Inflectional Processes Research Articles

Analysis of the Derivation and Inflection Process in Javanese Language

Analysis of the Derivation and Inflection Process in Javanese Language

ANALISIS KONTRASTIF INFLEKSI DAN DERIVASI DALAM BAHASA ARAB DAN BAHASA INDONESIA (KAJIAN MORFOLOGI DESKRIPTIF)

The aim of this research is to analyze the differences and similarities between Arabic and Indonesian in terms of inflectional morphology and derivations. The type of research used is a descriptive qualitative research method with a contrastive synchronic approach. Data collection methods and techniques in this research used listening methods and note-taking techniques. The results obtained from this research are that there are similarities and differences in the inflection and derivation processes in Arabic and Indonesian. The similarity is that in the inflection process both of them get changes in the verb (verb), nominal (noun) and adjective (adjective). Likewise, in the derivation process, both of them receive additions at the beginning, middle and end in order to obtain a specific meaning or goal. The difference between Arabic and Indonesian in the inflection and derivation process is that Arabic is more productive than Indonesian both in terms of inflection and derivation.

The Analysis of Inflectional Morpheme in "The Red Shoes" by Hans Christian Andersen

AbstractThe language must be understandable because it addresses the purpose and the message conveyed. Words have an important role in the development of language. Words become the basis of every existing linguistic element, for example from words to sentences, sentences to paragraphs or speech. This word is about morphology because it affects spelling, reading comprehension and vocabulary. To understand the meaning of vocabulary, language users must especially acquire knowledge of morphology inflectional morphemes. This study analyzes both morphemes that appear in the poetry "The Red Shoes' ' by Hans Christian Andersen. The purpose of research is to find the most inflectional morphemes that often appear in the works of Hans Christian Andersen's poetry and also develop the process of morphemes. This study applied a qualitative method. The result of this study revealed that from 142 words which contain inflectional morphemes, the most frequent type of morpheme that appeared in the poetry was plural using suffix -ed, which is found in 61 words. This research also found 7 types of inflectional process such as third-person singular, past tense, progressive, past participle, plural, comparative, and superlative. The purpose of this research is to increase students' vocabulary and become teaching materials for teaching.

WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES IN LOC’S SITE POEM: MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY

This study aims to find out the processes of word formation in ten poems in the LOC’s Site Poem. Word-formation processes is the study in morphology. The method used is qualitative research. The data are from the ten poems in the LOC’s Site Poem. The results of the study are that there are 193 (one hundred and ninety three) data found in the LOCs Site Poem. The affixation process including inflectinal and derivational process by 87.56% (eighty seven point five six percent), compounding process by 9.84% (nine point eight four percent), and acronym by 2.07%(two point oh seven percent). The dominant word formation process appear is affixation of inflectional process. The compounding is the combination of noun plus noun and adjective or adverb plus noun.

The Realization of the Derivational and the Inflectional Processes in the Students’ Writing

In learning a language, students are supposed to study linguistics in order to be able to recognize the root of words, how they are formed, and the context of language. This study aimed to explain the realization of the derivational process, the inflectional process, and the causes of the error in the students’ writing. This study used a descriptive qualitative design. The researchers analyzed the students’ writing essays written by the XII-graders of the Vocational High School Al-Musyaffa Kendal in the academic year 2021/2022. The instruments are document analysis theory and interview. It used the theory of Dulay et.al. (1982). The findings demonstrate that the students made errors that belong to both the derivational and the inflectional processes. Most of the students made errors in the omission of derivation, yet they made fewer errors in the addition and malformation of derivation. Besides, there were many problems in dealing with the inflection. Most of the students were confused about how to deal with the omission of noun inflection and the omission of verb inflection. Nevertheless, they made fewer errors in the misordering of verb inflection. In addition, the cause of the error that the students did was mostly carelessness as it occurs due to students’ lack of motivation and less enthusiasm in engaging in the teaching and learning process. Expectantly, this research will provide an essential contribution as a reference in comprehending word formation and contribute to teaching and learning of forming English words.

Adult Chinese Spanish L2ers' acquisition of phi-agreement and temporal concord: The role of morphosyntactic features and adverb/subject-verb distance.

