Inflectional Suffixes Research Articles

Grammatical Analysis of Kinship Terms in Sorani Kurdish Language

The research paper provides a comprehensive grammatical analysis of Kurdish kinship terms, which is a vital aspect of the Kurdish language. It examines the morphological and syntactic properties of kinship terms, categorization according to the part of speech and the distinctions of their grammatical gender and number .The study delves into the morphological composition of these terms, analyzing the various affixes and morphemes that contribute to their formation, including inflectional suffixes, honorific prefixes, and other derivational processes. Additionally, this research focuses on the vocative forms of kinship terms, investigating their unique grammatical features and. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the complexity and nuances inherent in the Kurdish kinship terminology.

Beyond Monolingual Norms: Analyzing the Complexity of Greek-Turkish Bilingual Children’s Written Narratives

This research explores the written narratives of Greek-Turkish bilingual and Greek monolingual children, focusing on their retelling abilities. We analyze both the macrostructure and microstructure of their narratives, utilizing the story-grammar model for the macrostructure analysis and examining lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, spelling accuracy, connectives, and word stressing for the microstructure assessment. We also examine correlations with contextual factors, including home and schooling input. Thirty-six children, comprising an equal number of bilinguals and monolinguals, participate in a picture narrative task (retelling mode). Our findings indicate that while bilingual children exhibit proficiency in constructing the story-grammar comparable to their monolingual counterparts, notable differences emerge in the microstructure of their narratives. Specifically, bilingual children produce shorter narratives. They also demonstrate lower lexical and noun diversity, syntactic complexity, and spelling accuracy (in inflectional suffixes) compared to monolingual children. These observed differences in the microstructure imply a potential trade-off between establishing the core story schema and elaborating on narrative details in bilingual narratives. Additionally, our study identifies early literacy practices (i.e., print exposure in preschool years) and current literacy practices (literacy habits outside the school setting) as predicting differently aspects of the microstructure in each group, further enhancing our understanding of how bilingualism influences narrative development. This underscores the importance of examining both the macrostructure, microstructure, and contextual factors for a comprehensive understanding of narrative development in bilingual and monolingual children.

Morphological Processes in English and Sanskrit: A Cross-Linguistic Study

Morphology is the sub-discipline of linguistics. It is the study of morphemes and their arrangement in forming words. The present study attempts to identify and compare the morphological processes in English and Sanskrit. This study was based on qualitative methods and the selected documents of both languages were used as the research tools for this study. The results reveal that the English suffixes such as -age, -al,-ation,-ism, -ment, -ant, -ent, -er, and Sanskrit suffixes such as -ya/-eya, -man, -na, -an, -a, -ti -a, -ana, -ah, -ti, -tri, -aka, -man, are nominal derivational suffixes. The plural morpheme -s, and genitive morpheme -'s are English nominal inflectional morphemes whereas there are twenty-one inflectional suffixes (sup) (su, au, jas) in Sanskrit. Similarly, English verbal inflectional morphemes are -ed, -en, and -ing whereas there are eighteen verbal inflectional suffixes (tin) (tip, tas, jhi,) in Sanskrit. Furthermore, there are compound nouns (breakfast), verbs (fine tune), adjectives (open-ended), and adverbs (uprightly) in English. In contrast, there are only two special sub-class of exocentric compounds in Sanskrit, namely numerative (dvigu), and adverbials (avyayībhāva). As a comparative study, it can help identify the root knowledge of both languages as languages are related to each other.

Historical Continuity in the Morphological Marking of Subjectivity? Textual Perspectives on the Origin of English Adverbial "-ly" in Late Old and Early Middle English

In spite of the fact that the Present-Day English “adverbial signature” – the suffix ‑ly – is peculiar to English among the Germanic languages and that its emergence seems to conflict with general tendencies of language change in English – the loss of inflectional endings and the fact that English is otherwise happy to allow zero-derivation – neither the early history of ‑ly in Old and Middle English nor the exact date and reasons for its remarkable spread have been fully understood. Recently, the subjective semantics of adverbs in ‑ly have received considerable attention, in both synchronic and diachronic studies. This claim for a particular subjective (abstract or figurative) meaning of adverbs in ‑ly, however, rests almost exclusively one study, Donner’s lexicographical examination of MED material (1991). This chapter inspects the potential of comprehensive textual studies for the suggested subjective semantics in the early use of ‑ly, focussing on two late Old English translations of the Theodulfi Capitula and the early Middle English poem The Owl and the Nightingale, one of the earliest idiomatic and colloquial English texts.

