Infiltration Ponds Research Articles

Tire and road wear particles in infiltration pond sediments: Occurrence, spatial distribution, size fractionation and correlation with metals

Stormwater systems, such as infiltration ponds or basins, play a critical role in managing runoff water and reducing particulate pollution loads in downstream environments through decantation. Road runoff carries several pollutants, including trace metals and tire and road wear particles (TRWP). To improve our understanding of infiltration ponds as regards TRWP and their capacity to reduce TRWP loads, we have studied the occurrence, spatial distribution and size distribution of TRWP, as well as their relationship with metals, in considering the input of metals as tire additives, in the sediments of an infiltration pond located along the Nantes urban ring road (Western France), which happens to be a high-traffic roadway site. The sediment was analyzed using pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine the polymeric content of tires, specifically in quantifying the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR) pyrolytic markers. By applying an SBR + BR-to-TRWP conversion factor, the results showed significant TRWP contamination, up to 65 mg/g, with a spatial enrichment from the entrance to the overflow section of the pond. Size fractionation revealed a bimodal distribution, indicating two distinct types of TRWP. The first type is characterized by small diameters (63–160 μm), suggesting the presence of TRWP less integrated with mineral and organic particles. The second type, characterized by larger diameters (200–500 μm), suggests a more pronounced integration with these same mineral and organic particles. A significant positive correlation between TRWP and metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Mo, Ni, Sb, V, Zn) was found (r > 0.739, p < 0.05). This correlation implies that TRWP and/or their associated phases may act as an indicator of metal contamination in the pond sediments. Lastly, a mass balance between TRWP inputs and the amount retained in the sediments underscores the role of infiltration ponds as “sinks” for TRWP.

Detection and mitigation of soil salinization risk from saline/brackish water aquaculture in coastal areas: an application of remote sensing and managed aquifer recharge

This study focuses on detecting and mitigating soil salinization in four coastal areas of the Mekong Delta (Vietnam). Salinity patterns in the soils of the Mekong River Delta are not random but linked to land use practices and distance to the sea. We examine two quick yet reliable remote sensing-based techniques to detect the coastal aquaculture area and separate it from the inland freshwater farmland. These techniques can eventually be used to identify locations with an elevated risk of salinization in other coastal regions. Finally, we investigate a salinization mitigation solution based on creating a managed aquifer recharge system along the buffer zone that separates the coastal aquaculture area from the inland freshwater agriculture area. The implementation of an infiltration pond system is technically feasible in the Mekong Delta provided that hydrogeological characteristics, the fresh-saline interface position, and freshwater demands are considered. The transitional zone between freshwater agriculture and brackish water aquaculture in Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh and Ben Tre provinces is optimal for implementing an aquifer recharge/freshwater barrier scheme.

Identifying managed aquifer recharge and rain water harvesting sites and structures for storing non-conventional water using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis approach

In arid climates, conventional water resources are severely limited and stressed in the face of rapid population growth and future climate change. So, it is necessary to find alternative non-conventional water resources for use in drought situations. Additionally, the non-conventional water resources in these areas are not sufficient to meet future water demand. Therefore, non-conventional water resources can be adopted as a strategic reserve to bridge the gap between water supply and demand in case of emergency and drought events. These resources might include rainwater harvesting, treated wastewater, and desalinated seawater. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be applied to store these resources in the hydrogeological system using Geo information System—Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) approach for determining the suitable MAR location for storage. North-west Kingdom of Saudi Arabia area was chosen for this study because it is extremely arid, has high potential for social and economic development, and it has newly constructed non-conventional water infrastructures distributed throughout the area including water desalination plants, Tertiary Sewage Effluent (TSE) waste water plants, and flash-flood storage dams. To identify the suitable MAR site location and structure, different data related to aquifer hydrogeology, surface hydrology, hydrometeorology, and water quality were applied. Then, GIS-MCDA holistic approach was applied with aid of ordered weighting average (OWA) technique. Finally, two maps were created to show the MAR location and structure type. Potential map indicates that ~ 18.85% of the area is suitable for MAR installations. About 0.17% of the total area exhibited very high potential, where infiltration ponds can be applied, 1.86% had high potential for construction of check dams with diversion channels, and 16.82% had moderate potential for installation of recharge wells. Additionally, 56 MAR structures were proposed and a map showing their locations has been created. Thus, results indicated that the study area is promising for MAR installation. These maps could aid the decision makers to propose a sustainable development plan for the future water resources of the area.