While phi-agreement and concord are suggested to differ in nature during the first language (L1) acquisition, the acquisition of adverb-verb TC and SV person/number agreement by Chinese Spanish second language (L2) learners has only received limited attention. The current study examined morphosyntactic processing by advanced Chinese Spanish L2 learners (L2ers), whose L1 lacks the explicit morphological marking of tense and phi-agreement. Chinese Spanish L2ers and native Spanish speakers were asked to complete a self-paced grammaticality judgment task, where the grammaticality of adverb-verb TC and SV person/number agreement as well as the adverb/subject-verb distance were manipulated. For both native Spanish speakers and L2ers, SV agreement violations are detected earlier and judged more accurately than adverb-verb TC violations. Furthermore, L2ers process SV number agreement less efficiently than SV person agreement (but as efficiently as adverb-verb TC). And there is no influence of the adverb/subject-verb distance on the processing of verbal inflection. This study suggests that advanced Chinese Spanish L2ers tend to use native-like cognitive mechanisms for phi-agreement and concord computations, though their sensitivity to agreement violations may be further influenced by the morphosyntactic feature involved.

Semantic transparency and Oneida morphological parts of speech

Abstract North American languages have figured prominently in discussions about parts of speech. This paper examines more closely the evidence for morphological parts of speech in one Northern Iroquoian language, Oneida, and asks what semantic properties underlie its parts of speech. We make two claims. First, inflected parts of speech in Oneida are semantically transparent in that a part of speech can be determined solely on the basis of well-established semantic distinctions. Oneida parts of speech are, in this respect, canonical, in Canonical Typology’s sense. Second, Oneida morphological parts of speech are organized along two orthogonal dimensions, an ontological dimension, i.e., the sort of entity that members of the category describe, and a semantic type dimension, i.e., the kind of semantic relation conveyed by members of the category. We show that Oneida inflection is sometimes sensitive to distinctions along the ontological semantic dimension, sometimes to distinctions along the semantic type dimension, and sometimes a single inflectional process is sensitive to distinctions along both dimensions at the same time. We then show that our bi-dimensional semantic classification of stems accounts for the mixed properties of kinship terms, i.e., which “noun”-like and which “verb”-like properties they have.

MAKNA DERIVASIONAL DAN INFLEKSIONAL VERBA NASAL BAHASA JAWA DIALEK AREK

This study aims to observe the change in the meaning of the nasal verbs in the Arek dialect of Javanese. The scope of the research is limited to the speeches of the community verbs in the Arek zone in Malang Regency. The research data was done from 7-17 April 2022 in 3 districts: Sumberpucung, Kalipare, and Kromengan. The data of this study were analyzed according to Bauer's theory of derivational and inflectional meanings. The results showed that the Javanese nasal verbs have more derivation processes than inflections. The derivation process marks the derivational meaning and the inflection process marks the inflectional process. The results of the study revealed that almost all nasal allomorphs which act as nasal affixes make a verb derivation. The researcher divided the nasal allomorph into 2 parts, /m/, /ñ/, and/ŋ/ which have 2 roles of affixes which is derivational and inflectional. Second, the nasal allomorphs /ŋǝ/, /n/, and /ṇ/ have 1 affix role. Both classifications apply the terms and conditions of the initial phoneme of a verb.Key words : Derivasional, Inflectional, Verb, Nasal, Javanese.

An Analysis of Word Formation in Ariana Grande Song Lyrics from The Album “Sweetener”

This study aimed to analyze Ariana Grande‟s song lyrics in the album “Sweetener”. This study used a descriptive research method. The result of word formation used in song lyrics showed that there is one word formation process of the borrowing type. In the second aspect, the word formation of the coinage process appears two data. In the third aspect, the word formation of the compounding process appears five data. In the fourth aspect, the word formation of the mixing process appears seven data. In the fifth aspect, the word formation of the clipping process appears three data. In the eighth aspect, the word formation of the inflection process appears five as in compounding and the last, the word formation of derivation appears six data.

DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH AND JAVANESE

ABSTRACT This study is about the realization of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Javanese. The objectives of this study are to investigate the kinds of derivational and inflectional in English and Javanese short stories, how the English and Javanese words formed by derivational and inflectional, and to explain the realization of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Javanese. This study is designed in descriptive-qualitative research. The source of data is English and Javanese short stories namely 1) Oedipus Rex and Sangkuriang, 2) Beauty and the beast and Lutung Kasarung. The data of the study is the words of English and Javanese. The findings of the study showed that the word formation formed by derivational morpheme in English short stories were begun from Oedipus rex consisted of 11 noun formation, 1 verb formation, 2 adjective formation and 8 adverb formation. While, beauty and the beast consisted of 16 noun formation, 2 verb formation, 9 adjective formation, and 14 adverb formation. The total of derivational process in Oedipus Rex and beauty and the beast was 63 words (52%). The word formation formed by derivational morpheme in Javanese short stories were begun from Sangkuriang consisted of 17 noun formation, 16 verb formation, and 1 adverb formation. While, Lutung Kasarung had 3 noun formation, 16 verb formation, 1 adjective formation, and 4 adverb formation. The total of derivational process in sangkuriang and Lutung Kasarung was 58 words (48%). The word formation formed by inflectional morpheme in English short stories were begun from Oedipus Rex had 1 noun formation, 27 verb formation, and 2 adjective formation. While, Beauty and the Beast had 12 noun formation, 36 verb formation, and 14 adjective formation. The total was 92 words (100%). Javanese did not have inflectional process.

Cross-linguistic influences of L1 on L2 morphosyntactic processing: An fNIRS study

This study examined how the morphological typology of second language (L2) learners' first language (L1) affected neural processing of L2 morphosyntactic knowledge. We used functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine adult L2 learners’ processing of English Subject-Verb number agreement (e.g., duck swims, ducks swim) during a picture-sentence matching task. Two English learner groups with contrasting L1s, Spanish (with rich inflectional morphology, n = 16) and Mandarin (with a lexical morphology, n = 18), were compared to native English speakers (n = 19). Both L2-learner groups demonstrated comparable accuracy on the picture-sentence matching task. However, neural results revealed L1 influence on L2 morphosyntactic processing. Mandarin-speaking English L2 learners showed greater neural activity in the left middle temporal gyrus (L-MTG) for singular (e.g., the duck swims) versus plural sentences (e.g., the ducks swim). Mandarin relies on semantic, rather than inflectional, information to infer number and L-MTG is involved in lexical-semantic processing, suggesting L1 influence on L2 inflectional processing. Spanish-speaking English L2 learners showed greater neural activity in areas including the right MTG and prefrontal cortex for the plural versus singular sentences whereas native English speakers showed greater activity for singular versus plural sentences. The plural form is morphologically marked in Spanish and greater neural activation for the plural rather than singular form suggests L1 influence. Importantly, cross-linguistic influences were only observed at the neural level, revealing that different neural activation patterns underpin similar behavioral results. Both L2-learner groups showed different patterns of neural activation corresponding to the specific linguistic features of their L1, indicating that L2 processing is affected by L1 characteristics in linguistically principled ways. This study advances our understanding of how morphosyntactically-distinct languages are organized and processed in adult L2 learners.

Uses of Periphrastic Do in English

This study aims at clarifying the definitions, structures ,conditions and uses of Periphrastic Do (PD) in English. PD is an auxiliary , it is an alternative device for using inflection process. It is semantically not intrinsic but syntactically obligatory. It is used to satisfy the needs of the sentence structures.
 It can be used in verbal negation, negative preposed constituents, inverted questions, anphoric PD and tag questions.
 In these structures , only the use of PD is correct and necessary . It is a syntactic device that performs a special function. During the years, PD underwent a change and development from zero to obligatory use in specific contexts.