Schwa realisation in verbal inflection in two dialogue registers of German spontaneous speech

Abstract Word-final schwa in German inflectional suffixes shows varying realisations in spontaneous speech – from full realisations with varying duration to no realisation. While previous research has identified numerous social, distributional, and grammatical factors influencing the variation of phonetic variables in general, it remains unclear how fine-grained functional differences in different registers specifically affect schwa realisation. In this corpus-based study, we compare schwa realisation in two dialogue registers of German spontaneous speech – free conversation and task-based dialogues – which differ only in their communicative goal and therefore have different functional requirements. We find that schwa is rarely realised, though slightly but significantly more often in free conversation than in task-based dialogue. Other factors also promoting schwa realisation across both situations are less frequent verbs and sequences, and IP-final position.

EFL Students' Challenges in Pronouncing Inflectional Suffixes: A Case Study of Socotri Students of English

This study aims to measure the proficiency level of Socotri EFL students in pronunciation of inflectional suffixes, /d/ and /s/. Quantitative data were collected through a test from a group of 24 English language students from the first and second levels at the College of Education, Humanities and Applied Sciences in Socotra. The results of the study showed that the students scored accepted in the pronunciation test with 61.92%. Results also showed that Socotri students suffer from difficulty in pronunciation, especially in the suffix /d/ more than /s/. The study also found differences in students' scoring in the tests in which male students scored (M=23.37) higher than female students (M=20.12) and second level (M=23.72) scored higher than first level (M=21.07), but they were not significant. The study recommends EFL teachers to focus on the practical aspect rather than the theoretical aspect while teaching pronunciation and speaking and listening skills. We also recommend choosing teachers who are fluent in English language teaching.

A popular text in eastern Turki: Isnad-i Nadi Ali

The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to the studies on Eastern Turki, as it is called in Western literature, which grew upon Chagatay under the improving influences of Kashgar and Yarkend dialects in the east at the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. This written language (Eastern Turki) has been used particularly in manuscripts created by common people. Thus, a manuscript with the title Isnad-i Nadi Ali in the genre of attribution of supplications that has not been discussed in any other papers has been analyzed descriptively in this article. The mentioned manuscript, which is the essential material of this article, is between folios 66a and 71b of the miscellaneous manuscript held in the Bodleian Library under the number MS. Ind. Inst. Pers. This article consists of an introduction and five sections. The introduction provides general information about Eastern Turki and the popular texts in this literary language. The depiction of the manuscript, phonetic (vowel harmonies and phonetic changes), and morphologic (derivational and inflectional suffixes and other morphemes) aspects have been scrutinized in the initial three sections. The fourth section comprises the transcription of the manuscript. This paper's fifth section contains the grammatical index of the vocabulary of the text.

English Inflectional Morpheme: Drill to Word Formation

It was found out that the students have difficulties in differentiating English inflectional morpheme, that is suffix /-es/ and /-s/, to indicate tense for verbs, and plurality for nouns. Other inflectional suffix to mention is /-ing/, /-ed/, /-d/, /-er/, and /-est/. The objective of this study is to improve students comprehension on inflectional affixation as one of word formation processes by implementing drill technique that is extended drill, or substitution drill. The drill was supported with practicing inductive and deductive approach. The drill and the approach were administered during two cycles of classroom action research. The participant of the research was 86 students taking the subject of Introduction to English Linguistics. This study found out that the students comprehension on inflectional affixation of word formation improved gradually from cycle 1 to cycle 2 because of the implementation of the substitution drill that alternately practicing inductive and deductive approach.

Дезидератив в ласкинском говоре нарымского диалекта селькупского языка

The paper discusses the phonetic and semantic features of the desiderative mood markers in the Laskino subdialect of the Narym dialect of the Selkup language. Consideration is also given to the cognates of the desiderative suffix -ndȥ(V)- as markers of imperfective and future tense that are not clearly separated in synchrony. The study reveals the distinction between the use of the derivational and inflectional suffix -ndȥ(V)-. The reason for this distinction is that imperfective verbs consistently indicate the imperfective aspect. However, the aspectual relationship of the verb in the future tense and desiderative mood depends on the aspect of the verb stem. Additionally, suffixes seem to retain partially the meaning of imperfectivity in inflection. Most examples in the Laskino subdialect have the suffix -ndȥ(V)- used to convey desire, with the indicator -l(e)- mainly expressing the future tense. The discussion also focuses on the distribution of the suffix -ndȥ(V)- as a marker of the imperfective/future tense/desiderative in the Southern and Central dialects. In Southern dialects, the suffix -ndȥ(V)- is primarily utilized to convey the future tense. In Central dialects, the suffix -ndȥ(V)- serves to express desire and indicate the peripheral future tense, while the suffix -l(e)- is the main marker of the future tense. The identification of the suffix -(e)ndȥ(V)- as an indicator of imperfectivity in the Southern and Central dialects (excluding the Sondrovo subdialects, where it was absent) demonstrated a relatively limited occurrence, suggesting its peripheral usage.