Conjunctive use of floodwater harvesting for managed aquifer recharge and irrigation on a date farm in Morocco

AbstractIn arid regions, harvesting floodwater can mitigate irrigation‐induced groundwater depletion by providing additional surface water and recharging aquifers. We designed an experimental protocol to quantify these fluxes on a date farm located along the Wadi Satt, whose flow originates from the Anti‐Atlas Mountains in south‐eastern Morocco. Automatic barometric sensors were used to monitor the water level in a 6500 m3 floodwater harvesting pond and in surrounding boreholes. Six flood events occurred from 2021 to 2023. The pond water balance indicated that most stored water is pumped for irrigation (56% of harvested floodwater). More than 40% infiltrates at a rate of approximately 90 mm day−1, and the remainder evaporated. Analytical modelling of the pond water table system showed that the radius of the piezometric mound resulting from pond infiltration is less than 360 m. Groundwater recharge from the irrigated plot could be observed after two close floods that enabled continuous pumping for several weeks, suggesting that in this specific context, over‐irrigation using surface water allows the aquifer to be recharged. The hydrological effects of possible future expansion of these ponds at the watershed scale should be analysed to assess possible negative impacts on downstream water resources.

Site-specific condition evaluation for managed aquifer recharge (MAR) site selection in granitic aquifers, Ghana

ABSTRACT Water has prominence over all the usable natural resources to humankind due to its very significance to human life. Approximately, 70% of Ghana's populace relies on groundwater exploitation for freshwater consumption. Managed aquifer recharge is capable of sustaining water resources for all livelihood activities. Underperformance of MAR systems is often due to site-specific hydrogeological conditions turning out to be less favorable than anticipated. This study evaluates the site-specific conditions for MAR sites identification in granitic aquifers, integrating in situ hydrogeological factors and GIS-MCDA. One hundred and twenty-one datasets from different boreholes comprising hydro geophysics, borehole drilling and pump test reports were used. The constraint mapping results indicate 92% suitable for MAR application within the study area, implying available enormous bare lands for flooding recharge technique. The suitability analysis discloses that 48 and 51% of the studied area fall within very high and high suitable zones, respectively, showing convincing and great potential to support infiltration ponds for MAR technology application. The valuable information provided through this study can serve as a guide for MAR implementation and for sustainable groundwater resources management within the Upper East region of Ghana.

Spatio-temporal variations of lacustrine groundwater discharge and related nutrient fluxes in a typical lake in front of hillocks

Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) as a hidden hydrologic process has been widely found to affect water and nutrient balance in various lakes, but a comprehensive research on both spatial and temporal variations of LGD and associated nutrient fluxes was poorly conducted. Herein, this study elucidated their spatio-temporal variations and underlying factors of a typical lake in front of hillocks with spatially variable topography and hydrogeology, and intense seasonal groundwater-lake exchange, within central Yangtze River basin. The 222Rn mass balance model was used in conjunction with hydrochemistry, water isotope, and nutrient data. The results showed that the overall LGD rate and related N/P fluxes were clearly higher in the wet season than in the dry season, for which the stronger evaporation relative to precipitation, more groundwater recharge from agricultural irrigation or aquacultural pond infiltration, and more N/P input from anthropogenic or aquacultural activities could be responsible. In the wet season, the area with more recharge from irrigating water or fish pond water infiltration and associated extensive agricultural or aquacultural activities, had the significantly highest LGD rate and related N/P fluxes. In the dry season, the area with the deepest water depth and largest topographic slope, exhibited the significantly highest LGD rate and slightly higher LGD-related N/P fluxes due to relatively low groundwater N/P concentrations. This study enriched the understanding on LGD and related nutrient fluxes in the perspective of both spatial and temporal variations, taking a new type of lakes (i.e., lakes in the transitional zone of hills and plains in temperate climate) as a typical case.

