Influence Of Application Method Research Articles

Influence of Application Method on Disinfectant Byproduct Formation during Indoor Bleach Cleaning: A Case Study on Phenol Chlorination

Influence of Application Method on Disinfectant Byproduct Formation during Indoor Bleach Cleaning: A Case Study on Phenol Chlorination

PENGARUH METODE DAN DOSIS APLIKASI VERMIKOMPOS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN TOMAT (Lycopersicum Esculentum Miil) HIDROGANIK

The soilless culture system now developed rapidly in line with the decrease of the area ofproductive farmland as well as to meet healthy food needs and nutritious high. Thisresearch developed a soilles culture by using vermicompost organic fertilizers.This studyaimed to test influence of application methods and doses vermicompost on the growthand yield of tomato grown in hidroganic system. This experiment used a FactorialRandomized Block Design. The first factor : application methods of vermicompostconsisting of three levels namely M1 = solid vermicompost, M2 = combination of solid andliquid vermicompost, M3 = liquid vermicompost. The second factor : doses ofvermicompost consisting of five levels namely V1 = 150 grams, V2 = 300 grams , V3 = 450grams , V4 = 600 grams and V5 = 750 grams per polibag, plus control treatment usinginorganic fertilizer. The research results showed that interaction between applicationmethods and vermicompost doses had a significant effect on the growth and yield oftomato plants. The best combination of treatment was solid vermicompost at a dose of600 g/polybag gave a growth of plant height of 78.50 cm, leaf number of 205.33, leaf area of 4516.75 cm2 and flower number 24.78. This treatment had the best yield parametersby the fruit number of 24,33, fruit set of 98,20% and total weight of fruit 447,22 g/plant.Based on the regresion analysis showed that the optimum dose of vermicompost for solidvermicompost was 709.50 g/plant and the maximum yield was 494.70 g/plant. This resultsuggests that the solid vermicompost application can be recommended for hidroganicculture of tomato.Keyword : Tomato, Soilless Culture, Vermicompost, Growth, Yield

Influence of Application Method on Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage of Newly Developed 8th Generation Adhesive in Primary Teeth

Influence of Application Method on Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage of Newly Developed 8th Generation Adhesive in Primary Teeth

Influence of application method on surface free-energy and bond strength of universal adhesive systems to enamel.

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of different adhesive application methods and etching modes on enamel bond effectiveness of universal adhesives using shear bond strength (SBS) testing and surface free-energy (SFE) measurements. The adhesives Scotchbond Universal, All-Bond Universal, Adhese Universal, and G-Premio Bond were used. Prepared bovine enamel specimens were divided into four groups, based on type of adhesive, and subjected to the following surface treatments: (i) total-etch mode with active application; (ii) total-etch mode with inactive application; (iii) self-etch mode with active application; and (iv) self-etch mode with inactive application. Bonded specimens were subjected to SBS testing. The SFE of the enamel surfaces with adhesive was measured after rinsing with acetone and water. The SBS values in total-etch mode were significantly higher than those in self-etch mode. In total-etch mode, significantly lower SBS values were observed with active application compared with inactive application; in contrast, in self-etch mode there were no significant differences in SBS between active and inactive applications. A reduction in total SFE was observed for active application compared with inactive application. The interaction between etching mode and application method was statistically significant, and the application method significantly affected enamel bond strength in total-etch mode.

Studies on Application of Aroma Finish on Silk Fabric

Aromatic treatments on textiles have gained importance in the recent years. In the present article work has been done on fragrance finish application on silk material. Silk is an expensive natural fibre used for apparel purpose and known for its feel and appeal. Incorporation of fragrance material in silk product, will add more value to it. Present work focuses to impart durable aroma finish for silk products to be home washed or subjected to dry cleaning. Microencapsulated aroma chemical has been used for the treatment. Impregnation method, Exhaust method, Dip–Pad–Dry method and Spray method have been used to see the influence of application method on the uptake and performance. Evaluation of the aroma treated material has been done through subjective evaluation as per Odor Intensity Reference Scaling (OIRS). Effect of the aroma finishing on the physical properties of the fabric has also been studied. No adverse effect has been observed on the stiffness of the fabric after the aroma treatment.

