Influence Of Application Technique Research Articles

Application technique and concentration of biofertilizer from rhizosphere of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) given biosurfactant dietanolamide oil palm on the growth of cocoa seedlings

This research aimed to know the influence of application technique and biofertilizer that given concentration of biosurfactant diethanolamide (DEA) for the growth of cocoa seedlings and also to know the interaction between application technique and concentration level of biofertilizer given DEA growth of cacao seedling (Theobroma cacao L.). This research was conducted in UPTD SITANDU, Banten and the Soil Agroclimate Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa from December 2020 until March 2021, by using randomize complete block design with two factors. The first factor is technique application T1 at soil, T2 at leaf, and T3 with combination soil and leaf fertilization), and the second factor is concentration level of biofertilizer given DEA P1 10 ml and 5%, P2 10 ml and 10%, P3 20 ml and 5%, P4 20 ml and 10%. As a result, there were twelve possible treatment combinations, and each was applied three times. Parameters total chlorophyll (unit), root length (cm), stem diameter (mm), seedlings dry weight (g) and root shoot rasio (g). The results there was no interaction effect between the two treatments, namely application technique and concentration level of biofertilizer with DEA biosurfactant, on all observed parameters of cocoa seedlings.

Influence of Application Techniques on Contact Formation and Voids in Anterior Resin Composite Restorations

This study evaluated the influence of three different application techniques on contact formation and voids in anterior resin composite restorations. Artificial ivorine teeth were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, with 20 specimens in each group. One operator performed all restorations using the Teflon tape, pull-through, or bioclear matrix technique. The treatment time required for each restoration was recorded. An examiner blinded to the treatment group performed the visual evaluation of six criteria, including proper contact formation. The restored teeth were cut to yield a total of 180 sections for microscopic evaluation. The Kruskal-Wallis procedure was performed to evaluate the significance of treatment time, number of voids, percent porosity area, and void diameter. There were significant differences in treatment time among the three groups (p<0.05). The bioclear matrix technique required the least time for the treatment of one diastema closure (p<0.05). The Teflon tape technique resulted in proper contact formation in 80% of specimens, a rate that was significantly lower than that associated with the pull-through and bioclear matrix techniques (p<0.05). Out of 540 imaging areas 160 images were free of voids. The number of voids and the percent porosity area were not significantly different among the three techniques (p>0.05). However, the mean void diameter was greater with the bioclear matrix technique compared to the other two techniques (p<0.05).

Influence of application techniques on the ecotoxicological effects of nanomaterials in soil

In terrestrial ecotoxicological tests, the availability and ecotoxicity of solid nanomaterials may depend on the application technique. We compared five spiking procedures using solid uncoated TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles in standardized OECD tests with earthworms, plants and soil microflora: dry spiking of soil by applying soil or silica sand as a carrier; dry spiking of food without a carrier; and wet spiking of soil and food with an aqueous nanoparticle dispersion. The effects of the nanomaterials were influenced by the application technique. The differences were independent of the test organism (which represented different habitats and exposure pathways) and the specificity of the effect (stimulation or inhibition). Wet spiking resulted in stronger effects than dry spiking, but the bioavailability of the particles appeared to be limited when highly-concentrated nanoparticle suspensions were used for wet spiking. The availability of the nanoparticles was slightly lower when silica sand rather than soil was used as the carrier for dry spiking, but the matrix itself (soil or food) had no effect. There are indications that the concentrations of the stock suspensions influence the test results, so dry spiking is preferred for solid TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles. We achieved satisfactory spiking homogeneity with Ag nanoparticles using soil as a solid carrier. Further experiments with other carriers and soil types are required to confirm that the observed differences are universal in character. There was no difference in effect when TiO2 nanoparticles were applied via food or soil. The spiking of soil instead of food is preferred for TiO2 nanoparticles, as is the case for conventional chemicals.

The influence of recultivation technique and seed mixture on erosion stability after restoration in mountain environment

