Influence Of Chronological Age Research Articles

Foreign accent in L1 (first language)

Abstract This study builds on Flege et al. (2006) and evaluated the influence of chronological age and length of residence in North America on degree of foreign accent in first language (L1) Korean by Korean adults and children in immigrant settings. The adult (A4/6) and child (C4/6) immigrants lived in the host countries for 4 or 6 years, respectively. Their Korean utterances were compared to those of age-matched controls in Seoul, Korea. The purpose was to examine the cross-linguistic influence of English on the degree of foreign accent in L1 Korean by the immigrants. Eighteen native-speaking judges rated four Korean utterances for overall degree of perceived foreign accent. Both adult and child immigrants were more strongly foreign accented than the controls. However, (1) stability of L1 Korean was greater (less foreign-accented) for the adult than child immigrants; and (2) there was no significant difference between the A4 and A6, and C4 and C6 groups. This suggests that by the time the Korean immigrants lived in North America for four years, they have diverged audibly from the predominantly monolingual speakers in Seoul. The results have implications for L1 maintenance/attrition and plasticity in spoken language processing.

Word prediction using closely and moderately related verbs in Down syndrome.

People with Down syndrome (DS) have several difficulties in language learning, and one of the areas most affected is language production. Theoretical frameworks argue that prediction depends on the production system. Yet, people with DS can predict upcoming nouns using semantically related verbs. Possibly, prediction skills in people with DS are driven by their associative mechanism rather than by the prediction mechanism based on the production system. This study explores prediction mechanisms in people with DS and their relationship with production skills. Three groups were evaluated in a preferential-looking task: young adults, children with DS, and a typically developing control group paired by sex and mental age. Participants saw two images, a target and a distractor. They also heard a sentence in one of the three conditions: with a verb that was closely related to the object (e.g., “The woman read the book”), with a verb that was moderately related to the object (e.g., “My uncle waited for the bus”), or with a verb that was unrelated to the object (e.g., “My sister threw a broom”). Their productive vocabulary was then measured. In the young adult and typically developing groups, the results showed prediction in sentences with highly and moderately related verbs. Participants with DS, however, showed prediction skills only in the highly related context. There was no influence of chronological age, mental age, or production on prediction skills. These results indicate that people with DS base prediction mainly on associative mechanisms and they have difficulty in generating top-down predictions.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ТОКСИЧЕСКИХ И ЛЕТАЛЬНЫХ ДОЗ ИЗОНИАЗИДА ПРИ ОЦЕНКЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ВОЗРАСТА НА ЕГО ПЕРЕНОСИМОСТЬ

The article presents the results of experimental studies. The experimental data obtained indicate the influence of chronological age on the toxicity of isoniazid

Hippocampal volume, and the anterior-posterior sub regions relates to recall and recognition over five years: Bidirectional brain-behaviour associations

Longitudinal studies of brain-behavior links between episodic memory (EM) and the hippocampus (HC), including anterior-posterior subregions, are few. This study assessed brain-cognition relationships between HC volumes, including the anterior-posterior subregions, item recall, and recognition, in 358 adults (52%♀; 20–80 yrs. at baseline, 221 returned at follow-up). Bivariate latent change score models assessed mean change, variance, and bidirectional associations between the hippocampal regions and the EM tasks. The influence of chronological age, sex, and education were included as covariates. The results showed that: larger baseline HC volume slowed subsequent decline in EM scores; higher associative memory scores at offset mitigated five-year HC volume loss; larger anterior HC volumes slowed decline in recognition memory, while larger posterior volumes mitigated decline in recall scores; the volume of the anterior HC was not associated with change in recall scores; and posterior HC volume did not predict change in recognition memory scores. The covariates examined — age, sex, and education— had some cross-sectional influence, but only limited longitudinal effects. The results explain the bidirectional associations in brain-cognition links, and how the distinct sub-regional HC correlates for recall and recognition, respectively. These results also shed light on potential links between maintained brain volumes and restored cognitive functions during the aging process.

The influence of chronological age on cognitive biases and impulsivity levels in male patients with gambling disorder.