Influence of Application Method and Chemical Form on the Absorption and Translocation of Aminocyclopyrachlor in Black Walnut

Absorption and translocation of aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP) was investigated in black walnut. Radiolabeled AMCP was applied foliarly as a free acid, and basally as a free-acid-formulated oil-soluble liquid and as a methyl ester emusifiable concentrate. Maximum absorption was 68% for the methyl ester, 47% for the free-acid oil-soluble liquid, and 8% for the free acid when evaluated as percent applied. When recovered AMCP was presented as Bq g−1, no difference was observed in AMCP absorption or translocation of 14C-labeled material out of treated plant parts. Recovery of applied radiolabeled material in the roots from basal applications was 5 to 11% 72 h after treatment (HAT), compared with 0.8% recovery from a foliar application. Regardless of chemical form or formulation type, comparable injury was observed within 72 HAT despite low levels of translocation.

Effects of 2.5% TiF4 on microtensile bond strength: Influence of application method and degree of dentin mineralization

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of: (a) the application method of a 2.5% titanium tetrafluoride aqueous solution (TiF4) to dentin on the microtensile bond strength of a two-step self-etching adhesive system and (b) dentin pretreatment with 2.5% TiF4 on the microtensile bond strength of a two-step self-etching adhesive system to sound and demineralized dentin. Materials and methodsThirty-two third molars were selected to evaluate the application method for dentin pretreatment with TiF4 (Study 1). The occlusal enamel surfaces were removed, the superficial dentin flattened and the teeth divided into four groups according to the application method (n=8): NO—no dentin pretreatment with TiF4; 60A—active application of TiF4 for 60s; 30A—active application of TiF4 for 30s; 60P—passive application of TiF4 for 60s. Twenty-four teeth were used to evaluate the effects of TiF4 on sound and demineralized dentin (Study 2). The occlusal enamel of the teeth was removed and flattened. They were then divided into four groups according to the degree of dentin mineralization (sound or demineralized) and the presence or absence of dentin pretreatment with TiF4 (n=6). For dentin demineralization, the teeth were immersed in demineralizing solution for 1h and in remineralizing solution for 23h for 3 days. Dentin pretreatment with 2.5% TiF4 was performed actively for 1min in Study 2. For Studies 1 and 2, after application of a two-step self-etching adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond/Kuraray), a composite resin block was built up on the tooth. The tooth-resin samples were cut to obtain specimens with a bonding area of approximately 1mm2. Microtensile bond strength testing was performed 24h later. The fractured test specimens were visually examined to classify the failure mode. Photomicrographs of the tooth/restoration interface were taken using scanning electron microscopy. ResultsFor Study 1, ANOVA demonstrated no difference between application methods (p=0.784). For Study 2, ANOVA revealed no significant difference in mean bond strength values between sound and demineralized dentin (p=0.1982), or between the presence or absence of TiF4 (p=0.1789). In addition, no significant interaction between the factors (p=0.4284) was observed. The commonnest failure mode for both studies was adhesive. Hybrid layer formation was observed in all TiF4 application methods and degrees of dentin mineralization; however, the use of TiF4, independently of the application method, reduced the number and the extent of resin tags in the hybrid layer. ConclusionsMicrotensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin was not influenced by the application method of TiF4. Dentin pretreatment with TiF4 had no influence on the bond strength of the two-step self-etching adhesive system to sound or demineralized dentin, despite the changes in hybrid layer micromorphology.

Influence of application method on emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide following application of methane-fermentation-digested slurry

Influence of application method on emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide following application of methane-fermentation-digested slurry

Influence of application method and rate of digested liquid from methane fermentation on N_2O gas emission and plant growth

Influence of application method and rate of digested liquid from methane fermentation on N_2O gas emission and plant growth

Modo de aplicação e eficiência de inseticidas granulados sistêmicos para o controle de cigarras (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) do cafeeiro

