Inflammatory Cytokine Profile Research Articles

The Effects of a Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract on Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity and Inflammatory Mediators in the Lungs of Heavy Active and Former Smokers

Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSE) is widely used to promote cardiovascular health and has purported anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation in the lungs caused by environmental toxins such as tobacco smoking plays a pivotal role in lung cancer development. In a modified phase I lung cancer chemoprevention study conducted in heavy active and former smokers using leucoselect phytosome (LP), a standardized grape seed procyanidin extract complexed with soy phospholipids to enhance bioavailability, three months of LP treatment favorably modulated a variety of surrogate endpoint biomarkers, including markers of cell proliferation. In this correlative study, we further analyzed the effects of LP on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activities by comparing the endogenous conversions of cortisol and cortisone to 6-beta-hydroxycortisol and 6-beta-hydroxycortisone, respectively, before and after LP treatment and the anti-inflammatory effects of LP in the lung microenvironment of these participants by comparing a profile of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in matched pre- and post-treatment bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. LP treatment did not significantly alter CYP3A4 activity, and three months of LP treatment significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF), C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 (CCL3) and granzyme B in BAL fluids. Furthermore, post-LP-treatment BAL fluids significantly reduced migration/invasion of various human lung neoplastic cells in vitro. Our findings support the anti-inflammatory effects of GSE/LP in the lung microenvironment and its potential utility for reducing cancerizing forces, as well as driving forces for other common respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, in the lungs of heavy former and active smokers.

Profile of Inflammatory Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma in Patients With Grade C Periodontitis During Orthodontic Treatment: A Longitudinal Case Series Report.

To examine the immune responses in patients diagnosed as grade C periodontitis during orthodontic treatment. Our study included seven orthodontic patients with grade C periodontitis and measured their levels of inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma before orthodontic treatment, during the alignment and levelling phase, and during the detailing and finishing phase. The key signal pathways in the orthodontic process of patients with periodontitis were detected by KEGG analysis. Studies have shown that orthodontic treatment brings great improvement to patients with grade C periodontitis, and most of the local/systemic inflammatory cytokines can be reduced after orthodontic treatment. Simultaneously, orthodontic treatment can reduce the percentage of IFN-γ+ Th1 cells in patients with grade C periodontitis. Through KEGG analysis, the IL-17 signalling pathway and TNF signalling pathway are closely interrelated in the orthodontic treatment of patients diagnosed with grade C periodontitis (p-value < 0.001). Orthodontic treatment can effectively control the local and system levels of inflammation in patients with grade C periodontitis, with IL-17A and TNF-α as potential distinctive inflammatory markers for orthodontic-periodontal combined treatment in individuals with periodontitis.

Osteopontin neutralization increases vitamin D receptors on NKT cells and ameliorates liver fibrosis by promoting their activity.

Vitamin D has an immunomodulatory property influencing the activity of NKT cells. We aimed to study the impact of osteopontin (OPN), a key driver of fibrosis, on NKT cells' vitamin D receptor (VDR) and activity alterations. Liver fibrosis was induced in BALB/C mice with carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) for 8weeks with either vitamin D [100ng/kg] or InVivoMAb anti-mouse OPN [100μg/kg] 2X/week started at week-4 of CCl4. The liver injury profile of serum ALT, AST, and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Histopathological findings were assessed via H&E staining and Sirius-Red staining. Fibrotic genes of αSMA, CREBP, and collagen III were assessed using RT-PCR. Fast blood sugar, insulin, liver cholesterol, and triglyceride were evaluated. Liver tissue-resident (tr)-NKT cells were obtained for VDR expressions, molecular pathways of p-STAT1 and P-STAT-5, and activation markers of CD107a and NKp46 using flow cytometry. Following vitamin D treatment, H&E staining revealed reduced microvascular and macrovascular steatosis, while Sirius-Red staining showed less fibrosis accumulation in liver fibrosis mice than in untreated counterparts. Results were associated with a significant decrease in serum cytokines of IL-β/IL-6/IL-4/OPN/TNF-α and serum AST and ALT by 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively. Fibrotic markers showed an average 1.3-fold decrease in αSMA, CREB, and Col-III in liver fibrosis mice following vitamin D treatment. Quantitated liver cholesterol and triglycerides, serum insulin, and fasting blood sugar ameliorated their levels following vitamin D treatment in liver fibrosis mice. OPN-neutralizing antibody over-expressed VDR on trNKT cells and increased CD107a and NKp46 activities of 3.1 and 3.5 folds, respectively, associated with increasing in p-STAT1 and p-STAT5 phosphorylation. These results were accompanied with a decrease in hepatic-stellate-cell activation markers of αSMA, Col-III, and desmin. VDR expressions affect trNKT cells activity and could modulate progressions of liver fibrosis. Using an OPN-neutralizing antibody exhibited an antifibrotic effect by alleviating the liver injury profile through NKT cells. It is also suggested as an immunomodulatory target of liver fibrosis.