AN ANALYSIS OF MORPHOSYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH WRITING TEXT PRODUCED BY THE POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS AT UNISMUH MAKASSAR

This research aimed to find out the most frequent types of inflectional suffixes, derivational suffixes, noun phrases and verb phrases produced by the Postgraduate Students in writing argumentative text. This research used Descriptive Quantitative Research. The data were obtained by using writing test. The samples of this research were 16 Postgraduate Students of English Education Master Program in Academic Year 2023 selected by using Total Sampling Technique. The results of data analysis from 16 samples found that 1) The inflectional suffixes of plurality {-s} were 46,06%, 3rd person singular {s/es} were 8.33%, past tense/passive {-ed} were 14.58%, participle {-ing} were 17.59 %, possessive {-s} were 3,93%, and comparative/ superlative degrees {er/est} were 3.47%. 2) The derivational suffixes forming noun were 52.4%, forming verb were 3.2%, forming adjective were 23.92%, and forming adverb were 19.28%. 3) The constructions of simple noun phrases were 18.86%, rather complex noun phrases were 23.58 %, and very complex noun phrases were 56.83%. 4) The constructions of simple verb phrases were 82.5% and rather complex verb phrases were 16.87%. Thus, it can be concluded that the most frequent types of inflectional suffixes used by the students were plurality {-s}, the type of derivational suffixes was noun formation, the type of noun phrases was very complex noun phrases, and the type of verb phrases was simple verb phrases.

The development of heterosemous inflection and derivation

Abstract In Norwegian, the noun vis ‘manner’ is commonly used to head compounds. It is the historical source of several suffixes: derivational suffixes in adverbs and adjectives and an inflectional suffix on measure nouns. Thus, compounding has given rise to both derivation and inflection. These developments are analysed and compared with respect to how they affect the network of constructions, with a focus on differences between derivation and inflection. The main difference is that links of similarity and contrast have been centrally involved in the development of inflection, but not of derivation.

Hypocoristic palatalization in Basque and historical applications

This paper examines the processes of expressive palatalization in the Basque diminutive. Basque has two forms of the diminutive, a list of inflectional suffixes and a method of palatalization with specific phonological requirements. A speaker will first palatalize any coronal sibilants in the word. If there are none, then a dental obstruent that has a palatal counterpart is the next candidate. If there are again, none, then the last candidate is a dental coronal, but only the consonant on the leftmost edge. However, if there is a sibilant and a dental consonant, only the sibilants are palatalized. If there is a dental obstruent and a dental sonorant, only the obstruent is palatalized. To describe this process, I adopt an OT approach and an autosegmental approach to determine where the [+palatal] inflection morpheme can attach. Finally, I show the application of unworking the hypocoristic formation through internal reconstruction of Basque in animal names to produce two reconstructions.

Dopełniacz w nauczaniu dzieci z Ukrainy języka polskiego jako drugiego. Wnioski z analizy kontrastywnej języka polskiego, ukraińskiego oraz rosyjskiego

The similarities between the first language and the acquired second language are the cause of the interference. Inflectional errors committed by Ukrainians learning Polish include the adoption from Ukrainian or Russian of inflectional endings in the complement of the noun belonging to the multifunctional case. The article presents a contrastive analysis of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian on the example of the complement form of a hundred nouns. In this way, the differences between the three Slavic languages could be described, which in turn enables the selection of teaching material for Polish as a second language, which could cause the greatest difficulties for Ukrainian children. After all, when teaching Polish to children, it is important that the right language pattern is established from the beginning.

End-weight at its most dynamic

Abstract This contribution supports and extends the principle of end-weight, first formulated by Quirk et al. (1972) to describe the tendency of heavy constituents to appear late in a sentence. Developing this principle further, we argue that it favours the addition of (functionally non-neutral) morphological markers to sentence-final constituents, which are typically characterized by prosodic prominence. The markers we study are undergoing diachronic establishment or loss and are thus temporarily variable. They represent rather diverse categories in different West Germanic languages and varieties (English, Northern Low German, Frisian) and have been gathered from different periods. Examples include inflectional endings of nouns, adjectives, finite verbs and infinitives, pro-form uses of possessives and the adjective other, prepositional choices, the a-prefix and periphrastic doon ‘do’. We suggest that end-weight is scalar, with absolute sentence-final position producing the strongest effects.

Morphological Process Through Inflectional Suffixation in English and Muna Language: A Contrastive Study

The influence of regional grammar systems in learning English as a foreign language makes it difficult for students to use English. This study aims to find similarities and differences in the grammatical systems of English and Muna languages at the morphological level. Morphologically, English is a flexion type, while Muna is an incorporation type. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a contrastive study method. The data used are complex words containing inflectional suffixes in English and Muna languages. Research data in English were taken from library sources in the form of textbooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, and literary works in the form of short stories. The data in the Muna language were taken from field research in the Muna area by applying the techniques of skill engagement, note-taking, elicitation and introspection. The technique of data analysis uses ICA (immediate constituent analysis). The results show that Muna inflectional suffixes are more varied than English inflectional suffixes. It is due to the morphological type of Muna as an agglutinative language, while English is a flexion language.