A holistic multi-tiered decision framework for evaluating rainwater harvesting potential in arid regions: A case study of the southeastern basin of Djibouti

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) stands as a strategy to mitigate the widespread challenge of water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. The practice of capturing and storing stormwater via different RWH technologies during wet periods can serve as a means of replenishing stressed local aquifers. However, identifying optimal locations conducive to the successful implementation of RWH initiatives accounts for a multi-tiered and intricate challenge. Furthermore, contemporary methodologies utilized to assess the potential of RWH often adhere to conventional paradigms, exhibiting a dearth of sophisticated mathematical foundations. Hence, this study proposes a hybrid approach that integrates the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) algorithms to delineate suitable RWH sites. The proposed framework was subsequently applied in the southeastern basin of Djibouti, a nation facing acute water stress. The assessment of RWH potential in this research is predicated upon twelve decision criteria, organized into three principal dimensions: physical, environmental, and socio-economic aspects. The results highlighted the vitality of environmental (47.67%) and physical (37.98%) dimensions, whereas the socio-economic (14.35%) cluster was deemed less significant according to the established decision framework. Furthermore, the resultant suitability map portrays that a substantial area of the basin, approximately 872.5 km2 (equivalent to 64.25%), exhibits moderate to very high suitability for the implementation of diverse RWH structures, including check dams, percolation tanks, and infiltration ponds. The reliability of the analysis is verified through sensitivity analysis, underscoring the robustness of the decision model. This contributes to the empowerment of decision-makers and the research community, facilitating the creation of accurate RWH potential maps, and thereby advancing effective water resource management strategies for water stressed regions.

Assessment of groundwater potential zones in data-scarce regions using GIS-based multicriteria decision making approach

Groundwater is an essential natural resource that sustains numerous ecological systems and human lifestyles. The Jhargram district is facing persistent groundwater development issues, requiring comprehensive monitoring and planning, as most farmers heavily rely on groundwater for crop production. The groundwater potential zone of the Jhargram district was classified into five classes, viz., very high (5.82%), high (50.81%), moderate (30.33%), low (13.01%), and very low (0.03%), zones, respectively. The results were assessed for validity using ROC curves, which demonstrated an accuracy rate of 80.4%. The calculation of the AUC was performed in order to assess the overall accuracy of the predicted GWPZ. The GWPZ map is crucial for implementing artificial recharge structures like percolation ponds, bunds and trenching in semi-arid regions. It aids in developing sustainable groundwater management policies, mitigating drought, climate change, and water scarcity, and aiding farmers, regional planners, policy-makers, climate change experts, and local governments.

Recarga artificial mediante pozos secos

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a water management strategy that uses aquifers for the seasonal or inter-annual storage of exceeding surface water. Systems that implement artificial recharge use infiltration ponds or shallow or deep infiltration wells. While articifial recharge through infiltration ponds requires large areas and infiltration through deep wells demands high investment, infiltration through drywells, which inject water to the vadose zone, is often a preferred option because of its low cost and relatively easy implementation. We present results of detailed numerical simulations to assess the operation of a single drywell to implement an artificial recharge system. We demonstrate that depending upon the distribution and property of the geological materials that compose the subsurface, the operation of the well can produce quite different results in terms of effective recharge. We expect that these findings will help design real MAR systems and provide supporting information for decision-makers in charge of approving and financing such water management systems.

Importance and Benefits of Green Audits to Education Institutions and Industrial Sectors

Green auditing is a vital process that ensures the diversity of plants on an organization's campus, reducing ecological pollution and soil destruction. It is beneficial intended for biodiversity protection, landscape management, irrigation/economic water utilization, and maintaining natural topography. Green audits are conducted at educational institutions and industrial sectors using the National Building Code (NBC) Part 11 - A 360° Risk Assessment Approach to Sustainability checklist. The importance of green auditing lies in its ability to create an eco-friendly environment and encourage green initiatives was studied at Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The results revealed that the campus has sufficient number of flora and fauna and established various gardens such as terrace, herbal, kitchen, zodiac, and decorative gardens. All the plants were labelled properly with common and botanical names and used biofertilizers, organic and green manures for the cultivation of plants. Agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers were minimally used to save the soil health and to protect the ecosystem from soil and water pollutions. The benefits of green audit included understanding the organization's internal and external green campus inspection and execution procedures, creating data on plant quantities, recommending biofertilizers, conserving economically valuable, rare, and endangered species, documenting rainwater collection systems, water reservoirs, percolation ponds, and irrigation technologies to the plants were well understood by the Oragnization with respect to the green audit.

