Influence Of Attachment Style Research Articles

FACTORS INFLUENCING PARAPHILIA DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW OF CURRENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS – REVIEW ARTICLE

This review addresses the role of childhood experiences in the development of paraphilias, a topic insufficiently explored in current research. It proposes the examination of the influence of attachment styles and boundary-setting with parents and caregivers on the onset of paraphilic behaviors, as highlighted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). By broadening the scope of research on the etiology of paraphilias, this review aims to identify a wider range of causal factors, ultimately aiding in the creation of more accurate treatment plans. Key studies reviewed include "Childhood Abuse and Sadomasochism" by Abrams et al. (2022) and "The Impact of Childhood Trauma, Personality, and Sexuality on the Development of Paraphilias" by Longpré et al. (2022). KEYWORDS: Paraphilias, DSM, Childhood abuse, Parenting styles, Boundaries

Navigating the transition: Examining the collective and interconnected influence of attachment styles on first-year undergraduates' adjustment to college

Navigating the transition: Examining the collective and interconnected influence of attachment styles on first-year undergraduates' adjustment to college

The influence of attachment style on support and feedback seeking and depression severity among mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The ways that people seek support during times of stress influence their mental health outcomes, including depression. Insecure attachment is a risk factor for depression and may also interfere with adaptive support and feedback-seeking behaviour during stress. The purpose of the present study was to test theorized associations between insecure attachment, support and feedback seeking, and changes in depression symptoms over 1 year, in a sample of mothers of school-age children in the context of stress elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 70 mothers) completed self-report measures of anxious and avoidant attachment and depression severity at baseline in spring 2020 and then completed measures of past-year engagement in direct and indirect support seeking and excessive reassurance seeking (ERS), preference for negative feedback, and depression severity at a follow-up assessment in summer 2021. Greater attachment anxiety at baseline predicted more frequent direct support seeking, indirect support seeking, and ERS during the 1-year follow-up period. In turn, greater indirect support seeking predicted greater increases in depression from baseline to follow-up. Greater attachment avoidance at baseline predicted less direct support seeking during the 1-year follow-up period. Greater attachment avoidance at baseline also predicted depression severity at follow-up, particularly among mothers with moderate to high levels of attachment anxiety, although none of the examined support and feedback-seeking behaviours mediated this association. These results provide support for the role of activated attachment systems in determining support and feedback-seeking behaviour during stress, as well as the role of support and feedback-seeking behaviour in the maintenance and exacerbation of depression.

Social assistance or agency? Attachment Styles Moderate the Impact of Control Threat on Social Relationship Preferences

Building upon Gasiorowska and Zaleskiewicz's (2021, 2023), we explored how a control threat and attachment style influence social relationship preferences. This experiment aimed to investigate how experiencing a control threat affects individuals with secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment patterns when they can choose between seeking assistance from the market, asking a close person for help, or coping with the situation alone. Participants with different attachment styles were randomly assigned to either the lack of control condition ( n = 290) or the having control condition ( n = 277). Individuals with an anxious attachment were more inclined to choose the market-exchange option and less likely to select the agentic and communal options when faced with a control threat. Meanwhile, those with an avoidant attachment exhibited a higher tendency to choose the agentic option, while their preference for noncontingent help decreased after exposure to the control threat. Surprisingly, secure attachment individuals showed an increased preference for noncontingent help and decreased preferences for market exchange and self-reliance when exposed to the control threat compared to when they had control. These findings suggest that participation in market relationships may meet vital psychological needs and serve as a safeguard against attachment insecurities.

Intimate relationships and hypnosis: insecure adult attachment affects emotions and absorption during hypnosis.