Are some morphological units more prone to spelling variation than others? A case study using spontaneous handwritten data

The relation between morphology and spelling is an important source of evidence for theories of linguistic processing. In particular, spelling errors can help us assess the role of morphological structure in language users’ mental representations of words in authentic texts. Previous research suggests that some morphological units are more prone to spelling errors than others, partly depending on the degree to which they are perceived as separate units. In this paper, we want to test this hypothesis by exploring graphemic variation in a collection of 1,667 German school-exit exams. Specifically, we code the spelling errors for their morphological structure. We can show that inflectional suffixes show a much higher probability of final letter omissions compared to final stems or derivational suffixes. We also find tentative evidence that case markers are more often affected by omissions than number markers.

THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF –LYADVERBS AND –LY ADJECTIVES

This paper is an attempt to demonstrate the syntactic behavior of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives. It mainly deals with -ly as an inflectional suffix that forms adverbs and adjectives It is hypothesized that there are differences between adjective-forming –ly and adverb-forming –ly.The researcher first made general and specific observations about the morphological processes of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives. Since the study focuses on a linguistic phenomenon, its data is a set of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives used as examples to support the hypothesis. The importance of studying the syntactic behavior of -ly stems from the fact that thousands of English adjectives and adverbs are created by adding the suffix "-ly" to their roots. Despite the fact that both adjective-forming –ly and adverb-forming –ly bring about new words and they occur at the end of the word’s root, there are still striking differences related to the occurrence and morphological derivation.
 In conclusion, adjectives and adverbs that are made by adding adjective- and adverb-forming –ly to bases called "nouns or adjectives" are plentiful in English. Words known as de-nominal adjectives, de-adjectival adverbs, and de-adjectival adjectives are the products of this morphological process.

Interfaces between Inflectional and Derivational Morphology in Romanian

. In this paper I present a few cases from Romanian where the distinction between inflectional and derivational morphology is not clear-cut or where an affix crosses from one category to the other: a derivational suffix which becomes a plural/inflectional desinence marker in section 1., the use of a plural desinence with derivational value in section 2., the use of the definite article (inflectional suffix) as a derivational affix in section 3., and the analysis of an affix as either derivational, inflectional or both in section 4. The examples provided are from standard and regional contemporary Romanian, with a few diachronic observations.

The inflection of Latin masculine proper names inThe Old English Martyrology

AbstractThis paper focuses on the inflectional morphology of Latin masculine proper names in Old English. Most common Latin loans are perfectly integrated into the Old English system. Latin proper names, however, like late scholarly loans, show both Latin and Old English inflectional endings in an apparently chaotic distribution. By analysing a selection of 833 tokens fromThe Old English Martyrology, this paper shows that despite variation, a clear pattern resulting from a combination of the Latin and Old English systems can be detected. While the inflectional endings of one language dominate in some cases, e.g. Latin in the nominative and Old English in the dative, other inflections, e.g. the genitive thematic vowel + ‑s,result from a combination of both languages based on phonetic or spelling similarities. The result is a mixed paradigm predominantly modelled after Old Englisha-stem nouns.

Handwriting processes when spelling morphologically complex words in children with and without Developmental Language Disorder.

Representations activated during handwriting production code information on morphological structure and reflect decomposition of the root and suffix. Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have significant difficulties in spelling morphologically complex words, but previous research has not sought evidence for a morphological decomposition effect via an examination of handwriting processes in this population. Thirty-three children aged 9-10 years with DLD, 33 children matched for chronological age (CA), and 33 younger children aged 7-8 years matched for oral language ability (LA) completed a dictated spelling task (21 words; 12 with inflectional suffixes, nine with derivational suffixes). The task was completed on paper with an inking pen linked to a graphics tablet running the handwriting software Eye and Pen. Pause analyses and letter duration analyses were conducted. The three groups showed similar handwriting processes, evidencing a morphological decomposition effect in a natural writing task. Pause durations observed at the root/suffix boundary were significantly longer than those occurring in the root. Letter durations were also significantly longer for the letter immediately prior to the boundary compared to the letter after it. Nevertheless, despite being commensurate to their LA matches for mean pause durations and letter durations, children with DLD were significantly poorer at spelling derivational morphemes. Handwriting processes did significantly predict spelling accuracy but to a much lesser extent compared to reading ability. It is suggested that derivational spelling difficulties in DLD may derive more from problems with underspecified orthographic representations as opposed to handwriting processing differences.