Study on the layout of infiltration ponds reducing damage from inland water inundation

Study on the layout of infiltration ponds reducing damage from inland water inundation

An integrated groundwater resource management approach for sustainable development in a tropical river basin, southern India.

Evaluation of aquifer potential is essential, as thepotable water demand has increased globally over the last few decades. The present study delineated different zones of groundwater potential and groundwater quality of the Kallada River basin (KRB) in southern India, using geo-environmental and hydrogeochemical parameters, respectively. Geo-environmental variables considered include relative relief, land use/land cover, drainage density, slope angle, geomorphology, and geology, while hydrogeochemical parameters include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Cl-, Fe3+, and Al3+ concentrations. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used for categorizing groundwater potential and quality zones. Nearly 50% of KRB is categorized as very high and high groundwater potential zones, occupying the western and midland regions. The central and west-central parts of KRB are characterized by excellent groundwater quality zones, while the eastern and western parts are characterized by good and poor groundwater quality zones, respectively. By integrating the groundwater potential and groundwater quality, sustainable groundwater management is observed to be necessary at about 54% of the basin, where site-specific groundwater management structures such as percolation ponds, injection wells, and roof water harvesting have been proposed using a rule-based approach. This integrated groundwater potential-groundwater quality approach helps policymakers to implement the most suitable management strategies with maximum performance.

Numerical simulation of a managed aquifer recharge system designed to supply drinking water to the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is increasingly used to secure drinking water supply worldwide. The city of Amsterdam (The Netherlands) depends largely on the MAR in coastal dunes for water supply. A new MAR scheme is proposed for the production of 10 × 106 m3/year, as required in the next decade. The designed MAR system consists of 10 infiltration ponds in an artificially created sandbank, and 25 recovery wells placed beneath the ponds in a productive aquifer. Several criteria were met for the design, such as a minimum residence time of 60 days and maximum drawdown of 5 cm. Steady-state and transient flow models were calibrated. The flow model computed the infiltration capacity of the ponds and drawdowns caused by the MAR. A hypothetical tracer transport model was used to compute the travel times from the ponds to the wells and recovery efficiency of the wells. The results demonstrated that 98% of the infiltrated water was captured by the recovery wells which accounted for 65.3% of the total abstraction. Other sources include recharge from precipitation (6.7%), leakages from surface water (13.1%), and natural groundwater reserve (14.9%). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the pond conductance and hydraulic conductivity of the sand aquifer in between the ponds and wells are important for the infiltration capacity. The temperature simulation showed that the recovered water in the wells has a stable temperature of 9.8–12.5 °C which is beneficial for post-treatment processes. The numerical modelling approach is useful and helps to gain insights for implementation of the MAR.

Feasibility Study of Managed Aquifer Recharge Deployment on the Island of Vis (Croatia)

Over the last decades, the quality and quantity of the Mediterranean freshwater resources have significantly deteriorated due to climate change, unsustainable utilization, user conflicts, and seawater intrusions. On the small and remote island of Vis, where similar issues prevail, the need for alternative water management solutions has yielded managed aquifer recharge (MAR) as a promising option for increasing the safety and resilience of the local and autonomous water supply. By performing a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) to evaluate the feasibility of the deployment of an infiltration pond method in the Korita well field, the results evidenced a positive financial performance and sustainability of the proposed MAR solution. In addition, the overall economic benefits of the project, quantified through the willingness-to-pay method, significantly exceeded its costs, as evidenced by the high benefit/cost ratio of 2.83. The most significant uncertainty related to the infiltration pond method is represented by the high sensitivity to changes in the applied hydrological assumptions (i.e., the evaporation coefficient and number of annual infiltration pond recharges). This study aims to contribute to the understanding of interrelated socio-economic factors of MAR projects in karst aquifers, and represents the first of its kind in Croatia.

