold-rolled to 40% and 80% reduction in area. The cold-rolled samples were annealed under the magnetic field at different temperatures and holding times; subsequently, they were aged. The results showed that the best mechanical and magnetic properties could be achieved under these conditions: thermomagnetic treatment at 640 °C for 45 min and step-aging from 620 °C to 500 °C. Under these conditions, the samples had the coercivity and saturation magnetization of 77 Oe and 158 emu/gr, respectively; also, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of them were 1050 MPa and 12%, respectively.

Influence of cold rolling on strength and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in Al–8%Zn–2%Mg–2%Cu–0.15%Zr alloy

Influence of cold rolling on strength and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in Al–8%Zn–2%Mg–2%Cu–0.15%Zr alloy

Effect of Cold Rolling on the Fretting Wear Behavior and Mechanism in Inconel 690 Alloy

The influence of cold rolling on the fretting wear behavior and mechanism of Inconel 690 alloy at 320 °C in air was studied. The wear volume and worn surface were obtained and analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy, electron back-scattering diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The grinding surface and strain distribution were also studied by electron back-scattering diffraction to analyze the mechanism of fretting damage. The results indicated that with an increase in cold rolling reduction, the microhardness was increased. However, the friction coefficient and wear volume first increased and then decreased. The characteristics of fretting areas changed from a gross slip regime to a partial slip regime. Accordingly, the damage mechanism in the gross slip regime was a combination of oxidative wear, abrasive wear, and delamination, whereas the damage mechanism in the partial slip regime was mainly adhesive wear.

Cold rolling influence on residual stresses evolution in heat-treated AA7xxx T-section panels

ABSTRACTThis article describes a novel cold working method for relaxing residual stresses in extra-long quenched T-section panels. Distortion led by quench-induced residual stresses in components is usually a great concern for the aviation industry. In this study, the influence of cold rolling on the residual stresses in a scale-down quenched AA7050 T-section specimen is experimentally and numerically investigated. An integrated numerical model was built to predict the quenching and the subsequent cold rolling processes. High levels of compressive stress around the surfaces of quenched T-profile specimens and the tensile surface residual stresses (RS) in the quenched and cold rolled specimens were predicted via numerical analysis, the surface stresses magnitude and distribution have, therefore, been quantified via X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The deflection of quenched specimens experienced 1.5% and 3% cold rolling was measured as well. In addition, to examine the cold rolling effect on the mechanical properties of T-profile specimens, hardness tests were carried out on quenched and cold rolled T-section specimens. It concludes that with 1.5% cold rolling the residual stresses in the core part of quenched material can be effectively relieved to an extent of lower than 83 MPa, with limited change for the material properties.

Effect of cold rolling and subsequent annealing on grain refinement of a beta titanium alloy showing stress-induced martensitic transformation

The influence of cold rolling and subsequent annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a beta titanium alloy with the chemical composition of Ti-4Al-7Mo-3V-3Cr (Ti-4733) was investigated. The cold rolling was applied at room temperature up to 70% thickness reduction without cracking. The stress-induced martensitic transformation and dislocation slip were found to be the deformation mechanisms at the initial stage of deformation. Microstructural examinations revealed that several deformation bands form within the grains and also reverse transformation of α to β phase takes place with increasing deformation. The formation of band structures explains the high workability for Ti-4733 at room temperature. A short time annealing of the cold-rolled specimen resulted in a fine-grained structure with the average grain size of 22 µm. The reverse α to β phase transformation and recrystallization of deformed β phase are suggested to be the grain refinement mechanisms. The cold-rolled and annealed specimens exhibited enhanced tensile properties, so that the strength and elongation increased from 790 MPa and 13% in the solution treated condition to 900 MPa and 35%, respectively, after 70% cold rolling and annealing at 880 °C for 10 min.