Influence Of Ammonium Sulfate Research Articles

Synthesis of monodisperse spherical nano alumina by hydrothermal method and its mechanism study

Ultrafine alumina is widely used in advanced manufacturing industry, and its form, size and dispersion have important effects on its physicochemical properties and application characteristics. However, the superfine monodisperse spherical alumina is difficult to obtain in the actual synthesis process because the alumina precursor grain grows too fast and is easy to agglomerate. In this work, ammonium sulfate was added as the synthetic raw material to improve its dispersity. When the concentration reached 40 % of the aluminum source concentration, the isometric alumina precursor with a particle size of about 35 nm was obtained under the condition of rapid cooling. The influence of ammonium sulfate on the chemical structure of the precursor was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of reactant concentration and reaction temperature on the morphology, particle size and dispersion of the precursor as well as its mechanism were discussed in detail, and the optimal synthesis method of the nano alumina precursor was obtained. Finally, two kinds of precursors were calcined at different temperatures to obtain the equiaxed γ-Al2O3 with a particle size of 20 nm and the monodisperse spherical α-Al2O3 with a particle size of 133 nm, respectively. In this study, nano alumina precursors were synthesized by a simple and reliable method, and monodisperse ultra-fine alumina with different particle size morphologies were obtained, which has great application prospects in precision polishing, special ceramic manufacturing, and 3D printing.

Influence of Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Nitrate on the Properties of Ambient PM2.5 in Zhenjiang

Recently, the contribution of inorganic salts (nitrates in particular) to the mass concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been increasing across China. However, it is urgent to understand how the increased inorganic salts affect the crucial properties of PM2.5. Here, we conducted continuous field observations at Zhenjiang Ecology and Environment Protection Bureau from January 1 to December 31, 2021. The mass concentrations of ammonium sulfate[(NH4)2SO4] and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were calculated using different methods. The contributions of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 to the extinction coefficient, hygroscopic growth, and acidity of PM2.5 were discussed in detail. Our results demonstrated that the mean mass concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 during the study period were (6.5±4.5) and (15.0±13.3) μg·m-3, which contributed (20.5±18.2)% and (34.5±18.4)% to the mass concentration of PM2.5, respectively. The total extinction coefficient of PM2.5 was (224.5±194.2) Mm-1, in which NH4NO3 was the largest contributor[(40.1±20.9)%] followed by (NH4)2SO4[(19.1±10.8)%]. (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 were also the dominant contributors to the hygroscopic growth of PM2.5. In particular, NH4NO3contributed from (53.8±13.4)% to (61.6±14.6)% to the aerosol water content of PM2.5 under pollution conditions. Thus, NH4NO3 was a key air pollutant to be targeted for further improving the visibility and air quality in Zhenjiang in the future. However, the reduction in the precursors of NH4NO3 would lead to an increase in aerosol acidity, particularly in the spring and winter seasons. Our results help us understand the evolution of air quality and the related impacts and also provide important information on air quality improvement in Zhenjiang in the future.

Influence of ammonium sulfate on the corrosion behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy in chloride environment

Electrochemical corrosion of AZ31 magnesium alloy in the NH4+-SO42−-Cl− environment is studied. Effect of NH4+ overshadows that of Cl− as the (NH4)2SO4 concentration is 0.005 M or higher, yielding an evolution from localized corrosion to uniform corrosion. Acceleration effect of NH4+ can be attributed to that (i) NH4+ dissolves the inner MgO and hinders the precipitation of Mg(OH)2 and (ii) the buffering ability of NH4+ provides H+, enhances the hydrogen evolution, and expedites the corrosion process. The latter is demonstrated as the dominant factor with the results in unbuffered and buffered environments. The severe corrosion and hydrogen process in NH4+-containing solution results in a high Hads coverage and yields an inductive loop within the low frequency. Meanwhile, SO42− is helpful in generating cracked but partially protective corrosion products, while Cl− could broaden the corrosion area beneath the corrosion product.