Background and aimsDue to the contribution of age to the etiology of gambling disorder (GD), there is a need to assess the moderator effect of the aging process with other features that are highly related with the clinical profile. The objective of this study is to examine the role of the chronological age into the relationships between cognitive biases, impulsivity levels and gambling preference with the GD profile during adulthood.MethodsSample included n = 209 patients aged 18–77 years-old recruited from a Pathological Gambling Outpatients Unit. Orthogonal contrasts explored polynomial patterns in data, and path analysis implemented through structural equation modeling assessed the underlying mechanisms between the study variables.ResultsCompared to middle-age patients, younger and older age groups reported more impairing irrational beliefs (P = 0.005 for interpretative control and P = 0.043 for interpretative bias). A linear trend showed that as people get older sensation seeking (P = 0.006) and inability to stop gambling (P = 0.018) increase. Path analysis showed a direct effect between the cognitive bias and measures of gambling severity (standardized effects [SE] between 0.12 and 0.17) and a direct effect between impulsivity levels and cumulated debts due to gambling (SE = 0.22).ConclusionScreening tools and intervention plans should consider the aging process. Specific programs should be developed for younger and older age groups, since these are highly vulnerable to the consequences of gambling activities and impairment levels of impulsivity and cognitive biases.

Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit is influenced by chronological age and is related to intensity of VO2PEAK

This study aimed to verify the influence of chronological age on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and the correlations with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) and intensity (vVO2PEAK). Thirty-one male athletes underwent an incremental exercise test involving 10 submaximal efforts (50–95% of velocity corresponding to VO2PEAK [vVO2PEAK]) and one supramaximal effort at 110% of vVO2PEAK to determine MAOD. We analyzed a combined group (n = 31) and two groups according to age (G1 = 15.5 ± 0.5; G2 = 36.0 ± 7.9 years). The values of absolute VO2PEAK (4.3 ± 0.4 L·min−1) and vVO2PEAK (15.9 ± 1.7 km·h−1) were higher in G2 than those in G1 (3.5 ± 0.3 L·min−1; 14.6 ± 0.9 km·h−1). Individuals in G1 had absolute and relative values of MAOD (2.4 ± 0.7 L; 35.1 ± 11.1 mL·kg−1) lower than those in G2 (3.9 ± 0.9 L; 46.8 ± 10.9 mL·kg−1). Correlations between MAOD and performance during the experimental protocol were tested; VO2PEAK and vVO2PEAK yielded correlations with performance (n = 31; r = 0.56; r = 0.60). Moreover, when corrected for chronological age, we detected correlations between absolute and relative values of MAOD and VO2PEAK (r = 0.42; r = 0.61) and vVO2PEAK (r = 0.43; r = 0.56). The MAOD is influenced by chronological age and is related to VO2PEAK and vVO2PEAK independent of age.

Chronological Age as Factor Influencing the Dental Implant Osseointegration in the Jaw Bone.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate osseointegration of dental implant in the jaw bone in the young and elderly population and comparing the results to assess indicators and risk factors as age for the success or failure of dental implants. A retrospective study of 107 implants (Impladent, LASAK, Czech Republic) was prepared. The patients at implants surgery were divided in three groups. The patients were followed-up for a 7-year period. We evaluated osseointegration from long term point of view as a change of marginal bone levels close to dental implant. Marginal bone levels were recorded and analysed with regard to different patient- and implant-related factors. An influence of chronological age on change of marginal bone levels during 6-year retrospective study vas evaluated. The study examined 47 patient charts and 107 implants from the Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol. We proved that young healthy patients with long bridges or Branemarks have the same progression of marginal bone levels changes. The chronological age hasn't therefore direct influence on the osseointegration from long term point of view. But we found that the length of dental suprastrucure-prosthetic construction negatively influences marginal bone changes, though these results weren't statistically significant. More extensive dental implant suprastrucure undergoes smaller osseointegration. On the other hand the length of dental suprastrucure (prosthetic construction) negatively influences dental osseointegration in both groups of patient.

Hopping and Landing Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players: Effects of Age and Maturation.

