Inferential Methods Research Articles

Schneeball-Wırbelgruppe learning model: improving students’ concept mastery and critical thinking

Good concept mastery through critical thinking using various approaches, models, strategies, and methods of learning German is essential for the Education 4.0 era. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the concept mastery and critical thinking skills of German language students at Pattimura University using collaborative learning that combines SchneeballWirbelgruppe learning. A one-group pretest-posttest design with a sample of 13 second-semester students in the academic year 2019/2020 was used. Furthermore, an essay test was used as an instrument while the data was analyzed using descriptive methods (N-gain test) and inferential methods (paired t-test). The descriptive analysis showed that the concept mastery and critical thinking skills of students were in the high and moderate categories. The paired t-test results showed a difference between the pretest and posttest using Schneeball-Wirbelgruppe learning model. Therefore, collaborative learning has a positive impact on improving students’ concept mastery and critical thinking skills in learning phonology and morphology courses. As for the implications of this research, the Schneeball-Wırbelgruppe learning model is recommended as a learning model that can be applied to other concepts in German language learning.

Effects of Rainfall Variability on Maize Production in Migori County, Kenya

Maize is the main staple food crop in Kenya and is of vital concern to agricultural policy decisions, food security, and the overall development of the sector and the economy. It is also the dominant staple food crop in Migori-County. However, there has been a declining trend in maize production among farmers in the study area threatening household food security. This study was conducted in Migori County using cross sectional survey research design. A sample size of 384 households was selected through stratified and systematic sampling techniques though just 310 households accepted to be interviewed. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Validated secondary weather data for the period 2011-2023 was obtained from the Migori Meteorological Station. The collected data was entered into SPSS software, version 20, and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results indicated that 60% of households have an adequate food supply, while 40% face food shortages. Further, there was a strong positive and significant relationship between maize production (yield) and annual weather conditions from 2018 to 2023 (r = 0.845, p = 0.05). This indicates that changes in weather patterns, such as rainfall and temperature, had a significant influence on maize yields during the study period. Hence, farmers should be encouraged to use income from cash crops to purchase food stocks and engage in non-farm activities as alternative income sources to mitigate the effects of rainfall variability and climate change on food security.

Relationship Marketing and Customer Loyalty among Deposit-Taking SACCOS in Western Kenya

Deposit-taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS) in Kenya have faced significant challenges due to intense competition and declining customer numbers, which underscores the need for further investigation into relationship marketing strategies. A key research gap is the role of digital platforms in moderating the effectiveness of these strategies and their impact on customer loyalty. This study aimed to evaluate how digital platforms influence the relationship between relationship marketing (RM) and customer loyalty among SACCOs in Western Kenya. Using Relationship Commitment, Social Exchange, and Commitment Trust theories, the research focused on 23 SACCOs with 37,137 customers and surveyed 396 respondents, including prior pilot study. Descriptive and correlational research designs were used, with data collected via self-administered questionnaires and systematic sampling. Analysis with SPSS assessed validity and reliability, employing descriptive statistics and inferential methods such as Pearson’s Correlation, Simple Linear Regression, and Hierarchical Regression Analysis. Assumption tests confirmed that the research data met normality, linearity, homoscedasticity, and multicollinearity criteria, with a response rate of 87.63% and significant correlations (p<0.05) among variables. Digital Platforms were found to contribute significant moderating role on the link between Relationship Management and Customer Loyalty (p<0.05), emphasizing features like interactivity, personalization, and trustworthiness. The results suggest that in order to enhance customer experience, SACCOs should allocate resources towards the development of user-friendly digital platforms, utilize data analytics in targeted marketing efforts, so as to enhance engagement with the community via online channels. Moreover, it is crucial for SACCOs to prioritize personalized service, establish trust, and strive for continuous improvement, while taking into account regulatory revisions, in order to maximize the effectiveness of digital platforms within the financial sector.