Exploring the landscape of symptom-specific inflammatory cytokines in post-COVID syndrome patients

IntroductionPost-COVID syndrome (PCS) is characterized by a polymorphism of symptoms with hypothetical pathophysiological mechanisms. Here, we aimed to analyze the profile of inflammatory cytokines in patients with PCS and to study the relationship between this profile, the clinical symptoms as well as the endothelial function in PCS.MethodsOur analytical study involved all eligible patients (n = 66) with PCS included from April 2021 to December 2021. The serum concentration of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-27, IP-10, MCP-1 and TNF-α was quantified by flow cytometry. Endothelial function was explored by assessing microvascular flow and reactivity using thermal probes. A comparative study was carried out according to the presence of each PCS symptom.ResultsThe average age of our patients was 55.9 ± 16.2 years. The sex ratio was 0.69. Forty-one patients (62%) presented with a severe form of acute infection. The most frequently reported symptoms were dyspnea (67%), fatigue (50%), and memory problems (32%). Fifty-seven patients (86%) had endothelial dysfunction. The majority of patients had increased levels of IP-10 (100%), IL-8 (95%), IFN-γ (95%), MCP-1 (80%), and TNF-α (70%). The serum concentration of IL-10 was below the threshold of quantification in 89% of subjects. The severe form of acute infection was associated with elevated IL-10, MCP-1, and IL-27. Increased IL-6 and IL-27 levels were associated with fatigue while IL-8 concentrations were higher in patients who reported dyspnea. Elevation of IL-8 level was more common in patients with profound impairment of endothelial function.ConclusionOur results further support the presence of endothelial dysfunction in PCS and show an elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines with a downmodulation of the IL-10- anti-inflammatory response. In addition, immuno-clinical phenotypes emerge, such as an inflammatory profile mediated by IL-6 and IL-27 in fatigue and IL-8 in dyspnea. The identification of immuno-clinical phenotypes would allow a better understanding of the pathophysiology of PCS symptoms.

The sedoheptulose kinase CARKL controls T cell cytokine outputs and migration by promoting metabolic reprogramming

Abstract Background Immunometabolism is a crucial determinant of immune cell function, influencing cellular activation and differentiation through metabolic pathways. The intricate interplay between metabolism and immune responses is highlighted by the distinct metabolic programs utilized by immune cells to support their functions. Of particular interest is the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a key metabolic pathway branching out of glycolysis that plays a pivotal role in generating NADPH and pentose sugars crucial for antioxidant defense and biosynthesis. The sedoheptulose kinase Carbohydrate Kinase-like protein (CARKL), an enzyme involved in the PPP, emerges as a critical regulator of cell metabolism and was previously shown to play a role in macrophage function. Methods This study delves into the impact of CARKL expression on T cell functionality, revealing dynamic alterations in response to cellular activation. Notably, CARKL overexpression leads to significant metabolic shifts in T cells, affecting mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, and inflammatory cytokine profiles. Furthermore, CARKL modulation influences T cell motility by regulating chemokine receptor expression, particularly compromising CXCR3 expression and impairing T cell migration in response to specific chemokine signals. Conclusions These findings underscore the multifaceted role of CARKL as a metabolic regulator shaping T cell responses. Overall, our data reveal the complex regulatory mechanisms orchestrated by CARKL in T cell function, with implications for immune regulation. Further exploration of the molecular interactions between CARKL and metabolic reprogramming in T cells could provide valuable insights into immune regulation and potential therapeutic strategies.