Critical aspects on traditional antivenom production processes and their optimization by factorial analysis

Most antivenoms are produced by techniques developed over 50 years ago, with minor modifications. Herein we revise the core of traditional antivenom production processes aiming to optimize key determinants for both consistent antivenom production and the best balance between F(ab')2 quality and recovery. Factorial design analysis revealed that pepsin digestion of 1:3 saline diluted equine plasma for 60 min under pH: 3.20, 37 °C temperature and a 1:15 pepsin to protein ratio conditions, allowed to achieve maximal IgG to F(ab')2 conversion with minimal protein aggregate formation. Further downstream processing by salting out with ammonium sulfate was also studied by factorial analysis. The influence of ammonium sulfate (AS) concentration, temperature (T) and the albumin to total plasma protein ratio plasma (Alb:P) were assayed, revealing that both AS, T and their interaction have a significant impact in F(ab')2 quality and recovery. Taking into account the existing compromise between F(ab')2 monomer recovery and quality two alternative conditions were selected: 14 g/dl AS at 56 °C and, alternatively 16 g/dl AS at 30 °C. Reasonable yields (42%) and product quality (2.5% of aggregates) without significant changes in production cost of traditional methodologies was achieved under the optimized conditions found.

Influence of ammonium sulfate on YAG nanopowders and Yb:YAG ceramics synthesized by a novel homogeneous co-precipitation method

Homogeneous and dispersed Y3Al5O12 (yttrium aluminum garnet, YAG) nanopowders were synthesized via a homogeneous co-precipitation method from the mixed solutions of yttrium nitrate, aluminum nitrate and a small amount of ammonium sulfate using hot urea as the precipitant. The method has the superiorities that co-precipitation of cations is ensured and continuous decomposition of the hot urea is achieved to obtain the narrow size distribution particles. The addition of small amount of ammonium sulfate surfactant, although has no influence on YAG garnet phase formation, has significant effect on dispersion, particles distribution and sinterability of the resultant YAG and Yb:YAG powders. Compared with the undoped sample, the green body of Yb:YAG doped with ammonium sulfate has higher total shrinkage, linear shrinkage rate and relative density through sintering at 1600 °C. The resultant Yb:YAG powders can be sintered into transparent ceramics at 1700 °C through vacuum sintering. The influence of the sulfate ions on characteristics of the resultant powders was thoroughly studied.

Microcalorimetric Study of the Adsorption of PEGylated Lysozyme and PEG on a Mildly Hydrophobic Resin: Influence of Ammonium Sulfate

Adsorption of native as well as mono-, di-, and tri-PEGylated lysozyme on Toyopearl PPG-600M, a mildly hydrophobic resin is studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and by independent adsorption equilibrium measurements in sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 25 °C. For PEGylation two different PEG sizes are used (5 and 10 kDa) which leads to six different forms of PEGylated lysozyme all of which are systematically studied. Additionally, the adsorption of five pure PEGs is explored. The ammonium sulfate concentration is varied from 600 to 1200 mM. The molar enthalpy of adsorption Δh(p)(ads) is determined from the calorimetric and the adsorption equilibrium data. It is found to be endothermic in all experiments. The comparison of the adsorption of different PEGylated forms shows that the adsorption of PEGylated lysozyme is driven by the adsorption of the PEG chain. The results provide insight into the adsorption mechanisms of polymer-modified proteins on hydrophobic chromatographic resins.

Comparative Study of Synthesis and Characterization of YAG:Yb<SUP>3+</SUP> Nanoparticles Using Different Precipitator by Co-Precipitation Method

Irregular club-shape nanoparticles of Yb3+ doped Y3Al5O12 were synthesized by the co-precipitation method using different precipitator, such as ammonium hydrogen carbonate, hexamethylene tetramine and urea. The reaction mechanism of different precipitator and the effect on the particle size and dispersion of Y3Al5O12:Yb3+ powders were investigated, and the influence of ammonium sulfate as the dispersant in the reaction system was also discussed. The results show that the large and agglomerated Y3Al5O12:Yb3+ powders were obtained from urea compared to that uniform particle size and dispersion one from ammonium hydrogen carbonate and hexamethylene tetramine. Moreover, ammonium sulfate is beneficial to enhance the dispersion of the particles for ammonium hydrogen carbonate and to form the club-shape morphology of Y3Al5O12:Yb3+ crystals for hexamethylene tetramine. The photoluminescence property investigation shows that the near-infrared emission intensity of the powders increased with the calcining temperature as well as the particle size and dispersion of as-prepared particles for all the precipitators.

