Inflow Of Students Research Articles

International student mobility in Southern-Latin Europe: beyond the EU logics, towards a new space

This paper discusses international student mobility (ISM) in Southern-Latin Europe, specifically Italy, Portugal, and Spain, analysing the inflow of international students as reflected in the UNESCO, OECD and European Commission databases. Only recently Italy, Portugal and Spain, as latecomers, have become more actively involved in ISM dynamics. This trend has been a response to EU pressures to internationalization, instrumented through the consolidation of the Bologna process and the need to build a common space of higher education. The analysis shows that at the intra-European level Italy, Portugal and Spain share similar ISM patterns; however, in the global context other logics shape ISM dynamics. This study confirms the great potential that Italy, Portugal and Spain, or the Southern-Latin European space, have to attract international students both from the EU and from other world regions.

COVID-19 AND SOCIAL CHANGE- A BRIEF STUDY OF SIKKIM

The novel coronavirus pandemic which originated in Wuhan province of China have altered the way of life all around the world. The Covid- 19, which was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020, have had tremendous impact on every section of society especially in developing country like India. The measures undertaken by the Government to curb the rise of pandemic have altered the way of life. With uncertainty in every aspect of life, there has been an increase in mental health problems, economic loss, unemployment, labour issues, inequality, starvation, suicide, xenophobia, change in the social and cultural norms etc. The norm of social distancing due to constant fear of getting infected by the contagious disease has led to social isolation thereby altering human relations. Sikkim, though having witnessed zero cases till the month of May 2020, could not stay free from the disease for longer period of time. Sikkim, too recorded its first case on 23 May 2020 when a 25 year old student returning from Delhi tested positive for the disease. Thus, with the inflow of students and natives to their home from various parts of the country, there was surge in the Covid cases which created social changes. This article, thus, aims at investigating into the social change brought about by the Covid- 19 pandemic in the state of Sikkim.

Local Labour Market Outcomes of Educational Migration

Thus far, the majority of studies have focused on international student migration. Less attention has been paid to internal migration for tertiary education and even less to local effects caused by this category of migration. To redress this limitation, the paper determines the most important consequences of internal migration for university enrolment in the local labour market of a university city. This is shown through the example of the Polish university city with one of the highest student-to-population ratios – Opole. The study is based on the literature review and the result of qualitative and quantitative research conducted in Opole. The first was conducted among students and the second among owners and employees of local enterprises. Findings of the research suggest that the inflow of students to the university city can lead to short- run and long-run effects on the local economy. Findings of the research suggest that in the short run the inflow of students to the university city leads to structurally important changes in the labour supply and creates new jobs. In the long run, it leads to permanent changes in labour resources, attracts investors to the city and causes permanent changes in the labour demand. The analysed outcomes of migration for tertiary education are only a small but vital part of the consequences of education migration. The global spread of the coronavirus has also stressed the importance of educational migrants in university cities. The impact of pandemic COVID-19 on university cities should be the subject of future research.

COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on International Students in Japan and the United States:

The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted a tremendous impact on international higher education (Coffey et.al., 2020; IIE, 2020; Jayadeva, 2020; Mok et al., 2021). We assume that it will lead to some structural transformation in student mobility and international education. To foresee such structural transformation, we propose a comprehensive framework to monitor the changes not only in destination countries but also in source countries, and not only at institutional level (meso), but also at individual level (micro) and government level (macro). As a case study utilizing this framework, we present some analytical results of international student surveys conducted in the USA and Japan at the beginning of 2021: more than 400 international students shared their experiences and choices during the pandemic. We compare the responses not only by study destination (the USA and Japan) but also by student home country income level (World Bank classification). We examine the influence of government policies, institutional responses, and the relation of their host and home countries on their responses.As the result of the analysis, we found out that, in both the USA and Japan, the most serious issue perceived by the majority of international students is financial difficulty. Its main causes derive from loss or decrease of part-time jobs, decrease in scholarships, and disruption of remittance. The difficulty is more strongly felt by students from low or lower-middle-income countries than those from upper-middle-income countries.Their future plan has also been greatly affected by the COVID-19: 64 percent of the respondents in the USA and 87 percent of those in Japan who had planned to find employment in their study destination replied that they changed their plan because of the decrease in job offers, internship, interview and part-time job opportunities, caused by the COVID-19.Although most international students are rather satisfied with online classes, insufficient interaction between instructor and students and/or among students and unstable internet connection are among the issues reported by the international students.Regarding the future inflow of international students from their home country to their current study country, 63 percent of the respondents in the USA and 58 percent in Japan predict that it will decrease. Remote learning and decrease in employment opportunities in the study country are among the top reasons for their negative prediction.Although international higher education has expanded in the last twenty years (OECD, 2020), we may witness its decline in the near future. Many higher education institutions may struggle with the increased needs of online education and its price setting. Values and Cost-effectiveness of face-to-face “real” education will be reexamined by international students. Employment prospects and enhancement of employability will become more important in students’ choice of study destination. Employability is closely related to “soft skill” and “tacit knowledge,” which are likely to be acquired through face-to-face communication. Higher education institutions will be required to respond to such demand of international students.

The study-to-work transition of Chinese international students: Navigating a future in the global labour market

In the global competition for talents, the massive inflow of Chinese students into the UK has drawn great attention. However, only few studies examine students’ interactions with socioeconomic structures in their study-to-work transition. This study used HESA data and interview data collected from Chinese postgraduate students, and it aims to: investigate structural factors that influence post-study migration patterns of Chinese students; and explore how Chinese students interact with wider social structures. This study found that different configurations between student’s ‘goals’, ‘actions’, and ‘reflexivity’ would lead to different employment outcomes. Three different study-to-work transition strategies were identified: ‘proceeding without a fixed plan’; ‘reaching a compromise’; and ‘knowing goals and approaching to goals’. Findings suggest that transition between study and work is more complex than what is described in human capital and push-pull approaches. Better understanding of students’ decision-making process would help HEIs in preparing graduates for careers in global labour market.

Towards Economic diversification by Enhancing Inflow of International Students to Oman

The higher education in the GCC region in general and Oman in particular has shown tremendous growth in internationalization of higher education since late 1990s as private universities and colleges were permitted to establish affiliation with foreign universities and higher education institutions (HEIs). The government has been proactively investing in improvising its human capital through higher education. Furthermore, the country enjoys many advantages over other GCC countries with respect to foreign policy, political stability, global competitiveness index and global peace index. Despite its established advantages, the rate of inflow of foreign students is not encouraging. This paper overviews the globalization of higher education in terms of inbound and outbound ratios in the GCC region and attempts to provide an outline for enhancing the inflow of international students to Oman. The inflow of international students will contribute to the economic growth of Oman economy as well.

International student mobility spurs scientific research on foreign countries: Evidence from international students studying in China

• The impact of international student mobility on scientific research in china was explored. • Fixed-effect negative binomial regression and instrumental variable approach were employed. • The inflow of international students contributes to china's publications on origin countries. The international mobility of scientists fosters knowledge exchange by increasing cross-country research collaboration between destination and origin countries. To the best of our knowledge, the mobility of international students, most of whom are not scientists, has not been linked to knowledge production involving both destination and origin countries in previous studies. The question of this research is whether international student mobility (ISM) contributes to science in China. To address this research question, we determined the annual number of international students studying in Chinese universities from 1999 to 2018, from the Concise Statistics of International Students in China compiled by the International Exchange Department of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, and corresponding publication records including the source country names in the titles, from the Web of Science database of Clarivate Analytics. We then used the fixed-effects negative binomial model and instrumental variable approach to explore the linkage from ISM to knowledge production and found that ISM led to the destination countries’ scientific research on foreign countries. The findings shed light on the discussion of the global mobility of talent, and contribute to the understanding of ISM's influence on science, the measurement of which is promising in future studies.

ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ НАУЧНОГО ТРУДА И ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВО НАУЧНЫХ КАДРОВ В РОССИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РЕШЕНИЯ

The paper analyzes the current situation with the productivity of scientific work and the reproduction of scientific personnel in Russia on the basis of statistical data. It is shown that Russia has great opportunities for increasing the productivity of scientific activity, right up to entering the top 5 countries in the coming years for a given number of internationally presented publications. It is also shown that at present in the system of personnel reproduction there are problems associated with the difficulties of the demographic development of our country in the 1990s and early 2000s. At the same time, the inflow of foreign students and postgraduates to Russia has intensified. The author proposes a solution to the complex problems of the development of science in the country through bringing to a qualitatively new level of interaction between institutes and personnel of science, higher and secondary schools.

Escaping Air Pollution: Do Chinese Students and Immigrants Drive Property Prices and Economic Activity Abroad?

We construct a time-series of news coverage about air pollution in China for the period 1977-2019, and verify that such abnormal news coverage is associated with worse air quality in major Chinese cities, for which information is available for a shorter period. We find that that cross-border migration of Chinese citizens, the number of Chinese students going abroad to study, as well as capital flight from China, increase when there is an unexpected increase in air pollution news coverage. We find that U.S. regions with stronger historical ethnic ties to China experience higher property price growth when the innovation in air pollution news coverage is higher. We find similar results for residential prices in international cities. Air-pollution driven student inflows increase property prices and employment growth in regions that are major destinations of foreign students. Our study suggests that perception of local environmental and climate risk can have major consequences for the cross-border relocation of capital and labor.

Современные тенденции учебной миграции в Россию

Researched is the problem of education-related (study-related) migration in modern world. Every year some million students migrate on the planet in search of most qualitative education. Because foreign students is very attracting category of migrants as to many indicators, university begin to start really “struggle for talents”, truing to attract gifted and ambitious youth. The aim of the article is in the study of modern trends of education-related (study-related) migration and in the analysis of the process of integration of foreign students on the territory of the Russian Federation. To achieve this aim, there were used traditional methods of research: the authors analyzed secondary data and deep interview, respondents of which were foreign students, studying in Russian universities. Results of research widen general views on modern trends of educational migration. By the way of the analysis of secondary data, the authors were successful to substantiate active growth in quantity of foreign students in the RF, as well as fix economic effects, getting of Russian universities because of inflow of foreign students. In results of interview, the authors also elaborate factors in education-related (study-related) immigration, as well as to define principal difficulties of foreign students in the period of adaptation in the territory of the RF. Getting in the process of the research data were used for elaboration of recommendations to improving of Russian state policy in the sphere of education-related (study-related) migration, that in succeeding future would assist not only in attracting of foreign students in the country, but also in growth of their will to stay there after the period of education.

The Economics of Higher Education in Nepal: Developing a Sustainability Plan

Nepal universities are in a delicate transition now. The enrolment of students is not encouraging; rather it is declining over the years particularly in public universities. Consequently, the outflow of Nepalese students has got momentum over two decades; and nearly a half-million Nepalese students are currently enrolled in foreign universities. The quality education in Nepalese universities is crucial for the return as well as the significant inflow of Nepalese students in the universities of their homeland. However, higher education requires a sustainability plan particularly for the resource generation and promotion of scientific research/publications. Long-term vision, mission, and strategic measures are particularly lacking in Nepal universities. This requires setting objectives and attainable milestones along with specific strategic measures and financial planning that are missing now. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it proposes a monitoring framework in the form of a regression model to use as a tool and observe the improvement in higher education in the country. Secondly, it has proposed a typical Sustainability Plan considered appropriate to Nepal; however, it might be equally replicable to other universities of the developing world. Moreover, it has also suggested measures to make such a plan a success.

Trade Liberalization and Chinese Students in US Higher Education

We investigate whether trade liberalization encourages Chinese student enrollment in US universities. We focus on China's accession to the World Trade Organization and show that Chinese cities more exposed to this trade liberalization episode sent more students to US universities. Results indicate that growth in housing income/wealth was an important channel that allowed many Chinese families to afford US tuition, consistent with large growth in the share of Chinese students that finance their studies primarily using personal funds. Other potential mechanisms, such as changing returns to education or information flows, appear to play less of a role. We also inform distributional consequences for the US. Trade liberalization induced increases in the share of Chinese students studying non-STEM fields, at the Bachelors level, and also at less-selective US universities. Student inflows were similar in both low and high human capital areas in the US, indicating that educational exports do not exacerbate regional inequality. An important conclusion of our work is that the trade deficit in goods partially cycles back as a surplus in education exports to China.