Avaliou-se a eficiência de métodos de aplicação de inseticidas granulados sistêmicos para o controle das cigarras Quesada gigas (Olivier) e Dorisiana drewseni (Stål) do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica). O ensaio foi conduzido em cafezal cv. Mundo Novo com idade de seis anos, espaçamento de 3,5 X 1,5 m, com uma planta/cova, no ano agrícola 1992/1993. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 21 tratamentos e 4 repetições, cada uma contendo parcelas de cinco plantas. Os tratamentos consistiram nas aplicações dos produtos triadimenol + disulfoton 1,5% + 7,5% (26 g/cova), aldicarb 150G (10,00 g/cova), ethoprophos 100G (30,00 g/cova), phorate 5G (80,00 g/cova) e terbufos 5G (40,00 g/cova) em quatro modalidades de aplicação: aplicador costal manual Mebuki TF8; "canequinha", lançando o produto para o ápice da planta; aplicador tratorizado Kamaq CK2-AG; e sulcos em meia lua, abertos manualmente, na projeção da copa. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 70, 105 e 140 dias após aplicação dos produtos, onde foram efetuadas aberturas de trincheiras de 50 X 50 X 50cm por cova, procedendo-se a contagem do número de ninfas vivas. Concluiu-se que o aplicador costal manual e "canequinha" revelaram-se os mais eficientes (86,0 - 93,5% e 76,8 - 86,7%, respectivamente); aplicação tratorizada e sulcos na projeção de copa tiveram sua eficiência variável com o produto utilizado; terbufos apresentou maior redução da população (98,2 - 100%) e phorate (79,6 - 99,1%) e a mistura triadimenol + disulfoton (82,3 - 97,3%) apresentaram alta eficiência, não diferindo do terbufos. Aldicarb apresentou desempenho satisfatório (68,1 - 85,0%) conforme o modo de aplicação e ethoprophos não foi eficaz quando aplicado com o aplicador costal manual (58,4%), "canequinha" (45,1%) e sulco (31,9%).

Laboratory‐Scale Measurements and Simulations of Effect of Application Methods on Soil Methyl Bromide Emission

AbstractMethyl bromide (bromomethane, MeBr), which originates from the oceans, fumigation, and a few other sources, is reportedly contributing to the ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Due to the heavy reliance on this fumigant in the production of many crops, it is of particular importance to accurately quantify the atmospheric input of MeBr arising from agricultural uses, and develop feasible measures to minimize these emissions. In this study, we determined the effect of two important application variables, surface tarp and injection depth, on MeBr transport and transformation in the soil and its emission from the soil surface under controlled conditions. Following 20‐ and 30‐cm injections, covering the soil surface with 1‐mil (0.025 mm) high‐density polyethylene film resulted in an average of 48% reduction in MeBr emission. Increasing the injection depth from 20 to 60 cm caused a decrease in MeBr emission of 54% under untarped conditions and 40% under tarped conditions. The influence of application methods on MeBr atmospheric emissions should be considered when estimating the contribution of agricultural fumigation to the overall atmospheric MeBr burden on a global scale. The results also indicate that MeBr emission after soil fumigation may be substantially minimized by using surface tarpaulins and deep injections.

Influence of application methods on the degradation of permethrin in laboratory, soil aerobic metabolism studies

AbstractThe effects of application rate, volume, solvent and soil moisture content on the kinetics of mineralization and degradation, of [14C] permethrin have been studied in a sandy loam soil under standard laboratory conditions. During the incubation period, up to 32 days, the temperature and moisture level of the soil were controlled. Apart from the effects of application rate, which have been widely reported, application volume had the most significant effect on mineralization rate and T1/2. [14C]Permethrin, at a level of a 1 mg kg−1 in the soil, applied in 100 μl of methanol, resulted in the evolution of 14% of the applied radiochemical as [14C] carbon dioxide over 30 days. The same level applied in 1000 μl mineralized at a faster rate, with 30% [14C]carbon dioxide evolved over 30 days.The test chemical applied to soil in methanol mineralized at a significantly faster rate than a similar concentration applied in ethanol. There was no significant difference when comparing applications made using acetonitrile with those using methanol or ethanol. The addition of formulation ingredients resulted in little or no variation in mineralisation rate compared to an equivalent application volume of methanol/water.

Influence of Application Method on the Activity of Butylate and EPTC in Reduced-Tillage Corn (Zea mays)

Weed control in reduced-tillage corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3732′) with butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl) carbamothioate] and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbarnothioate) was not reduced when these herbicides were applied jointly with dry or liquid fertilizer. In most cases, application with fertilizer resulted in weed control similar to that observed when the herbicide was applied in water at 285 L/ha. Butylate applied as a granular formulation also gave weed control similar to the spray at 285 L/ha. Application in 95 L/ha of water consistently resulted in reduced weed control. Corn injury was not greatly influenced by application method, and differences in corn yield appeared to be due to differences in weed control. Growth chamber bioassays indicated that both butylate and EPTC dissipated more rapidly when applied in 95 L/ha of water than the other application methods, which may explain differences in weed control observed in the field.