Potassium Fractions in Soils as Affected by Monocalcium Phosphate, Ammonium Sulfate, and Potassium Chloride Application

Soil potassium (K) deficiency has been increasing over recent decades as a result of higher inputs of N and P fertilizers concomitant with lower inputs of K fertilizers in China; however, the effects of interactions between N, P, and K of fertilizers on K status in soils have not been thoroughly investigated for optimizing N, P, and K fertilizer use efficiency. The influence of ammonium sulfate (AS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and potassium chloride application on K fractions in three typical soils of China was evaluated during 90-d laboratory soil incubation. The presence of AS significantly altered the distribution of native and added K in soils, while addition of MCP did not significantly affected K equilibrium in most cases. Addition of AS significantly increased water-soluble K (WSK), decreased exchangeable K (EK) in almost all the soils except the paddy soil that contained considerable amounts of 2:1 type clay minerals with K added, retarded the formation of fixed K in the soils with K added, and suppressed the release of fixed K in the three soils without K added. These interactions might be expected to influence the K availability to plants when the soil was fertilized with AS. To improve K fertilizer use efficiency, whether combined application of AS and K was to be recommended or avoided should depend on K status of the soil, soil properties, and cropping systems.

Ammonium Sulfate Effects on the Activity of Herbicides for Selective Grass Control

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted from 1987 to 1990 at the Lacombe Research Station to determine the influence of ammonium sulfate (AS) on various grass control herbicides. In field studies, AS had slight or no effects on the phytotoxicity of aryloxyphenoxypropanoate (APP) herbicides (fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, and quizalofop). The largest AS-mediated increase in APP herbicide phytotoxicity was 19% (based on fresh weight reduction) for wild oat with haloxyfop at 50 g/ha. AS consistently mediated increases in cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide phytotoxicity. With added AS, barley fresh weight was reduced 75% (1988) with BAS 517 at 50 g/ha, and 100% (1990) with clethodim at 25 g/ha. Greenhouse studies confirmed field studies, but differences were less substantial and consistent. It is suggested that APP herbicides are either less susceptible to UV degradation than CHD herbicides, and/or that APP herbicides may penetrate plant cuticles quickly enough to nullify any protection from UV degradation that AS might provide via rapid absorption.

Influence of Ammonium Sulfate, Imazapyr, Temperature, and Relative Humidity on the Absorption and Translocation of Imazethapyr

The effects of 1.24 kg ha−1ammonium sulfate, 5 g ae ha−1of the isopropylamine salt of imazapyr, and air temperatures of 18, 27, or 35 C at 40 or 100% relative humidity (RH) on the absorption and translocation of the ammonium salt of14C-imazethapyr applied postemergence to pitted morningglory were evaluated. Absorption of14C-imazethapyr was greater at 100 than at 40% RH (88 vs. 47%). At 40% RH, absorption was increased to 79% by the addition of ammonium sulfate. At 100% RH absorption was similar with all treatments. Translocation of14C-imazethapyr applied alone was greater at 100 than at 40% RH (34 vs. 17%). Addition of ammonium sulfate increased translocation at 40% RH but not at 100%. Addition of imazapyr did not affect14C translocation. Distribution of14C throughout the plant was more acropetal than basipetal with the greatest distribution at 35 C.

A Chlorophyll Assay to Assess Sethoxydim Activity in Two Grass Species

The influence of ammonium sulfate on the activity of sethoxydim on wild oats and barley was examined under field conditions in 1989 and 1990. A chlorophyll assay, together with plant height and dry weight determinations, was used to quantify the visual ratings for sethoxydim activity. Ammonium sulfate enhanced the activity of 75 and 150 g ai ha-1sethoxydim in 1989. In 1990, ammonium sulfate increased the activity of the lower rate of sethoxydim only. Of the three quantitative assays, chlorophyll concentration alone differentiated the more rapid development of injury symptoms with added ammonium sulfate that was observed in the visual ratings. The chlorophyll assay was not better than the visual rating assessment, however, and appears to offer no advantages that would justify the time required.