International Student Flows from Developing Countries: Do Donors Have an Impact?

International student flows from emerging and developing countries have grown tremendously over the last decades. In this paper, we address the question of whether donors, who might care about the potential brain drain effects student emigration entails in the countries of origin, can affect the student outflows through their foreign aid activities. Employing standard gravity-type approaches of international migration, we separately analyse the impact of scholarships for students from developing countries, and of development projects in recipient countries aimed at improving the local quality of tertiary education. We find that these two types of post-secondary aid lead to opposite effects on student mobility. Investing in the quality of tertiary education in recipient countries appears to be associated with lower outflows of tertiary educated students to donor countries, which corroborates previous research showing that aid may reduce emigration from developing countries if it improves public services. The provision of in-donor scholarships obviously raises student mobility for the duration of the university education abroad, but our results suggest that the student inflows also translate into permanent immigration of highly educated people.

Flow and business simulation games: A typology of students

In the context of management training business simulation games are increasingly emerging as pedagogical tools for motivating and engaging players actively in the learning experience. Business simulation games provide opportunities for students to enter the flow state. However, few studies have applied flow theory in this specific context. Using data from a two-wave longitudinal study with a sample of 430 students who played a business simulation game, this research draws on the four-channel model of flow to identify subgroups of students based on their levels of skill and challenge and to analyse the evolution of their optimal experience of flow. In addition, it explores whether students in flow achieve higher learning outcomes; in particular, students’ perceived learning, satisfaction and skills development.

Identifying Factors that Influence International Student Mobility in Chinese Higher Education Institutions

International student mobility has been becoming varied and complex. Chinese higher education institutions (HEIs) host about 492,185 international students in 2018, sharing 10 percent of globally mobile students. The purpose of the study was to promote understanding of factors that influence international students choose to earn academic degree in Chinese HEIs. The econometric approach was applied to identify factors that influence international student mobility in China. The total inflow of international students, the inflow of students from both developing and developed countries, and international students with undergraduate, master’s and doctoral academic programs are taken as predicted variables. The political, economic, academic, socio-cultural factors were chosen as explanatory variables. From the sample data of 60 countries of origin, our data covers more than 89% of total international students earn academic degrees in Chinese HEIs during the period 2007 to 2016. The results indicated some differences in determinants of undergraduate students, master’s students and doctoral students from developing and developed countries choose to study in China. The economic development level between China and the countries of origin and their bilateral trade relations are important economic factors that affect international students, and the impact on undergraduate students is more significant. The Chinese government scholarship policies and mutual recognition of academic degrees have been effectively promoted inward international students. Compared with undergraduate students, the academic ranking of Chinese universities has more significant influences on master’s students and doctoral students. The geographical distance and cultural distance between China and the countries of origin are important social and cultural factors. International students from developed countries are more influenced by cultural distance factor.

Analysis of factors influencing international student destination choice: a case of Indian HE

ABSTRACT The inflow of international students to Indian higher education has remained low and this should be a matter of great concern. As a piece of country-specific research, this paper aims to understand the factors that influence an international students’ choice of India as a higher education destination. The results of an exploratory factor analysis indicate that international students enrolled in Indian universities considered conducive structural elements, the quality of education on offer, the cultural appeal of India, prospects of job in the destination country and the opportunity to learn English as the most important factors in host country selection. Further, a cluster analysis based on the identified factors specifies four international student segments that policymakers must pay attention to while formulating strategies to attract overseas students. This research provides an understanding into the destination choice motivations of an understudied market in an increasingly significant region of the world.