Quantifying hopping and landing performances can assist coaches in identifying young male soccer players who may be at increased risk of injury. The influence of chronological age and maturation on these measures in this population is unknown. Single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and 75% horizontal hop and stick landing force (75%Hop) were examined in a cross-sectional sample (N=400) of elite male youth soccer players. Between-group differences for both chronological age (U11-U18) and stage of maturation (pre-, circa- or post-peak height velocity (PHV)) were analyzed. Absolute 75%Hop increased with both age and maturation. Apart from the U18s, pre-PHV and U11-U12 players displayed the greatest relative landing forces compared to all other groups (p<0.001; d=0.56-0.93). Absolute and relative SLHD were greatest in the U18s and post-PHV players (p<0.001; d=0.35-2.04). A trend showed increased SLHD with each consecutive age group although a reduction in performance was identified in the U13s (d=0.50-0.59). High volumes of accumulated soccer participation in the U18s may lead to altered landing strategies indicative of high injury risk. A temporary reduction in hop performance in the U13s may also be linked to a period of adolescent awkwardness.

Top 10 Research Questions Related to Youth Aerobic Fitness

ABSTRACTPeak oxygen uptake (2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth aerobic fitness, but despite pediatric data being available for almost 80 years, its measurement and interpretation in relation to growth, maturation, and health remain controversial. The trainability of youth aerobic fitness continues to be hotly debated, and causal mechanisms of training-induced changes and their modulation by chronological age, biological maturation, and sex are still to be resolved. The daily physical activity of youth is characterized by intermittent bouts and rapid changes in intensity, but physical activity of the intensity and duration required to determine peak 2 is rarely (if ever) experienced by most youth. In this context, it may therefore be the transient kinetics of pulmonary 2 that best reflect youth aerobic fitness. There are remarkably few rigorous studies of youth pulmonary 2 kinetics at the onset of exercise in different intensity domains, and the influence of chronological age, biological maturation, and sex during step changes in exercise intensity are not confidently documented. Understanding the trainability of the parameters of youth pulmonary 2 kinetics is primarily based on a few comparative studies of athletes and nonathletes. The underlying mechanisms of changes due to training require further exploration. The aims of the present article are therefore to provide a brief overview of aerobic fitness during growth and maturation, increase awareness of current controversies in its assessment and interpretation, identify gaps in knowledge, raise 10 relevant research questions, and indicate potential areas for future research.

Prospective and Descriptive Study on Serum Androstenedione Concentration in Healthy Children from Birth until 18 Years of Age and Its Associated Factors

Introduction Androstenedione (A4) is an adrenal and gonadal steroid biomarker, useful in the assessment of children in whom steroidogenic disorders are suspected. The first key step in the evaluation of a diagnostic test resides on confident reference intervals (RI). The lack of updated A4-RI with current methods in pediatrics may mislead A4 results and limit its diagnosis accuracy. Aim To provide A4 reference ranges in healthy children. Methods Prospective, descriptive study. 283 children aged 4 days to 18 years were included. In children < 1 yr, A4 was measured directly in serum (NE-A4) and postorganic solvent extraction (E-A4) for the assessment of interfering steroids. The influence of chronological age (CA), gender, and Tanner stage (T) were investigated. Results In the neonatal period, E-A4 was significantly lower than NE-A4; boys had higher NE-A4; sexual dimorphism disappeared after extraction procedure. In children older than 4 months, A4 concentration remained low until the age of 5 years. Thereafter, A4 increased significantly in association with CA and T (r2 = 0.65; p < 0.001), obtaining the highest concentrations in children within pubertal ages without sexual dimorphism. Conclusion We recommend to perform solvent extraction in neonates and to take into account age and sexual development to properly interpret A4 results in childhood.

중년 여성의 젊음추구와 미디어 외모정보관심, 미디어 접촉반응의 관계 : 실제연령과 인지연령의 영향력 분석

중년 여성의 젊음추구와 미디어 외모정보관심, 미디어 접촉반응의 관계 : 실제연령과 인지연령의 영향력 분석

Relationship between dental development and skeletal growth in modern humans and its implications for interpreting ontogeny in fossil hominins