Influence of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride on ethyl methanesulfonate-induced chromosomal aberrations and HPRT mutations in V79 hamster cells

Influence of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride on ethyl methanesulfonate-induced chromosomal aberrations and HPRT mutations in V79 hamster cells

Influence of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride on ethyl methanesulfonate-induced chromosomal aberrations and HPRT mutations in V79 hamster cells

V79 hamster cells were mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and immediately afterwards posttreated with hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate. The posttreatment had a clear effect on chromosomal aberrations, but TG r mutations were only enhanced by ammonium sulfate, but not by sodium chloride posttreatment. It is suggested that hypertonic salt posttreatment leads to conformational changes in the DNA, resulting in an increase in TG r mutations and chromosomal aberrations.

Effects of ammonium sulphate on leaf growth inhibition by glyphosate in Cyperus esculentus L.

The influence of ammonium sulphate (AMS) on glyphosate ( N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) efficacy on Cyperus esculentus L. var. esculentus was measured under several conditions. Measurements of leaf growth from 1 to 5 days after treatment were highly correlated with visual estimates of efficacy and fresh weight of foliage at the end of the experiment. Reductions in leaf growth from glyphosate could be measured long before changes in coloration or other symptoms appeared. This is a quick and reliable non-destructive method for predicting foliage control from glyphosate. AMS increased the rate at which glyphosate affected leaf growth, indicating that absorption rate of the herbicide was increased. The effects from adding AMS were especially significant when the foliage was washed (simulating rainfall) shortly after treatment, or when the spray solution contained simazine (6-chloro- N,N′-diethyl-1,3-5-triazine-2,4-diyldiamine) or calcium ions. However, when treated leaves were removed 1 day after treatment, AMS sometimes reduced glyphosate effects on the remainder of the plant, suggesting that the rate of translocation could be inhibited under some conditions. In a field experiment in North West Spain, a 2% solution of AMS did not affect C. esculentus reinfestation during the year following treatment with glyphosate at 2·16 kg/ha. In general, the addition of AMS to glyphosate may be advantageous in the field when rainfall is received soon after spraying or when glyphosate is applied in hard water or mixed with simazine. There seem to be no long-term benefits when those conditions are not present.

In search of early pregnancy factor: characterisation of active polypeptides isolated from pregnant ewes' sera

Further biochemical characterisations of the 20 kd and 67 kd EPF active polypeptides from pregnant ewes' sera are described. Both polypeptides are shown to possess compact, disulphide linked domains which are almost totally resistant to proteolytic attack without prior reduction. In contrast to previous reports on the influence of ammonium sulphate on the expression of EPF activity, neither the biochemical nor the activity characteristics of either polypeptide is changed by ammonium sulphate fractionation. In addition, direct comparative studies have been performed which clearly distinguish the EPF active polypeptides from the known ovine hormones, prolactin, placental lactogen and growth hormone.

In search of EPF: Isolation and biochemical characterisation of the active polypeptides

Further biochemical characterisations of the 20 kd and 67 kd EPF active polypeptides from pregnant ewes' sera are described. Both polypeptides are shown to possess compact, disulphide linked domains which are almost totally resistant to proteolytic attack without prior reduction. In contrast to previous reports on the influence of ammonium sulphate on the expression of EPF activity, neither the biochemical nor the activity characteristics of either polypeptide is changed by ammonium sulphate fractionation. In addition, direct comparative studies have been performed which clearly distinguish the EPF active polypeptides from the known ovine hormones, prolactin, placental lactogen and growth hormone.