Assessment of Kidney Function Discrepancies in Pediatric CAKUT Patients Using Bedside Schwartz Equation and Renal Scintigraphy

Background and Objectives: This research explores the correlation between estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) obtained using the bedside Schwartz equation, and renal scintigraphy in children with congenital kidney and urinary tract abnormalities (CAKUT). The objective is to enhance understanding and management of renal health in this demographic by analyzing kidney size-function relationships. Methods: A retrospective observational analysis was performed on 94 pediatric CAKUT patients at the “Louis Turcanu” Emergency Hospital for Children, Timisoara. Kidney function data, extracted from medical records, were evaluated using the Schwartz equation, renal scintigraphy, and the gold standard iohexol clearance. Ethical approval was secured for the study, which employed descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including t-tests and correlation coefficients, to compare eGFR values. Results: Significant variances were found in eGFRs across different body surface area (BSA) percentiles. For instance, the eGFR for the right kidney in the 25th–50th BSA percentile (102.02 ± 41.52 mL/min/BSA) was notably higher than that of the left (35.60 ± 26.05 mL/min/BSA; p = 0.01). The overall sample reflected a higher eGFR in the right kidney (76.03 ± 40.91 mL/min/BSA) compared to the left (57.46 ± 35.91 mL/min/BSA; p = 0.02). Additionally, a strong positive Pearson correlation (r = 0.80, p = 0.02) was found between scintigraphy and ultrasound measures in the 50th–75th percentiles for left renal percentiles, demonstrating consistent patterns across different evaluations of kidney function. Conclusions: This comparison indicates a complex relationship between eGFR values and kidney size, suggesting potential inaccuracies in standard bedside eGFR measurements for pediatric CAKUT patients. The findings underscore the necessity for accurate diagnostic tools specifically designed for pediatric applications and advocate for the integration of multiple diagnostic techniques to improve clinical management.

Youth Participation in Agripreneurship in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

The study focused on youth participation in agripreneurship in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya. The county being a bread basket of Kenya, the youth are a sign of progress in the agribusiness sector in the county and country at large. The study was guided by the following objectives; to assess effect of youth attitude on participation in Agripreneurship in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya, and to establish the effect of perceived benefits on youth participation in Agripreneurship in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya. The research theories in the study included; the pull- push theory, and unity maximization theory. A descriptive research design was adopted by the study. A target population of 10,080 respondents from which, a sample of 385 respondents was used for data collection and eventual analysis. Research questionnaires were used in collecting data. Both inferential and descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis and presentation. This enabled the establishment of the strength and nature of relationship among the variables. The findings were expected to benefit county governments, national governments, youth, and various development agencies and to enrich the existing literature on youth programs and empowerment. The study employed the F-test in predicting the dependent variable which indicated that the model significantly predicted how the independent variables affected the dependent variable (youth participation in Agripreneurship in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya). The study further made recommendations on each of the variables for management consideration in future decision making processes. Keywords: Youth Participation, Youth Attitude, Perceived Benefits

Advancing health coaching: A comparative study of large language model and health coaches

ObjectiveRecent advances in large language models (LLM) offer opportunities to automate health coaching. With zero-shot learning ability, LLMs could revolutionize health coaching by providing better accessibility, scalability, and customization. The aim of this study is to compare the quality of responses to clients' sleep-related questions provided by health coaches and an LLM. Design, setting, and participantsFrom a de-identified dataset of coaching conversations from a pilot randomized controlled trial, we extracted 100 question-answer pairs comprising client questions and corresponding health coach responses. These questions were entered into a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)-enabled open-source LLM (LLaMa-2-7b-chat) to generate LLM responses. Out of 100 question-answer pairs, 90 were taken out and assigned to three groups of evaluators: experts, lay-users, and GPT-4. Each group conducted two evaluation tasks: (Task 1) a single-response quality assessment spanning five criteria—accuracy, readability, helpfulness, empathy, and likelihood of harm—rated on a five-point Likert scale, and (Task 2) a pairwise comparison to choose the superior response between pairs. A suite of inferential statistical methods, including the paired and independent sample t-tests, Pearson correlation, and chi-square tests, were utilized to answer the study objective. Recognizing potential biases in human judgment, the remaining 10 question-answer pairs were used to assess inter-evaluator reliability among the human evaluators, quantified using the interclass correlation coefficient and percentage agreement metrics. ResultsUpon exclusion of incomplete data, the analysis included 178 single-response evaluations (Task 1) and 83 pairwise comparisons (Task 2). Expert and GPT-4 assessments revealed no discernible disparities in health coach and LLM responses across the five metrics. Contrarily, lay-users deemed LLM responses significantly more helpful than that of human coaches (p < 0.05). LLM responses were preferred in the majority (62.25 %, n = 155) of the aggregate 249 assessments, with all three evaluator groups favoring LLM over health coach inputs. While GPT-4 rated both health coach and LLM responses significantly higher than experts in terms of readability, helpfulness, and empathy, its ratings on accuracy and likelihood of harm aligned with those of experts. Response length positively correlated with accuracy and empathy scores, but negatively affected readability across all evaluator groups. Expert and lay-user evaluators demonstrated moderate to high inter-evaluator reliability. ConclusionOur study showed encouraging findings by demonstrating that RAG-enabled LLM has comparable performance to health coaches in the domain tested. Serving as an initial step towards the creation of more sophisticated, adaptive, round-the-clock automated health coaching systems, our findings call for more extensive evaluation which could assist in the development of the model that could in the future lead to potential clinical implementation.