Dental development and skeletal growth are central aspects used by anthropologists when investigating the ontogeny of a population or species. The interrelatedness of the two phenomena is often assumed to be high, but the nature of their relationship is obscured by the fact that they are both highly dependent upon chronological age. The exact relationship between the tempo of dental development and skeletal growth is unclear even in modern humans, which limits the ability to extrapolate to archaeological or fossil forms. It is clear that the influence of chronological age on these two aspects of ontogeny must be accounted for before examining their relationship to one another. This study tests whether dental development and skeletal growth are conditionally independent given age using known-age modern human skeletal samples and proportional odds logistic regression. The results suggest that dental development and skeletal growth are moderately correlated and thus not conditionally independent given age. That is, individuals that are dentally advanced relative to their peers also tend to be skeletally advanced. However, this relationship is moderate at best, so dental development does not appear to be a highly reliable proxy for skeletal growth, or vice versa, in modern humans. These findings have implications for the reconstruction of ontogeny and life history of fossil hominin taxa, since the pace of dental development is often used as a life history proxy. Implications of this study suggest that the proposed accelerated dental development in Pleistocene hominins was not necessarily accompanied by faster skeletal growth.

The relationship between emotion recognition ability and social skills in young children with autism

This study assessed the relationship between emotion recognition ability and social skills in 42 young children with autistic disorder aged 4-7 years. The analyses revealed that accuracy in recognition of sadness, but not happiness, anger or fear, was associated with higher ratings on the Vineland-II Socialization domain, above and beyond the influence of chronological age, cognitive ability and autism symptom severity. These findings extend previous research with adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders, suggesting that sadness recognition is also associated with social skills in children with autism.

Análise da flexibilidade e resistência muscular em mulheres de diferentes faixas etárias

Objetivo: Analisar a influência da idade cronológica sobre a flexibilidade e a resistência muscular em 761 mulheres, de 15 a 50 anos de idade, não praticantes de exercícios físicos. Métodos: A amostra foi estratificada em cinco grupos etários, a saber: G1 = 15 a 20 anos (n = 174); G2 = 21 a 25 anos (n = 183); G3 = 26 a 30 anos (n = 148); G4 = 31 a 40 anos (n = 150) e G5 = 41 a 50 anos (n = 106). Seguindo procedimentos padronizados, os testes de sentar-e-alcançar e abdominal modificado foram aplicados como indicadores de flexibilidade e de resistência abdominal, respectivamente. Resultados: Observou-se que a resistência muscular (r = -0,332; P

Age-related variation of anaerobic power after controlling for size and maturation in adolescent basketball players

Background: Adolescence is characterized by increments in body size and physical performance. Short bursts of maximal intensity, requiring anaerobic metabolism, are important in many team sports including basketball.Aim: Variation of anaerobic power of adolescent basketball players (n = 93, 14–16 years) in relation to years before and after estimated age at peak height velocity (PHV) and variation in body size was considered.Methods: The cross-sectional study included chronological age, estimated age at PHV, training experience; stature, body mass (BM), free-fat mass (FFM) and estimated lower-limb volume (LLV) by anthropometry; and short-term power outputs derived from the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Based on proportional allometric modeling, power outputs were partitioned for biological maturity status and size variables. Pearson correlations were used to estimate the associations between distance to PHV (maturity offset) and training experience with absolute and scaled estimates of short-term power.Results: Absolute WAnT increased linearly (PP, r = 0.72; MP, r = 0.74) through the interval of rapid growth of the adolescent spurt. Increments were related mainly to BM and muscle mass. Nevertheless, a residual significant positive influence of chronological age per se on maximal short-term power outputs remained independent of body size.Conclusion: Allometric modelling to partition size may reveal other potentially meaningful factors in the development of short-term performance in adolescent athletes.

Comparing adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mammalian species and orders: influence of chronological age and life history stage

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a prominent event in rodents. In species with longer life expectancies, newly born cells in the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation are less abundant or can be completely absent. Several lines of evidence indicate that the regulatory mechanisms of adult neurogenesis differ between short- and long-lived mammals. After a critical appraisal of the factors and problems associated with comparing different species, we provide a quantitative comparison derived from seven laboratory strains of mice (BALB, C57BL/6, CD1, outbred) and rats (F344, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar), six other rodent species of which four are wild-derived (wood mouse, vole, spiny mouse and guinea pig), three non-human primate species (marmoset and two macaque species) and one carnivore (red fox). Normalizing the number of proliferating cells to total granule cell number, we observe an overall exponential decline in proliferation that is chronologically equal between species and orders and independent of early developmental processes and life span. Long- and short-lived mammals differ with regard to major life history stages; at the time points of weaning, age at first reproduction and average life expectancy, long-lived primates and foxes have significantly fewer proliferating cells than rodents. Although the database for neuronal differentiation is limited, we find indications that the extent of neuronal differentiation is subject to species-specific selective adaptations. We conclude that absolute age is the critical factor regulating cell genesis in the adult hippocampus of mammals. Ontogenetic and ecological factors primarily influence the regulation of neuronal differentiation rather than the rate of cell proliferation.