Hypnosis research indicates that subjects are not equally hypnotizable. Most studies on hypnotizability focused on the relationships with personality or cognitive variables. At the same time, only a few proposed the contribution of the attachment style, defined as the result of the childhood relationship with the caregivers and influencing the adult relations. In the present investigation, two studies were carried out to test the possible association between adult attachment and hypnotic responsivity. The adult attachment was assessed using the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire, while hypnosis was assessed through the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A; Study 1) and the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP; Study 2) in order to adopt a behavioral and a phenomenological approach, respectively. Analyses showed that attachment factors (anxiety and avoidance) were not associated with the level of hypnotizability, whereas it was associated with variations of consciousness during hypnosis, mainly internal dialogue, absorption and negative emotions. Overall, the insecure attachment styles yielded increased mind wandering and restlessness during hypnosis when compared to the secure style. The reason probably lies in the feeling of anxiety or danger of insecurely attached individuals when involved in intimate or confidential relationships. These findings clarify a still poorly investigated aspect concerning the influence of attachment style on hypnotic experience and further highlight the need to consider inter-individual differences and the phenomenological perspective when assessing hypnosis and hypnotizability.

Influence of Attachment Styles on Delinquency among Adolescents in Church Managed Reintegration Centers in Lang’ata Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya

Influence of Attachment Styles on Delinquency among Adolescents in Church Managed Reintegration Centers in Lang’ata Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya

Attachment style, emotional feedback, and neural processing: investigating the influence of attachment on the P200 and P400 components of event-related potentials.

Understanding the interplay between attachment style, emotional processing, and neural responses is crucial for comprehending the diverse ways individuals function socially and emotionally. While previous research has contributed to our knowledge of how attachment style influences emotional processing, there is still a gap in the literature when it comes to investigating emotional feedback using event-related potentials (ERPs) within a cognitive framework. This study aims to address this gap by examining the effects of attachment style and feedback valence on ERP components, specifically focusing on the P200 and P400. The findings reveal significant effects of attachment style and feedback valence on both components. In insecure attachment styles, noticeable shifts in relative energy are observed during the transition from negative to positive feedback for both the P200 and P400. Conversely, individuals with secure attachment styles exhibit minimal to moderate variations in relative energy, consistently maintaining a lower P200 energy level. Additionally, both secure and insecure individuals demonstrate heightened intensity in the P400 component in response to positive feedback. These findings underscore the influential role of attachment style in shaping emotional reactivity and regulation, emphasizing the significance of attachment theory in understanding individual differences in social and emotional functioning. This study provides novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the influence of attachment style on emotional processing within the context of cognitive task performance. Future research should consider diverse participant samples, employ objective measures of attachment, and utilize longitudinal designs to further explore the neural processes associated with attachment.

Association between negatively perceived parenting attitudes and dissociation: a cross-sectional study on the general population in Japan.

Many studies have reported that early traumatic experiences, mainly abuse, are associated with forming dangerous attachments and a contributing factor to dissociation. On the other hand, other studies have investigated the association of non-abusive nurturing and attachment styles with dissociation. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of dissociative experiences in the general Japanese population and investigate the effects of "overprotection" and "lack of care" as nurturing styles and "abandonment anxiety" and "avoidance of intimacy" as attachment styles on dissociation. A total of 1,042 residents aged 18 to 69 years were administered with the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Japanese version of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5-J), the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-the-generalized-other-version (ECR-GO). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses on the effects of "overprotection" and "care" as nurturing attitudes "abandonment anxiety" and "avoidance of intimacy" as attachment styles on dissociation (DES-NDI and DES-T) were conducted. Based on the findings of this study, "care" and "overprotection" as nurturing attitudes were shown to be a contributing factor to dissociation (DES-NDI and DES-T). "Avoidance of intimacy" as an attachment style was shown to contribute to pathological dissociation. On the other hand, the influence of attachment style on the relationship between nurturing style and dissociation was not determined. This study provided essential data on the distribution of dissociative experiences in the general Japanese population. It was indicated that nurturing style, particularly overprotection, may be linked to nonfunctional stress coping and interpersonal anxiety and could be a contributing factor to mental disorders, including dissociation. Furthermore, considering that the effect of nurturing styles on dissociation does not vary with attachment styles, the effect of nurturing styles on dissociation may be more profound.