Effects of Nigella sativa on disease activity, T lymphocytes and inflammatory cytokine profiles in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: A randomized controlled trial

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with diverse manifestations, requiring long-term treatment that can have side effects, particularly in pediatric patients. Nigella sativa (NS) has shown potential for improving SLE symptoms due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of N. sativa oil (NSO) on disease activity, T lymphocyte activity and inflammatory cytokine profiles in pediatric SLE patients. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted at Saiful Anwar Hospital in Malang, Indonesia, from January 2022 to January 2023. Pediatric patients with SLE were randomly assigned to receive either one gram of NSO or a placebo containing starch in capsule form as adjunct therapy alongside their SLE primary treatment. Blood samples were collected before treatment and after eight weeks of daily capsules. Disease activity was assessed using the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K); flow cytometry was used to identify T helper lymphocytes, and serum cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. The statistical analysis tests were performed to compare the outcomes between groups at baseline or after the treatment, and within-group comparisons before and after the study period, as appropriate. A total of 32 patients were included in the study. A significant decrease in the SLEDAI-2K score was observed at post-treatment in both the NSO and placebo groups (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.025, respectively). The percentage of T helper 17 (Th17) cells was significantly reduced in both the NSO and placebo groups post-treatment compared to pre-treatment (p=0.026 and p=0.034, respectively). Conversely, the post-treatment percentage of regulatory T (Treg) cells increased significantly in both groups. A significant reduction in interleukin (IL)-2 levels was observed in the NSO and placebo groups at post-treatment compared to pre-treatment (p=0.006 and p=0.046, respectively). Additionally, there were increases in IL-4 and IL-6 serum levels in both groups at post-treatment compared to pre-treatment (p&lt;0.05). This study highlights that although disease activity was not significantly different between NSO and placebo groups, NSO could affect the inflammatory cytokine profiles in pediatric SLE patients.

The influence of a human macronutrient-matched diet on phenotypes in old mice.

Preclinical rodent models are essential research tools for improving understanding of physiological aging processes in humans. However, the translatability of findings obtained leveraging rodent models to humans is limited, likely due in part to differences in macronutrient composition of the diets. Here, we investigated the impact of a 3-month diet intervention in old male C57BL/6JN mice in which the macronutrient composition was aligned with that of a midlife/older adult in the United States, compared to a traditional rodent diet, and assessed various phenotypes that are typically altered with aging. Following the diet period, mice fed the human macronutrient-matched diet had greater quadricep and subcutaneous adipose and visceral adipose tissue masses compared to animals fed a traditional mouse diet. Frailty, assessed using a clinical frailty index, was lower, while grip strength was higher in mice fed the human-matched diet. Circulating metabolite and inflammatory cytokine profiles were altered in mice fed the human-matched diet. Notably, mortality rate (assessed in animals who died or were euthanized per veterinary recommendation before the pre-determined end of study euthanasia), tended to be lower in mice fed the human-matched diet. The present study underscores the importance of diet in rodent studies of aging, as differences in macronutrient composition can affect various physiological processes in old mice that are relevant to aging research.

Association of the humoral immune response with the inflammatory profile in Plasmodium vivax infections in pregnant women.

Plasmodium vivax infection, when it occurs during pregnancy, has often been associated with serious adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, immunological alterations in pregnancy and their consequences have been little explored. We characterized the humoral immune response in pregnant women exposed to malaria by P. vivax antigens and its association with the maternal inflammatory profile and poor pregnancy outcomes. An observational cohort study in the Brazilian Amazon was conducted between 2013 and 2015. After applying exclusion criteria, 242 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis. Data on maternal infection, gestational outcomes, and inflammatory factors were evaluated in the maternal peripheral plasma. In samples from the first infection, the presence of total IgG and its subclasses in plasma against PvMSP119 protein were also quantified. Previous exposure to malaria, observed by anti-total IgG antibodies to the PvMSP119 antigen, increased the inflammatory response to infection when the pregnant woman had malaria during pregnancy. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were positively correlated with parasitemia and with total IgG levels; but they were negatively correlated with the gestational age at delivery from Pv-infected woman. In multivariate linear regression analyses, IgG 1, 2 and 4 was negatively and positively associated with cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, respectively, in P. vivax-infection. An association between the humoral immune response and the peripheral inflammatory cytokine profile with the adverse outcomes in malaria in pregnancy by P. vivax was observed. Previous exposure to the parasite can influence the IL-6 and IL-10 response, which is associated with increased parasitemia, reduced maternal weight gain and premature delivery.

Sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination in end-stage renal disease patients

Abstract Background End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have muted memory B cell formation and reduced humoral responses to COVID-19 vaccination; however, early innate immune responses have yet to be characterized. Sex-stratification is also limited in COVID-19 vaccination research. Methods We collected blood before (BD1) and 1-4 days post-dose 1 (PD1) of BNT162b2 vaccination for RNA-sequencing in ESRD patients (n = 35 BD1; 18 PD1) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 31 BD1; 30 PD1). Additionally, 20 plasma cytokines were quantified in ESRD patients (n = 39 BD1, 35 PD1) and HC (34 BD1, 15 PD1). Results Transcriptional profiling of vaccine responses identified 125 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEG) (padj&amp;lt;0.04) in ESRD patients and 107 DEGs (padj&amp;lt;0.05) in HC. 71 DEGs were shared, 54 unique to ESRD, and 36 unique to HC. DEG, pathway analyses, and cytokine responses in the combined dataset showed ESRD patients were more inflamed than HC at baseline, with an elevated inflammatory cytokine profile compared to HC. These results were driven by female ESRD patients where IL-2, IL-10, and IP-10 were more significant in females (p &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to males (p &amp;lt; 0.01). While IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-13, eotaxin, were exclusively associated in females (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Healthy females also had a stronger immunological response to vaccination compared to healthy males. Conclusions Despite baseline inflammation, ESRD patients were able to mount similar early immune responses to vaccination as HC, with females in both populations more reactogenic than males. Sex-stratification is recommended for ongoing immunological research to better understand unique responses to COVID-19 vaccination. Key messages • End-stage renal disease patients have similar early innate immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination as healthy controls. • Sex-stratification is important to identify unique immunological responses that may be leveraged for sex-specific vaccination strategies.

Contemporaneous Inflammatory, Angiogenic, Fibrogenic, and Angiostatic Cytokine Profiles of the Time-to-Tumor Development by Cancer Cells to Orchestrate Tumor Neovascularization, Progression, and Metastasis.

Cytokines can promote various cancer processes, such as angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and tumor progression, and maintain cancer stem-cell-like (CSCs) cells. The mechanism(s) that continuously promote(s) tumors to progress in the TME still need(s) to be investigated. The data in the present study analyzed the inflammatory, angiogenic, fibrogenic, and angiostatic cytokine profiles in the host serum during tumor development in a mouse model of human pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic MiaPaCa-2-eGFP cancer cells were subcutaneously implanted in RAG2xCγ double mutant mice. Blood samples were collected before cancer cell implantation and every week until the end point of the study. The extracted serum from the blood of each mouse at different time points during tumor development was analyzed using a Bio-Plex microarray analysis and a Bio-Plex 200 system for proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and angiogenic and fibrogenic (IL-15, IL-18, basic FGF, LIF, M-CSF, MIG, MIP-2, PDGF-BB, and VEGF) cytokines. Here, we find that during cancer cell colonization for tumor development, host angiogenic, fibrogenic, and proinflammatory cytokine profiling in the tumor-bearing mice has been shown to significantly reduce host angiostatic and proinflammatory cytokines that restrain tumor development and increase those for tumor growth. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-15, IL-18, and IL-1β profiles reveal a significant host serum increase after day 35 when the tumor began to progress in growth. In contrast, the angiostatic cytokine profiles of TNFα, MIG, M-CSF, IL-10, and IFNγ in the host serum revealed a dramatic and significant decrease after day 5 post-implantation of cancer cells. OP treatment of tumor-bearing mice on day 35 maintained high levels of angiostatic and fibrogenic cytokines. The data suggest an entirely new regulation by cancer cells for tumor development. The findings identify for the first time how pancreatic cancer cells use host cytokine profiling to orchestrate the initiation of tumor development.