Control of erosion, and all of its after effects, from increased surface drainage and erosion to the formation of karst, is one of the essential problems when undertaking recultivation following necessary interventions in the sub-alpine and alpine vegetation stage (high zones). Average slope inclinations of 30–45% in the vicinity of ski runs, and far above in areas of natural erosion and avalanche zones, make restoration processes with sufficient erosion protection the prerequisite for success. Only a sufficient vegetation development of more than 70% ground cover stabilises the topsoil in the long term and reduces soil erosion to an acceptable degree. From 1999 to 2002, an international EU project with the participation of research groups and private firms from Austria, Italy and Germany was carried out under the direction of the Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein (AREC) on five different Alpine sites at altitudes from 1,245 to 2,350 m above sea level. The aim of the work was the formulation of practice-relevant requirements for recultivation following intervention in high zones, especially following constructional measures in the vicinity of ski runs and lifts, torrent- and avalanche barriers. In a statistical comparison, the relationship between restoration techniques, seed mixtures of differing ecological value and vegetation cover was observed. The influence of application technique on erosion processes after restoration was obvious for the first two vegetation periods. Only with the additional use of mulch covers could increase surface drainage and noticeable soil loss be avoided. At high altitudes, the choice of seed mixture, irrespective of whether rapid or slow growing and independent of the extent of accompanying fertilisation, had no significance in the first two vegetation periods following sowing. In the following growing seasons, however, higher cover values were obtained with site-specific seed mixtures at three of the five experimental sites. While few species of the commercial seed mixture showed satisfactory persistency, most of the grasses and in particular the alpine leguminosae of site-specific seed mixtures increased their share during the observation period. In the long-term, sufficient protection against erosion is only guaranteed by the use of stable, enduring and ecologically adapted species.

Influence of application technique on the viability of the biological control agents Verticillium lecanii and Steinernema feltiae

The viability of the fungus Verticillium lecanii and the nematode Steinernema feltiae was examined after spraying with different apparatus. The viability of both V. lecanii and S. feltiae significantly decreased as the length of the pumping period in the hydraulic high-pressure sprayer increased. With increasing pressure (up to 5×10 3 kPa) in the hydraulic sprayer the viability of V. lecanii decreased significantly. The viability of the fungus was not significantly influenced by the backpack sprayer or the coldfogger. No significant decrease in the viability of the nematodes was found after treatment with the backpack sprayer. It was difficult to obtain sufficient agitation of the spray liquid in the backpack sprayer without shaking it manually.

Fluorescence spectroscopy: a rapid, noninvasive method for measurement of skin surface thickness of topical agents

We report the quantification of skin surface thickness of topical agents by in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy, and demonstrate its potential uses for assessment of application technique and substantivity. A series of studies were performed on forearm skin of eight normal subjects using three creams which have intrinsic fluorescence: a sunscreen (Neutrogena SPF15 waterproof cream), an antiseptic (Hewlett's cream) and a steroid (Trimovate (clobetasone butyrate) cream). Initially, the dose-response relationship was established for each agent by applying a series of five doses (0.5-8 microliters/cm2) and measuring cream fluorescence using appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths. Next, the influence of application technique was examined by comparing light application of cream with firm rubbing. Substantivity of the three creams was assessed on dry skin by taking fluorescence measurements over 8 h. Finally, water resistance of 2 microliters/cm2 of sunscreen and antiseptic cream were compared by measuring fluorescence after each of four water immersions. The fluorescence intensity was strongly correlated with the logarithm of surface density. r = 1.0, 0.92 and 0.98 for sunscreen, antiseptic and steroid creams, respectively, allowing derivation of a simple expression for equivalent thickness. Surface thickness of each cream was lower following firm rubbing compared with light application (P < 0.01). The rate constants for reduction of surface density of the three creams with time on dry skin were not significantly different. However, on washed skin, the rate constant was higher for Hewlett's than Neutrogena cream (0.503 and 0.243 h. respectively, P = 0.02), with a higher rate for each cream on wet compared with dry skin (P < 0.001). Hence, fluorescence spectroscopy is a simple, rapid method for measurement of cream thickness in vivo. The many potential applications in dermatology include quantitative assessment of application technique and substantivity of topical agents.

Influence of Application Techniques on the Control of Beet Armyworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

High-volume handspraying, low-volume spinning disk, and ultralow-volume electrodyn application systems were used to apply a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Baculoviridae) on chrysanthemum crops of different heights for protection against Spodoptera exigua (Hü bner) larvae. Low-volume applications were slightly more effective than high-volume sprayings. Virus applications with the electrodynamic spraying system gave inferior control on crops taller than 30 em, but results were comparable with those obtained with the two other spraying systems on shorter crops.

Influence of application technique on microstructure and strength of acrylic restorations.

An investigation was made of the influence of application techniques on the microstructure and properties of an acrylic tooth restorative. Mixtures of acrylic powder and monomer ("Sevriton Simplified") were applied by the brush technique of Nealon (J. Prosth. Dent., 2, 513, 1952) and by two bulk flow techniques. While similar porosities (about 4%) were observed, the brush technique resulted in a greater quantity of grains from the acrylic powder. Despite this, there was little difference in values of compression modulus, compressive yield stress, and diametral compressive strength. The mechanical strength of the materials studied was less than one-half that of high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Crack propagation studies established that the interface between the grains and matrix was not a source of weakness. However, as the matrix was crosslinked this could not be checked by solution methods of polymer characterization.