Identifying Factors that Influence International Student Mobility in Chinese Higher Education Institutions

International student mobility has been becoming varied and complex. Chinese higher education institutions (HEIs) host about 492,185 international students in 2018, sharing 10 percent of globally mobile students. The purpose of the study was to promote understanding of factors that influence international students choose to earn academic degree in Chinese HEIs. The econometric approach was applied to identify factors that influence international student mobility in China. The total inflow of international students, the inflow of students from both developing and developed countries, and international students with undergraduate, master’s and doctoral academic programs are taken as predicted variables. The political, economic, academic, socio-cultural factors were chosen as explanatory variables. From the sample data of 60 countries of origin, our data covers more than 89% of total international students earn academic degrees in Chinese HEIs during the period 2007 to 2016. The results indicated some differences in determinants of undergraduate students, master’s students and doctoral students from developing and developed countries choose to study in China. The economic development level between China and the countries of origin and their bilateral trade relations are important economic factors that affect international students, and the impact on undergraduate students is more significant. The Chinese government scholarship policies and mutual recognition of academic degrees have been effectively promoted inward international students. Compared with undergraduate students, the academic ranking of Chinese universities has more significant influences on master’s students and doctoral students. The geographical distance and cultural distance between China and the countries of origin are important social and cultural factors. International students from developed countries are more influenced by cultural distance factor.

Balancing Study Abroad Student Inflows and Outflows: An Institutionalist Perspective

The determinants of study abroad student inflows and outflows are analyzed by comparing the faculties of all Czech public universities. The article develops an institutionalist theoretical perspective that views higher education institutions not only as passive senders and receivers of students but also as active gatekeepers that regulate student flows by balancing the inflows with outflows and vice versa. The theoretical argument is developed against the backdrop of existing theories that emphasize the “push–pull” factors as key determinants of student flows. The argument is tested by regression modeling using an original data set. Inflows are associated with past outflows and vice versa, whereas the importance of push–pull factors is surprisingly small. Important policy implications of these findings as well as implications for theory development are discussed.

International Student Flows from Developing Countries: Do Donors Have an Impact?

International student flows from emerging and developing countries have grown tremendously over the last decades. In this paper, we address the question of whether donors, who might care about the potential brain drain effects student emigration entails in the countries of origin, can affect the student outflows through their foreign aid activities. Employing standard gravity-type approaches of international migration, we separately analyse the impact of scholarships for students from developing countries, and of development projects in recipient countries aimed at improving the local quality of tertiary education. We find that these two types of post-secondary aid lead to opposite effects on student mobility. Investing in the quality of tertiary education in recipient countries appears to be associated with lower outflows of tertiary educated students to donor countries, which corroborates previous research showing that aid may reduce emigration from developing countries if it improves public services. The provision of in-donor scholarships obviously raises student mobility for the duration of the university education abroad, but our results suggest that the student inflows also translate into permanent immigration of highly educated people.

Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Ausländerstudiums in Deutschland. Kritische Bemerkungen zu zentralen Problemen

The article is devoted to the analysis of sources and literature on the history of the education of foreign students in German higher education institutions. The main goal of the article is to detect the most significant aspects of the research subject area and its impact on further investigations on history of universities. We note that the education of foreign students in Germany has provided to significant influence in the political discourse of this country. At the same time, various investigations practically ignore the issues related to our research subject area. The discussion of the last third of the XIX century in Germany about the excessive number of foreign students in German higher education institutions is considered. The discussion was called «akademische Ausländerfrage» and appeared together with the «overcrowding crisis» by foreign students from technical higher education institutions and medical faculties of German universities. Two issues were central in the discussion. On the one hand, nationalist and anti-Semitic groups strongly opposed a large number of Jews from Eastern Europe among students of German universities. Moreover, Polish and Russian students were also considered as «undesirable foreigners». The principle of internationality of universities was subjected to attacks and discredit as fundamental for the academic community of Europe. On the other hand, the universities strongly protested against interference in their internal affairs and their autonomy in general. In particular German universities strongly opposed any restrictions on foreign students obtaining university education. However universities were interested party in limiting the inflow of students with insufficient education and motivation. We conclude that the state policy of foreign students was equally opposed and harmonized the position of German universities.