The Influence of Attachment Styles On Marital Satisfaction On A Wife Who Has Been Cheated

Infidelity is the main cause of divorce in West Java, which harms individuals, especially wives who are victims of infidelity. In response to infidelity, wives are more likely to react with intense emotions that tend to last a long time, and it is easier to recall the incident, thus requiring more attention. The subjects of this study were 55 individuals whose wives were aged 18-40 years and had experiences of being cheated on and domiciled in the city of Bandung. This study aimed to describe the effect of Attachment Styles on the Marital Satisfaction of wives who had been cheated on in Bandung. The research method used is quantitative. The measuring instrument used to obtain individual Attachment Styles is The Experience in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Questionnaire, which consists of 36 items referring to the theory of Bartholomew and Horitz and consists of 36 items. The measuring instrument used to obtain the degree of individual Marital Satisfaction is ENRICH MARITAL SATISFACTION, compiled by Olson & Fowers (1993), consisting of 15 items with 4 answer choices. Subjects in this study will be given both questionnaires. After that, the results of the two questionnaires will be analyzed using a simple regression method. The results showed that attachment style strongly influences and can predict 31% of marital satisfaction in wives cheated on.

Facial emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia - a review of research and a model of pathogenesis

Objective: The aim of the paper is to describe in detail the problems in the field of recognising emotional facial expressions in patients with schizophrenia. This paper also analyses studies and theoretical literature on the potential connections between deficits in recognition of emotional facial expressions and neuronal dysfunctions and attachment styles. Materials and method: The literature review was performed using the following databases: EBSCO, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The databases were searched using the following keywords: ‘emotion’, ‘facial emotion’, ‘facial expression’. Those terms were combined with the words 'recognition', 'perception', 'genetic', 'attachment style' and each time with the term 'schizophrenia'. Results: The literature review clearly confirms that among people suffering from schizophrenia there are problems with recognising emotional facial expressions. Studies suggest that the visual perception of patients is related to the recognition of facial expressions. Studies also confirm the relationship of neuronal dysfunctions and genetic factors with the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Discussion and conclusions: The genesis of problems in recognising emotional facial expressions in patients with schizophrenia is multifactorial in nature. The influence of attachment styles on epigenetic mechanisms and the development of neural structures related to emotion recognition remains unverified. In the future, this study will allow for the creation of more accurate models of the pathogenesis of these deficits.

ATTACHMENT STYLES, REJECTION SENSITIVITY AND EMOTION REGULATION

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between attachment styles, rejection sensitivity and emotion regulation among young adults. The Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996), Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Berenson et al., 2009) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) were used to collect the data. The results indicated that there is no significant difference in rejection sensitivity and emotion regulation of young adults on the basis of their gender and relationship status. A significant relationship was found significant relationship between close attachment and depend attachment styles with rejection sensitivity, between depend attachment style and emotion regulation, between anxiety attachment style and suppression dimension of emotion regulation and between rejection sensitivity and reappraisal dimension of emotion regulation.The results of the study also found a significant influence of attachment styles on emotion regulation

The relationship between parenting style and depressive symptoms during adolescence

This review explores the effects of parenting styles and attachment on adolescent mental health. Parents are key to shaping the lives of adolescents, and different parenting styles can affect different outcomes. Psychologist Baumrind’s typology of parenting, which includes authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting styles, is the focus of the research. Adolescence is a pivotal phase, marked by major transitions such as the onset of puberty, and is both vulnerable and potentially amenable to interventions. Negative parenting styles, excessive parental expectations, and maladaptive attributional styles are associated with depressive symptoms. Positive parenting styles, including attentive parenting and self-compassion, are protective of adolescent development. The role of parental expectations and self-esteem in adolescent mental health is emphasised. It recognised the influence of culture on these dynamics and the need for targeted interventions. Furthermore, the way parents and adolescents perceive parenting styles, as well as the disparities between these perceptions, may have an impact on the mental health outcomes of adolescents. The influence of attachment styles, notably towards parents, significantly impacts depressive symptoms during adolescence and emerging adulthood. This review can contribute to future intervention efforts and prevention strategies in adolescent mental health with this review paper.