Inflammatory cytokine responses in pediatric tuberculosis with or without SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity

To characterize the inflammatory cytokine profiles in children with TB in the presence and absence of SARS-CoV2 seropositivity. This study evaluated cytokine responses in two groups of children with TB: CoV2+ (TB and SARS-CoV2 seropositive) and CoV2- (TB and SARS-CoV2 seronegative). Each group had 30 children, and cytokine levels were measured at baseline, months 3and 6. At baseline, CoV2+ children exhibited significantly elevated levels of cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, TNFα, IL-1α, and IL-6, and reduced levels of IL-1β and IL-18, compared to CoV2- children. No significant differences in cytokine levels between the groups were observed at months 3 and 6. Additionally, a general decline in cytokine levels was noted over the course of treatment in both groups. A positive correlation was found between most cytokines and SARS-CoV2 IgG spike protein levels at baseline and at month 3 in the CoV2+ group. This study is one of the first studies to characterize the systemic inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV2 seropositive and seronegative children with TB from a TB endemic country. The findings enhance our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of TB and SARS-CoV2 seropositivity in children and may inform future therapeutic strategies.

TNFα and IL-8 vitreous concentrations variations with two antidiabetic therapies in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: an observational study

BackgroundAntidiabetic therapies are effective, but could indirectly modify the inflammatory response in the ocular microenvironment; therefore, a study was developed to evaluate the inflammatory cytokine profile in the vitreous humor of diabetic patients with retinopathy under treatment with antidiabetic drugs.MethodsObservational, comparative, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were evaluated in the vitreous humor obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and concomitant retinal detachment or vitreous hemorrhage, and who were already on antidiabetic treatment with insulin or metformin + glibenclamide. The quantification analysis of each cytokine was performed by the cytometric bead array (CBA) technique; medians and interquartile ranges were obtained, and the results were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test, where a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThirty-eight samples; quantification of TNFα concentrations was higher in the group of patients administered insulin, while interleukin-8 was lower; in the metformin + glibenclamide combination therapy group, it occurred inversely. In the stratified analysis, the highest concentrations of interleukin-8 and TNFα occurred in patients with vitreous hemorrhage; however, the only statistical difference existed in patients with retinal detachment, whose TNFα concentration in the combined therapy group was the lowest value found (53.50 (33.03–86.66), p = 0.03). Interleukins 1β, 6, and 10 were not detected.ConclusionInterleukin-8 and TNFα concentrations are opposite between treatment groups; this change is more accentuated in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and vitreous hemorrhage, where the highest concentrations of both cytokines are found, although only TNFα have statistical difference.

Novel Small Molecules with Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Activity in a Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has a dual-phase disease pathology; in phase 1, hyperoxia-induced vaso-obliteration occurs in the retinal vasculature due to increased oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation, followed by phase 2, where hypoxia increases the overproduction of growth factors, inducing retinal neovascularization. Toll-like receptor 2 and -4 (TLR2 and TLR4) overactivation, hyper-inflammation, macrophages, and neutrophil infiltration contribute to the developing ROP. AVR-121 and AVR-123 are novel classes of small-molecule dual inhibitors of TLR2/4 tested in a human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1) and cord-blood-derived mononuclear cells (CBMCs). Both compounds inhibited TLR2/4 signaling-related inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells and inhibited VEGF-induced neovascularization in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), which are hallmarks of ROP. In an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) murine model, the intraperitoneal injection of AVR-123 in the hyperoxia phase (P7-P12) or a nanosuspension eyedrop of AVR-123 in the hypoxic phase (P12-P17) significantly reduced vaso-obliteration, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cytokine profiles while not inhibiting the necessary growth factor VEGF in the juvenile mouse eyes. The results are consistent with our hypothesis that targeting the dual TLR2/4 pathway will reduce inflammation, angiogenesis, and vaso-obliteration in vitro and in vivo and reduce cytotoxic immune cells. AVR-123 has the potential to be developed as a therapy for ROP.

Better clinical outcomes and lower triggering of inflammatory cytokines for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients treated in home care versus hospital isolation - the Karolinska experience.

After allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (Allo-HCT) and conditioning, patients are typically placed in isolated hospital rooms to prevent neutropenic infections. Since 1998, we've offered an alternative: home care for patients living within a one to two-hour drive of the hospital. In Sweden this approach includes daily visits by an experienced nurse and daily phone consultations with a unit physician. When necessary, patients receive transfusions, intravenous antibiotics, and total parenteral nutrition at home. Our initial study report compared 36 home care patients with 54 hospital-treated controls. Multivariate analysis found that home care patients were discharged earlier to outpatient clinics, required fewer days of total parenteral nutrition, had less acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grade II-IV, and lower transplantation-related mortality (TRM) and lower costs. Long-term follow-up showed similar chronic GVHD and relapse rates in both groups, with improved survival rates in the home care group. A subsequent comparison of 146 home care patients with hospital-treated controls indicated that home care and longer home stays were associated with lower grades of acute GVHD. Home care was found to be safe and beneficial for children and adolescents. Over two decades, 252 patients received home care post-Allo-HCT without any fatalities at-home. Ten-year outcomes showed a 14% TRM and a 59% survival rate. In 2020, an independent center confirmed the reduced risk of acute GVHD grades II-IV for patients treated in home care. Here, we report for the first time that home care patients also demonstrate a less inflammatory systemic cytokine profile. We found higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5, IL-13, GM-CSF, and G-CSF, but lower VEGF in hospital-treated patients, which may contribute to acute GVHD grades II-IV. In conclusion, home-based treatment following Allo-HCT yields multiple promising clinical outcomes and improved systemic inflammatory markers, which may contribute to less development of life-threatening GVHD.

Biogenic Fabrication of CuO Nanoparticles by &lt;i&gt;Oxalis corniculata&lt;/i&gt; L. to Evaluate Antibacterial and Hypoglycemic Activity on Diabetic Mice

Plant-based synthesis techniques of nanoparticles are interested because of their cheap production cost, non-toxic nature and eco-friendliness. Metal oxide nanomaterials combined with plant metabolites have synergistic effects on antibacterial and antidiabetic potential. Biogenic fabricated nanoparticles of copper oxide has been accomplished with Oxalis corniculata L. leaf extract. For the characterization of nanomaterial XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR Spectroscopy were used. The size and morphology of the NPs were measured using FESEM and HRTEM. The antibacterial potential of synthesized CuO NP has been studied upon Gram (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (-ve) Escherichia coli bacteria. Ameliorative action of CuO NPs was tested against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Swiss albino mice. Synthesized CuO NPs were well crystalline and 20-36 nm sized spherical particles. A strong peak at A298 using UV-Vis was verified the synthesis of CuO NP. Synthesized nanomaterial exhibits satisfactory antibacterial efficacy on both bacterial strains. Data from biochemical, inflammatory and non-inflammatory cytokine profiles of the mice justify its ameliorative action and mode of anti-diabetic activity on Swiss albino mice.

Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Alter Training-Related Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Arabian Racing Horses.

This study aimed to evaluate the oral supplementation of astaxanthin (ATX) on inflammatory markers in 3-year-old Arabian racehorses. Despite the recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ATX observed in vitro in rodent models and in human athletes, the effects in equine subjects remain unknown. This study involved a controlled trial with 14 horses receiving either ATX (six horses) or a placebo (eight horses), monitored over four months of race training. Inflammatory cytokines: TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10, and prostaglandin E (PGE), were measured monthly to assess the impact of ATX on the inflammatory response. The results indicated no significant differences in measured parameters between the ATX and the control group during the study. However, a significant time-dependent decrease in TNFα and IFNγ levels (p = 0.001) was observed in both groups, suggesting that regular training naturally modulates inflammatory responses. Moreover, positive correlations were noted between TNFα and IFNγ (p < 0.001) in the early phase of the study and between IL-6 and IL-10 (p = 0.008) in the later phase. Hematological parameters remained stable and within reference ranges, indicating no adverse effects of ATX supplementation. Performance metrics, including the number of races completed and wins, showed no significant differences between groups, suggesting that ATX did not enhance athletic performance under the study conditions. Overall, while ATX supplementation affected neither cytokine levels nor performance in Arabian racehorses, the natural anti-inflammatory effects of regular training were evident. Further research is needed to explore potential benefits of ATX supplementation under different conditions, such as in horses with subclinical inflammation or varying training regimens, to fully clarify its role and applications in equine sports medicine.