A PARAMETRIC VARIATION OF ENGLISH AND EKPARI INFLECTION SYSTEM

Inflectional morphemes perform grammatical functions. It is often added to a root word to show a particular grammatical function. The inflection system varies from one language to another. Second Language Learners of English tend to encounter problems due to this variation. Guided by Contrastive analysis as the theoretical underpinning, the study focuses on the extent to which the inflectional system of English and Ekpari are similar or different in number, tense, aspect and agreement. Data on Ekpari were generated from two indigenous speakers of Ekpari through interviews and discussion while data on English were sourced from relevant literature and grammar textbooks. Findings revealed that Ekpari typically uses prefixes as inflectional morphemes to mark grammatical categories while the English language typically uses inflectional suffixes to mark the same function. Besides, it was also discovered that Ekpari does not mark genitive case and agreement inflection. In English, nouns are inflected to mark genitive cases while verbs are inflected in terms of person and number to show agreement with the subject but such does not exist in Ekpari. Ekpari does not mark possession, aspect or agreement relations. The nouns do not have to agree or correspond with the finite verb for agreement in the language. Thus, verbs do not change their forms for purposes of agreement in Ekpari. Hence, Ekpari learners of English must be adequately exposed to master the rules guiding inflection process in the English language to overcome the likely problems these differences will pose to them.

Morphological generalization in heritage speakers: The Turkish aorist

Heritage speakers (HS) have been shown to experience difficulties with inflectional morphology (particularly with irregular morphology) and to frequently overapply regular morphology. The present study seeks to get further insight into the inflectional processes of HS by investigating how these are generalized to nonce words in language production, the first study of this kind for heritage Turkish. We specifically examined morphological generalization processes in the Turkish aorist which – unusual for this language – includes both regular and irregular forms. A written elicited-production experiment containing nonce verbs with varying degrees of similarity to existing verbs was administered to Turkish HS and native monolingually-raised Turkish speakers (MS). We also explored how well a formal model that was trained on a large lexical corpus of Turkish matches the human speakers’ performance. Our main finding is that HS employ both similarity-based and rule-based mechanisms for morphological generalization of the Turkish aorist, with subtle differences to the way these mechanisms are applied by Turkish MS.

INFLECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN TEACHING MORPHOSYNTAX THROUGH ONLINE LEARNING

Inflectional is the smallest part of morphosyntax but it becomes important because it is the basic knowledge that students have to comprehend in learning and producing correct sentence. To understand them, the students have to learn it through virtual learning in COVID-19 pandemic era which has changed the way of teaching and learning process especially in Morphosyntax. This research aimed to explore the types and the students’ difficulties in understanding inflectional process of morphology. This research used descriptive qualitative method to describe and to analyze the data. To collect the data, the researchers used two kinds of instruments namely pre-test, post-test, and interview. The population in this research consist of two classes from English Education Study Program at the fifth semester at IKIP Siliwangi.The result showed that the student mostly found the types of inflectional process namely plural form, 3rd singular person, past tense, progressive, comparative and superlative correctly while participle both in present and past tense form are mostly found incorrectly for they are having the higher function which are having similarity as verb progressive and as adjective at the same time. To understand the difference of the both function, the students are demanded to recognize well the structure of both. Keywords: Inflectional Process, Morphosyntax, Online Learning

STN-DBS affects language processing differentially in Parkinson's disease: Multiple-case MEG study.

In this study, we investigated the effects of bilateral and unilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) in PD patients on neural responses associated with two aspects of spoken language processing: semantics of action-related verbs and morphosyntactic processing. Using a passive unattended paradigm to present spoken linguistic stimuli, we recorded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) responses in three PD patients in four DBS conditions: left unilateral STN-DBS, right unilateral STN-DBS, bilateral STN-DBS, and no STN-DBS. To ensure that any observed effects of DBS on the neuromagnetic responses could be attributed to the linguistic context per se and were not merely induced by the electrical stimulation, we assessed the effects of STN-DBS on linguistic contrasts within each stimulation condition. Hence, we contrasted the processing of action vs. abstract verbs as well as the processing of correct vs. incorrect morphosyntactic inflections within each DBS condition. The results revealed that, compared to the DBS-off state, both bilateral and right unilateral stimulation of the STN yielded significant dissociations in the processing of action and abstract verbs, with greater neuromagnetic responses for action verbs compared to abstract verbs. For morphosyntax processing, only left unilateral stimulation yielded significant dissociations (relative to the DBS-off state), with greater neuromagnetic responses to the incorrect inflections compared to the correct inflections. The results reflect differential effects of unilateral and bilateral STN-DBS on neuromagnetic responses associated with the processing of spoken language. They suggest that different specific aspects of linguistic information processing in PD are affected differently by STN-DBS.