Attachment Security and Cortical Activity Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During a Working Memory Task in Healthy Young Adults.

Attachment style has been associated with socio-emotional outcomes, however little evidence suggests a possible association with executive functioning. Few studies have demonstrated that attachment style mediates working memory and learning relationships. We hypothesized that attachment style affects performance and cortical activity patterns of working memory. We compared working memory performance and cortical activity in securely and insecurely attached first-year college students (N=49) using three n-back task conditions. Cortical activity was recorded by functional near-infrared spectroscopy during these three conditions of the n-back task. Attachment style was assessed using the Relationship Scale Questionnaire, categorized into four groups. Both study groups showed similar working memory performance. The cortical representation of working memory was different between the two groups. The securely attached group demonstrated higher activity in the right superior frontal and superior-medial frontal areas across all n-back conditions as well as in the right superior frontal cortex during the two-back and three-back conditions. The insecurely attached group displayed higher activity in the bilateral supplementary motor area and the left premotor area only during the three-back condition. These findings emphasize the potential influence of attachment style on the cortical representation of working memory. Different activity maps between the two groups may reflect varying cognitive strategies employed to achieve a comparable working memory performance. Moreover, these results suggest that each style may have a distinct strategy to achieve attachment-relevant and irrelevant neurocognitive tasks.

Avoidant attachment attenuates the need-threat for social exclusion but induces the threat for over-inclusion.

The influence of attachment style—anxious (AX) and avoidant (AV) attachment—on subjective responses to socially excluded experiences termed “Need-Threat” remains inconsistent. Need-Threat is a composite score of four fundamental needs: belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence. Individuals with high AX tend to spend much effort maintaining strong connections with others, while those with high AV tend to maintain high levels of self-esteem by distancing themselves from others. Therefore, attachment style is most likely to influence the need associated with each style. In addition, since individuals with high AV satisfy their needs by keeping independence from others, they would experience the Need-Threat against excessive inclusion from others. This study aimed to investigate the influence of attachment style on each Need-Threat response to various inclusionary statuses. A total of 133 undergraduate students were equally assigned to low or high groups for each attachment style. Participants played one of the three types of the cyberball task (a ball-tossing game with programmed players): excluded, included, or over-included situation. The high AV group felt fewer threats to self-esteem than the low AV group in the excluded situation (p = 0.02). Furthermore, only in the over-included situation did the high AV group feel more threats to belonging and self-esteem than the low AV group (ps < 0.02). AX did not influence any situation. These findings suggest that individuals with high AV would have a restrictive alleviation effect on adverse subjective responses to socially excluded experiences but demonstrate maladaptive subjective responses to over-included experiences.

Empirical Indicators of the Relationship between Attachment Style and Attitude to Love in Early Maturity

The paper focuses on the investigation of the phenomenon of love and the attachment style in early maturity, the study of which is conditioned by the increasing number of divorces, interpersonal conflicts in young couples, the lack of understanding that the attitude to love in adulthood can be associated with the attachment style formed at an early age. The actualisation of this problem is of practical value in the context of providing psychological support to young couples on the way to building harmonious interpersonal relationships. The purpose of the study was to provide a theoretical substantiation and empirical analysis of the influence of attachment style on the attitude to love. To achieve the goal and solve the tasks, a set of methods was used: theoretical – analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalisation; empirical – observations, conversations, ascertaining experiment, online testing (questionnaire “Your attitude to love” by E. Ilyin, the method “Test for reliability/unreliability of attachment” by E.Chen to identify attachment style and patterns of behaviour in relationships during a stressful situation; test “Manifestation of unreliable attachment” by E. Chen, an associative technique developed by the author regarding the attitude to the phenomenon of love “Love – is...” with subsequent content-analysis); methods of quantitative and qualitative data processing. The analysis of theoretical approaches to the study of the problems of attachment and love, which are considered by representatives of the psychoanalytic school, humanistic psychology, etc., is carried out. A pilot study using both standardised self-reports and content analysis of words-associations to the word “love”, established that the majority of respondents are characterised by romanticisation of love, a lack of understanding that love is a feeling that requires a responsible attitude towards a partner. It is stated that the attachment style that is formed in early childhood can be a factor influencing the attitude to love, to close relationships at a later age. Given this fact, psychological work to understand these phenomena should begin as early as high school, where psychological education can develop skills for interpersonal communication, responsible relationships in couples, and responsible parenthood in the future