Macrophage activation and inflammatory priming by anti-MAA antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis

We studied the effects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) autoantibodies that target malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde protein adducts (anti-MAA) on inflammation and macrophage functions. We detected a profound reprogramming of gene expressions and the production of chemokines, such as CCL22 and CCL24, in anti-MAA exposed macrophages. Moreover, anti-MAA pretreatment promoted a more inflammatory cytokine profile upon TLR activation. Although anti-MAA are typically multi-reactive, we observed a prominent clonal diversity in inducing macrophage activation. Anti-MAA antibodies were not arthritogenic in mice, but altered a set of cytokine and growth factor encoding genes in the joints. In individuals at risk of RA anti-MAA IgG levels correlated with circulating inflammatory mediators prior to and at arthritis onset. Certain IgG anti-MAA clones may thus contribute to an inflammatory priming of the joint prior to the onset of systemic inflammation via inducing FcγR-mediated macrophage pre-activation and setting the stage for augmented responses to subsequent inflammatory stimuli.

Altered gene expression of miR-155 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Multiple sclerosis patients: Correlation with TH17 frequency, inflammatory cytokine profile and autoimmunity

In the chronic, organ-specific autoimmune disorder known as multiple sclerosis (MS), the myelin sheath is attacked by immune cells, leading to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). It has been discovered that miRNAs are important in the etiology of MS, since deregulation of miRNAs can lead to defects in immune tolerance. In this study, we sought to investigate the involvement of miR-155 in MS disorder through examination of its altered expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with MS in compare with healthy controls. Furthermore, we investigated the frequency of T helper 17 cells (Th17) in MS patients and analyzed not only the expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-17 and IL-21 in patients’ PBMCs, but also their secreted levels in serum of patients suffering from MS. Subsequently, we assessed the correlation between miR-155 expression with Th17 frequency and levels of released cytokines in serum. Upregulated expression of miR-155 was detected in PBMCs of MS patients and the positive correlation between its expression with increased frequency of Th17 cells and their related inflammatory cytokine profile augmented secretion in serum were identified. In conclusion, our study revealed the significant association between Th17 frequency, increased level of cytokines related to Th17 differentiation and function with miR-155 augmented expression in PBMCs. So, our findings suggested that miR-155 and especially its expression in immune cells including effector T cells can be the target of future therapeutic strategies for the management and prevention of MS progression, however, further research is requisite before this approach can be utilized in clinical practice.

Dynamic Human Gut Microbiome and Immune Shifts During an Immersive Psychosocial Therapeutic Program.

Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide yet its underlying factors, particularly microbial associations, are poorly understood. We examined the longitudinal interplay between the microbiome and immune system in the context of depression during an immersive psychosocial intervention. 142 multi-omics samples were collected from 52 well-characterized participants before, during, and three months after a nine-day inquiry-based stress reduction program. We found that depression was associated with both an increased presence of putatively pathogenic bacteria and reduced microbial beta-diversity. Following the intervention, we observed reductions in neuroinflammatory cytokines and improvements in several mental health indicators. Interestingly, participants with a Prevotella-dominant microbiome showed milder symptoms when depressed, along with a more resilient microbiome and more favorable inflammatory cytokine profile, including reduced levels of CXCL-1. Our findings reveal a protective link between the Prevotella-dominant microbiome and depression, associated with a less inflammatory environment and moderated symptoms. These insights, coupled with observed improvements in neuroinflammatory markers and mental health from the intervention, highlight potential avenues for microbiome-targeted therapies in depression management.

Systemic inflammatory cytokine profiles in patients with gout during flare, intercritical and treat-to-target phases: TNFSF14 as new biomarker

IntroductionUntreated gout is characterised by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal accumulation responsible for recurrent flares that are commonly separated by asymptomatic phases. Both phases are inflammatory conditions of variable intensity. Gout...