The Influence of Chronological Age on Periods of Accelerated Adaptation of Stretch-Shortening Cycle Performance in Pre and Postpubescent Boys

Although it is suggested that periods of naturally occurring accelerated adaptation may exist for various physical parameters, it would appear that no such evidence exists for stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) development. Two hundred and fifty male youths aged 7-17 years were tested for squat (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness, with analyses of variance used to establish any significant between-group differences. Additionally, to ascertain the existence of periods of accelerated adaptation, inferences were made about the magnitudes of change between consecutive chronological age groups in relation to the smallest worthwhile change. The largest mean differences (±90% confidence limits) occurred between age groups 10 and 11 (G10-G11) for squat jump (SJ) height (21.61 ± 12.08-31.94%), CMJ height (20.80 ± 11.1-44.1%), and RSI (26.51 ± 11.07-44.10%); and between G12 and G13 for SJ (15.31 ± 7.47-23.73%) and CMJ (16.09 ± 7.50-25.38%) height. Negative mean differences occurred between G11 and G12 for SJ height (-1.32 ± -9.30 to 7.37%), CMJ jump height (-7.68 ± -15.15 to 0.45%) and RSI (-11.48 ± -22.21 to 0.74%); and between G10 and G11 for leg stiffness (-8.87 ± -18.85 to 2.34%). It would appear almost certain that windows of accelerated adaptation may exist for SJ and CMJ height and RSI in male youths; however, leg stiffness results would suggest that fast-SSC function may follow a different developmental trend.

The Relationship Between Measures of Cognitive Attention and Behavioral Ratings of Attention in Typically Developing Children

In the present study, we explored the relation between performance on cognitive measures of attention (selection, sustained, and control) and behavioral ratings of inattention and hyperactivity in a sample of typically developing children aged 3 to 7 years. We also examined the influence of chronological age and IQ on both task performance and behavior ratings. Four well-documented attention paradigms were employed, the Visearch (single-target search) task as a measure of selective attention, the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) as a measure of sustained attention, the Day-Night task as a measure of response inhibition, and the Visearch (dual-target search) task as a measure of inhibitory control. The Conners' Rating Scales (Cognitive/Inattention and Hyperactivity subscales) were used to allow for a finer tuned comparison of cognitive performance as related to inattentive behaviors versus hyperactive behaviors. Findings indicate that accuracy and speed in the Visearch dual search task were the most sensitive measures relating respectively to inattentive and hyperactive rated behaviors.

False belief understanding in maltreated children.

False belief understanding was investigated in maltreated (N = 203), low socioeconomic status (SES) nonmaltreated (N = 143), and middle SES nonmaltreated (N = 172) 3- to 8-year-old children. Contrasts among the three groups provided an opportunity to examine the impact of family contextual influences on theory of mind development. Specifically, child maltreatment served as an "experiment of nature" in order to elucidate theory of mind abilities. Two false belief tasks and language assessments were administered. Among children with a verbal mental age of 49 months or greater, maltreatment was related to delays in the development of theory of mind, beyond the influence of chronological age and SES. The occurrence of maltreatment during the toddler period, onset during the toddler years, and physical abuse were features of maltreatment associated with delay in the development of theory of mind. Findings are discussed in terms of the influence of harsh caregiving on the development of theory of mind. Implications for the understanding of normal developmental processes are highlighted.

Chronological age and crystallized intelligence of people with intellectual disability.

The influence of chronological age (CA) and fluid intelligence on the crystallized intelligence level of people with intellectual disability was studied in a group of 102 participants aged between 6 and 20 years. The results, which were based on their performance in 12 fluid and crystallized intelligence markers, indicate that the fluid intelligence factor and CA explain an important fraction of crystallized intelligence factor variance (43% and 21%, respectively). This finding provides support for the hypothesis that CA-related experience exerts a significant effect on the crystallized component of intelligence in people with intellectual disability.