WORD FORMATION IN SHARENA DELON’S INSTAGRAM POSTS: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

This paper is a qualitative descriptive research which investigates the processes of word formation and their influence to part of speech of the data. The data source in this study is Instagram captions of Sharena Delon. The method of collecting data is by observation. The method of analyzing data is agih and padan method from Sudaryanto. The author uses the theory ofO’Grady which divides word formation process into 10 types, i.e.derivation, compounding, conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronym, onomatopoeia, coinage, and inflection. The research uses the theory of Carter & McCarthy to show the change of part of speech of data. The result of this research shows that based on O’Grady’s and Carter & McCarthy’s theory. There are 30 types of word formation process found in Instagram of Sharena Delon. Three types are by derivation process, 2 types by compounding process, 2 types by conversion process, 6 types by clipping process, 6 types by blends process, 2 types by backformation process, 3 types by acronym process, 3 types by onomatopoeia process, 1 type by coinage process, and two types by inflection process. Some data have change of part of speech because of word formation process and some do not.

Konjugasi pada Bahasa Sikka Krove di Kabupaten Sikka Nusa Tenggara Timur

Sikka’s verbs have different features from other regional languages in their application in sentences. This is because the Sikka verbs undergo a conjugation process, which is a change in the form of the verb based on the persona pronoun that precedes it. Based on observation during the language practice of speakers of this language, it can be seen that certain verbs, namely 'eat' and 'drink' in Sikka language, are unique, namely the existence of an inflection process that is more conical in conjugation. This research aims to describe the various patterns formed as a conjugation process. This type of research is qualitative, that the data is a description using verb words. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method, namely analyzing descriptive data by describing various conjugation patterns that occur in the Sikka language. The result obtained is a form of conjugation based on the subject followed by the verb "eat" and "drink" in the Sikka language. That it turns out that there is a change in the form of the verb due to a change in the subject. Meanwhile, the time form and other forms were not found in this study.

A Linguistic Analysis of ‘Pet Names’ in Nzema: A Morphosyntactic Description

In the field of Onomastics, many researchers have delved into the study of personal names, place names, church names and school names, among others. This paper gathers another exciting data, (i.e. names that are ascribed to pets in Nzema society) and seeks to examine the morpho-syntactic features of the ‘pet names’. The paper employs the qualitative research approach in providing a descriptive analysis of the linguistic properties that feature in pet names among the people of Nzema. In this paper, ninety (90) pet names are discussed. Relying on Haspelmath’s notion of Framework-free Theory of Grammatical Analysis, the paper demonstrates that the morphological structures of Nzema pet names include single root morphemes, lexical compounding, derivational and inflectional processes, lexical borrowing, and reduplication. These word formation processes are accompanied by some phonological processes such as vowel elision and harmony. At the syntactic/sentential level, the pet names function as simple declarative sentences, imperatives and interrogatives. Compound and complex-embedded clauses were also prevalent in the structure of the pet names. It is ascertained that these pet names are grammatically insightful and can provide a window to understanding the morphosyntactic features of the Nzema language.

Morphological Patterns of Personal Naming Practice: A Case Study of Non-Concatenative Arabic Language

The type pf a personal name and the language system to which these names adhere to are two very significant components to determine the morphological pattern of a personal name. Arabic is a synthetic fusional language that allows morphological operations to be applied to the root itself as non-concatenative operations involved. This survey of morphology is precisely focused on the different ways of analyzing and describing the morphological patterns that Jordanian personal names follow through their formation process relying on the derivational and inflectional approaches. conventionally, we referred to the associations that make up various parts of lexeme as morphological patterns; thus, the current analysis revealed and identified the patterns in which Jordanian personal names fall including derivation processes; verbal nouns derived from trilateral, quadrilateral, and quinquiliteral verb roots, compounding, diminutivization, and reduplication; in addition to the inflectional processes including pluralization and personal names inflected for gender. It is quite obvious that Jordanian personal names could be morphologically classified as derived and inflected names besides each patterns involves a set of word’s structure operations that mark a name as derivationally or inflectionally formulated.