The Influence of Attachment Style, Self-protective Beliefs, and Feelings of Rejection on the Decline and Growth of Trust as a Function of Borderline Personality Disorder Trait Count

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with paradoxical trust behaviours, specifically a faster rate of trust growth in the face of trust violations. The current study set out to understand whether attachment style, self-protective beliefs, and feelings of rejection underpin this pattern. Young adults (N=234) played a 15-round trust game in which partner cooperation was varied to create three phases of trust: formation, dissolution, and restoration. Discontinuous growth modelling was employed to observe whether the effect of BPD trait count on trust levels and growth is moderated by fearful or preoccupied attachment style, self-protective beliefs, and feelings of rejection. Results suggest that the slower rate of trust formation associated with BPD trait count was accounted for by feelings of rejection or self-protective beliefs, both of which predicted a slower rate of trust growth. The faster rate of trust growth in response to trust violations associated with BPD trait count was no longer significant after self-protective beliefs were accounted for. Interventions targeting self-protective beliefs and feelings of rejection may address the trust-based interpersonal difficulties associated with BPD.

The influence of attachment style on interpersonal learning in substance use psychotherapy groups

Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) are prevalent, long-term conditions, commonly treated via group intervention. Additionally, interpersonal learning (IL) is a therapeutic factor unique to group treatment programs, which has been associated with successful group therapy outcomes. While previous research has suggested attachment styles may predict experiences of IL within groups, research in this area is limited. Therefore, this study aims to investigate if attachment style impacts IL, within SUD group treatment programs and specifically, if anxious and avoidant attachment styles influence IL. Participants (N = 38) were recruited voluntarily from an outpatient SUD open group therapy program at a private mental health hospital in Sydney. All participants completed paper-based self-report questionnaires to assess attachment style and IL. Two separate Multiple Linear Regressions (MLRs) revealed anxious attachment was not a significant predictor of IL and avoidant attachment was a significant, negative predictor of IL. Additionally, thematic analysis of qualitative data revealed themes and behaviours which may improve IL. Thus, future directions and implications of the study’s findings indicate the need to conduct additional research into members attachment-based needs to enhance SUD group treatment outcomes.

INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT STYLES ON ESTABLISHMENT OF ADOLESCENTS’ IDENTITY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM BLENDED FAMILIES IN KIAMBU COUNTY