Prioritizing urban nature-based solutions to support scaling-out strategies: A case study in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Nature-based solutions (NbS) can synergistically improve human well-being and biodiversity in urban areas by enhancing ecosystem functions and services. Scaling out NbS, understood as the widespread application of NbS in multiple contexts, is an important policy ambition to increase the number of people and regions benefiting from NbS. However, designing scaling-out strategies requires considering critical aspects of the nexus between NbS and ecosystem services (ES) supply to yield large-scale benefits effectively. The aim of the study is twofold: (i) to simulate the stepwise implementation of multiple NbS and (ii) to quantify their cumulative impacts on ES supply and beneficiaries. The NbS implementation was guided by a method that prioritizes different NbS types in multiple sites, by combining spatial information on ES demand and land suitability with a qualitative description of ES supply by NbS type. The cumulative impacts were computed stepwise using GIS modeling. The study was conducted in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain), focusing on five types of NbS (urban forests, urban parks, community gardens, infiltration ponds), and five ES (runoff mitigation, stormwater treatment, soil erosion control, recreation, and food supply). Overall, 179 NbS were simulated in 130 sites distributed in the city. The findings showed an improvement in all services, albeit significant increments occurred only for certain services. We observed a non-linear relationship between NbS and impacts, including constant, positive, and negative trends. We discussed several factors that were determinants of impacts, providing insights on how to design scaling-out strategies from the biophysical perspective. Moreover, we reflected on the role of multifunctionality, social preferences, and economic feasibility as prioritization criteria for NbS. Finally, we addressed the implementation of NbS scaling-out strategies from a broader perspective, deepening governance, economic and planning challenges, and potential actions for the case study.

Investigation of flood incidence causes and mitigation: Case study of Ribb river, northwestern Ethiopia

Land degradation due to population growth, climate change and variability and other anthropogenic activities are main factors for the occurrence of flooding in Ethiopia. This study aimed to investigate flood incidence causes in the Ribb river. Possible causes of flooding were identified from literature. To recognize the causes, trend analysis of rainfall to know possible climate change, stream flow analysis to know possible land cover change and lake water level trend analysis to know backwater effect were conducted using the Mann-Kendall test. Land use land cover change review was also conducted. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) correspondence on rainfall extremes to know the climate pattern effect was conducted using correlation of Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with summer rainfall anomaly. Structured interview with purposely and systematically selected flood plain community, focus group discussion with Woreda level early warning and response group leaders and natural resource conservation experts were used to confirm causes of flooding. At the end, landscape based mitigation measures from watershed morphometric analysis were proposed using integrated mission for sustainable development (IMSD) and FAO guidelines. The results indicated that the causes of flooding are combination of factors such as anthropogenic activities (expansion of cultivated land, significant lake water level rise and decreasing channel conveyance), climate change (significant increase in wet conditions), inadequate drainage and torrential rainfall. From the landscape based mitigation measures, a total of 7 check dams, 55 farm ponds, 29 percolation ponds and terracing were proposed.

INTEGRATED HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN NORTHERN BANDAR LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

Threats to the sustainability of groundwater resources due to increased extraction in the last 30 years are caused by the increase in population density in the Northern part of Bandar Lampung City. Therefore, it is necessary to study groundwater resources to prevent groundwater crises. This study uses hydrogeological and geophysical data to map aquifer conditions. Fifty gravity data and 16 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) points were used to model subsurface conditions. Meanwhile, one drilled cutting data is used to tie the cross-section of the 2D model. The results of gravity modelling show the potential for local groundwater aquifers fills fractures and faults above the bedrock. Meanwhile, the results of the VES modelling interpret the unconfined aquifer as being in the sand layer at a depth of 10–25 m and confined aquifer at a depth of 110 m. Between the two aquifers, there is a low permeability zone of interbedding clay and sand thickness of 65 m from a depth of 25–90 m. These results indicate that the condition of groundwater resources in unconfined aquifers is prone to depletion. Furthermore, infiltration ponds could be a solution to maintain the sustainability of groundwater resource storage in Northern Bandar Lampung.