Control of Cyperus rotundus with glyphosate: the influence of ammonium sulphate and other additives

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungGlyphosate was applied to Cyperus rotundus L. in combination with a range of other herbicides and certain non‐herbicidal additives. Most herbicides tended to have an antagonistic effect with glyphosate, especially those which inhibit photosynthesis. On the other hand 2,4‐D amine and aminotriazole showed at least additive and sometimes synergistic effects. Striking activation was obtained with ammonium sulphate added at rates between 1·25 and 10 kg/ha. Other compounds causing almost equal activation were several ammonium phosphates, ammonium butyl‐phosphate and urea. The activity of glyphosate on C. rotundus was considerably greater when applied 3 weeks after planting than at 9 weeks. The activation was also greater at 3 weeks but was still apparent at 9 weeks.Lutte contre le Cyperus rotundus avec el glyphosate: influence du sulfate d’ammonium et d'autres adjuvantsLe glyphosate a été appliqué au Cyperus rotundus L. en association avec une série d'autres herbicides et certains adjuvants non‐herbicides. La plupart des herbicides manifestèrent un effet antagoniste avec le glyphosate, particulièrement ceux qui inhibent la photosynthèse. D'autre part, le 2,4‐D sel d'amine et l'aminotriazole montrérent des effets au moins additifs et quelquefois synergiques. Une activation frappante fut obtenue avec le sulfate d'ammonium ajoutéà des doses comprises entre 1,25 et 10 kg/ha. D'autres produits ont provoqué une activation à peu près équivalente: plusieurs phosphates d'ammonium, le butylphosphate d'ammonium et l'urée. L'efficacité du glyphosate sur C. rotundus a été considérablement plus élevée lorsqu'il a été appliqué 3 semaines après plantation, au lieu de 9 semaines. L'activation fut aussi plus grande à 3 semaines, mais était encore apparente à 9 semaines.Bekämpfung von Cyperus rotundus mit Glyphosate: Der Einfluss von Ammoniumsulfat und anderen Zusätzen Cyperus rotundus L. wurde mit Glyphosate in Kombination mit einer Reihe anderer Herbizide und bestimmter nicht‐herbizider Zusätze behandelt. Die meisten Herbizide zeigten mit Glyphosate die Tendenz einer antagonistischen Wirkung, insbesondere solche, die die Photosynthese hemmen. Andererseits wirkten 2,4‐D‐Amin und Aminotriazol zumindest additiv und manchmal auch synergistisch. Eine beeindruckende Aktivierung wurde mit Ammoniumsulfat bei Aufwandmengen zwischen 1·25 und 10 kg/ha erreicht. Andere Verbindungen, die eine fast gleichwertige Aktivierung bewirkten, waren verschiedene Ammoniumphosphate, Ammoniumbutylphosphat und Harnstoff. Die Aktivität von Glyphosate war beträchtlich höher, wenn es 3 Wochen, statt 9 Wochen nach dem Pflanzen angewendet wurde. Die Steigerung war zwar nach 3 Wochen grösser, war aber auch noch nach 9 Wochen festzustellen.

Efeito de diferentes fertilizantes nitrogenados na produção do trigo em vasos

Estudou-se a influência do sulfato de amônio, do salitre-do-chile e da uréia no desenvolvimento e na produção do trigo, em vasos, em casa de vegetação, empregando-se um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro orto, do município de Itapetininga, Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram que, para produção de matéria seca, não houve diferença entre os fertilizantes utilizados, porém para produção de grãos o sulfato de amônio foi o mais eficiente.

Influence of Ammonium Sulphate on Rainfed X3 Cumbu and K6 Cotton

Cumbu and cotton are the two important crops of the black soil region in the Southern districts of Ramanathapuram, Madurai and Tirunelveli occupying about four lakhs of acres. Both cotton and cumbu when continuously cropped deplete the soil to a great extent. An average crop of rainfed cotton in India takes away from the soil about 23 lb of nitrogen, 18 lb of phosphoric acid and 78 lb of potash (Sawhney and Sikka, (1960). Unless this annual loss is periodically replenished the yield of the crops is bound to slide down year by year. Application of adequate organic matter is useful in the rainfed areas but required quantities are not readily available. Hence there is need for use of chemical fertilizers.

Studies on Nitrification(Part 2) : The Influence of Ammonium Sulphate and Chloride on the Crude Culture of Nitrifying Bacteria

Studies on Nitrification(Part 2) : The Influence of Ammonium Sulphate and Chloride on the Crude Culture of Nitrifying Bacteria