Parents adopt different attachment styles in parenting their children. This phenomenon is more profound in blended families where there are many relationships that can lead to many problems. However, with appropriate attachment styles adopted by step parents such challenges can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to examine influence of attachment styles on establishment of adolescents’ identity among secondary school students from blended family in Kiambu County, Kenya. Attachment theory by Bowlby guided this study. The study adopted a mixed method approach, descriptive causal effect design and pragmatic paradigm to guide the study. Multi-stage sampling method and inclusive /exclusive criteria were used. To begin with, the study adopted survey method as the sampling technique because the total population of adolescents that came from blended families was unknown. Simple random sampling was used to select 9 schools and also determine the 5 classes to be sampled in each of these schools. The 5 classes had a population of 55 students each. A short questionnaire with demographic data of students was issued to all the students (2475) in a bid to elicit the adolescents from the said classes that came from blended families in the 9 schools. A total number of 208 adolescents from blended families in the 9 schools was elicited and this was considered a sufficient sample size. In addition, simple random sampling was used to sample 24 respondents to form 4 focus groups while purposive sampling was used to sample 4 counsellors from 9 schools for in-depth interview. Data was collected using questionnaires, counsellors’ interview schedule and focus group discussions. Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment Scale and Identity Style Inventory were used as measuring tools. Data was analysed through descriptive statistics, statistical assumption tests, correlation tests- T- test, and MANCOVA analysis while qualitative data was analysed by use of narrative analysis. Findings were presented in form of tables while interview data was presented in narrative form. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the National Council for Science and Technology, the Kiambu County Government, Ethical approval was sought from accredited IERC (Institutional Ethics Review Committee) as well as a written informed consent from the school administration. Results indicated that attachment styles adopted by step parents influence the establishment of adolescent informational, commitment and diffuse avoidant identity styles but not normative identity style. The study will benefit Ministry of Education, counsellors, parents, families and society.

INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT STYLES ON ESTABLISHMENT OF ADOLESCENTS’ SELF ESTEEM AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM BLENDED FAMILIES IN KIAMBU COUNTY

Attachment styles adopted by parents are essential in development of adolescent psychosocial wellbeing. This phenomenon is more profound in blended families where there are multiple relationships that can lead to many challenges. However, with appropriate attachment styles adopted by step parents such challenges can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of attachment styles on adolescents’ self-esteem among secondary school students from blended family in Kiambu County, Kenya. Attachment theory by Bowlby guided this study. The study adopted a mixed method approach, descriptive causal effect design and pragmatic paradigm to guide the study. Multi-stage sampling method and inclusive /exclusive criteria were used. Firstly the study adopted survey method as the sampling technique because the total population of adolescents that came from blended families was unknown. Simple random sampling was used to select 9 schools and also determine the 5 classes to be sampled in each of these schools. The 5 classes had a population of 55 students each. A short questionnaire with demographic data of students was issued to all the students (2475) in a bid to elicit the adolescents from the said classes that came from blended families in the 9 schools. A total number of 208 adolescents from blended families in the 9 schools was elicited and this was considered a sufficient sample size. In addition, simple random sampling was used to sample 24 respondents to form 4 focus groups while purposive sampling was used to sample 4 counsellors from 9 schools for in-depth interview. Data was collected using questionnaires, counsellors’ interview schedule and focus group discussions. Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment Scale and Rosenberg Scales were used as measuring tools. Data was analysed through descriptive statistics, statistical assumption tests, correlation tests- T- test and ANOVA analysis while qualitative data was analysed by use of narrative analysis. Findings were presented in form of tables while interview data was presented in narrative form. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the National Council for Science and Technology, the Kiambu County Government, Ethical approval was sought from accredited IERC (Institutional Ethics Review Committee) as well as a written informed consent from the school administration. Results indicated that attachment styles adopted by step parents influence the establishment of adolescent self- esteem. The study will benefit Ministry of Education, counsellors, parents, families and society.

Evaluating Factors Related to Health Anxiety in COVID-19 Patients.

The COVID-19 outbreak affects both the physical and mental health of individuals and society. This study investigates the factors related to health anxiety in COVID-19 patients and explores their sociodemographic-, disease-, and treatment-related factors, trait anxiety, and characteristics of secure or insecure attachment. The sample consisted of 420 individuals aged 18-65 years and diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 15 and May 15, 2020. The participants completed a sociodemographic data form and the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI), Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that female gender, presence of chronic physical diseases, presence of mental health problems, and high AAS insecure attachment scores significantly predicted high HAI scores. Moreover, results indicated that the model explained approximately 21% of variance in HAI scores. Factors such as gender, presence of chronic physical diseases, presence of mental health problems, and attachment style influence health anxiety. Determining the appropriate factors that cause health anxiety can contribute to the implementation of protective measures for mental health and to the application of effective interventions for individuals who develop mental problems.