Integration of hydrogeological data, GIS and AHP techniques applied to delineate groundwater potential zones in sandstone, limestone and shales rocks of the Damoh district, (MP) central India

The Damoh district, which is located in the central India and characterized by limestone, shales, and sandstone compact rock. The district has been facing groundwater development challenges and problems for several decades. To facilitate groundwater management, it is crucial to monitoring and planning based on geology, slope, relief, land use, geomorphology, and the types of the basaltic aquifer in the drought-groundwater deficit area. Moreover, the majority of farmers in the area are heavily dependent on groundwater for their crops. Therefore, delineation of groundwater potential zones (GPZ) is essential, which is defined based on various thematic layers, including geology, geomorphology, slope, aspect, drainage density, lineament density, topographic wetness index (TWI), topographic ruggedness index (TRI), and land use/land cover (LULC). The processing and analysis of this information were carried out using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. The validity of the results was trained and tested using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, which showed training and testing accuracies of 0.713 and 0.701, respectively. The GPZ map was classified into five classes such as very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. The study revealed that approximately 45% of the area falls under the moderate GPZ, while only 30% of the region is classified as having a high GPZ. The area receives high rainfall but has very high surface runoff due to no proper developed soil and lack of water conservation structures. Every summer season show a declined groundwater level. In this context, results of study area are useful to maintain the groundwater under climate change and summer season.The GPZ map plays an important role in implementing artificial recharge structures (ARS), such as percolation ponds, tube wells, bore wells, cement nala bunds (CNBs), continuous contour trenching (CCTs), and others for development of ground level. This study is significant for developing sustainable groundwater management policies in semi-arid regions, that are experiencing climate change. Proper groundwater potential mapping and watershed development policies can help mitigate the effects of drought, climate change, and water scarcity, while preserving the ecosystem in the Limestone, Shales, and Sandstone compact rock region. The results of this study are essential for farmers, regional planners, policy-makers, climate change experts, and local governments, enabling them to understand the groundwater development possibilities in the study area.

Targeting of rainwater harvesting structures using geospatial tools and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in the semi-arid region of Rajasthan (India).

Burgeoning population growth and subsequent demand for freshwater, besides competition among irrigation, domestic, and industrial sectors, coupled with a changing climate, have necessitated prudent and effective management of water resources. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is considered one of the most effective strategies for water management. However, the location and design of RWH structures are essential for proper implementation, operation, and maintenance. An attempt has been made in this study to locate the most suitable site for RWH structure and design using one of the robust multi-criteria decision analysis techniques, viz. analytic hierarchy process, using geospatial tools in the Gambhir watershed, Rajasthan, India. High-resolution Sentinel-2A data and a digital elevation model of the Advanced Land Observation Satellite were used in this study. Five biophysical parameters, viz. land use and land cover, slope, soil texture, surface runoff, and drainage density, were considered to identify suitable locations for RWH structures. It was observed that runoff is the prime factor in determining the location of RWH structures compared to other parameters. It was revealed that 75.54 km2 (13% of the total area) was very highly suited for the construction of RWH structures, while 114.56 km2 (19%) was highly suitable. A total of 43.77 km2 (7%) of land was determined to be unsuitable for the construction of any type of RWH structure. Farm ponds, check dams, and percolation ponds were suggested for the study area. Furthermore, Boolean logic was used to target a particular type of RWH structure. The study indicated that a total of 25 farm ponds, 14 check dams, and 16 percolation ponds can be constructed at identified locations in the watershed. Water resource development maps of the watershed generated using an analytical approach would be useful for policymakers and hydrologists for targeting and implementing RWH structures in the study watershed.

Groundwater recharge through shallow groundwater recharge system by infiltration ponds in Fai Kwang Sub-district, Phayao Province of Thailand

The shallow groundwater recharge at an area scale in Fai Kwang Subdistrict, Chiang Kham District, Phayao Province, Thailand aim to apply of the groundwater replenishment system to solve the problem of drought and insufficient water for consumption using by shallow groundwater recharge system through the concrete circle in pond integrating with using technology to manage surface water with the GIS system and geophysical surveys for evaluating the potential of groundwater resources to access information on land use, soil conditions, water resources. The groundwater recharge system at depth 12 m and water was replenishment occurs flow from pubic pool collected water converted to water filtration and pumping average water volume of 3.54 m3/hr to solve the problem of surface water quality for water supply in tap water production of Siwilai Village, Fai Kwang Subdistrict, Phayao Province, which enabled people in the area to used water for 200 homes. The social return on investment (SROI) was 59.23%, reducing water purchase and medical expenses due to water quality impact. The study results have led to the creation of water management policies and the application of information and innovations for drought resolution. Measures and requirements for using public water sources for consumption collecting income for the maintenance of the village's water supply system.