Stablecoins for Transferring Value in the Cryptocurrency Market

Stablecoins have gained prominence as an effective means to mitigate the inherent volatility in the cryptocurrency markets by providing a stable and reliable medium for value preservation and transfer. This research paper investigates the attributes that render stablecoins a preferable vehicle for value retention and transaction within these markets. By employing a quantitative methodology, this study collected data through surveys, with a sample size of 714 individuals chosen via purposive sampling techniques. To analyze the data, both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied. The demographic profiles of the sample were summarized using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. For examining the relationships between demographic factors (such as gender, age, education, income, and place of residence) and the perceived efficacy of stablecoins, inferential techniques including Chi-square tests and logistic regression were utilized. The logistic regression analysis specifically assessed how these variables influenced the likelihood of participants favoring stablecoins for financial transactions. The results indicate that the preference for stablecoins as a means of holding or transferring value within the cryptocurrency domain in Thailand varies significantly across different demographic groups, specifically influenced by factors such as gender, education, income, and place of residence. These outcomes provide insightful implications concerning the demographic influences on the adoption and utilization of stablecoins in financial activities. Keywords: stablecoin, holding, transferring, value, cryptocurrency market

Examining Bhutanese Science Teachers’ Epistemic Views of Scientific Inquiry

AbstractScientific inquiry is regarded as the bedrock of science education in Bhutan. Bhutanese science teachers, for example, are increasingly required to possess accurate and deep epistemic views of scientific inquiry. Hence, this cross-sectional study was carried out to examine Bhutanese science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry. The study recruited 301 science teachers using convenience and snowball sampling procedures. Data was collected using Views About Scientific Inquiry (VASI) questionnaire administered through an online survey mode and analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods. Findings from this study revealed Bhutanese science teachers as being ignorant of epistemic aspects related to questions and hypotheses, procedures of investigations, results, and procedures of investigations, scientific data and scientific evidence, and scientific explanations and scientific theories. The independent sample t-test revealed no significant difference between Bhutanese male and female science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry (p &gt; .05). The one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences amongst Bhutanese science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry based on academic qualification (p &lt; .05). The Tukey HSD post hoc test, however, showed the differences existing only between science teachers with master’s degree and certificate qualification in favour of the former (p &lt; .05). The three-way ANOVA revealed Bhutanese science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry as being independent of individual and interaction effects of school type, teaching subject, and teaching experience (p &gt; .05).

Empowering Women in Saudi Workforce: HR, Job Satisfaction, and Policies for Work–Life Balance

The present study investigates the sustainable influence of human resources (HR) support on job satisfaction and work–life balance among female employees in Saudi Arabia, underlining its significance in advancing social sustainability within the workforce. It seeks to analyze the role of job satisfaction as a mediator and organizational policies as moderators in these relationships. This study analyzed data from a simple random sample of 145 employed women in different sectors in Saudi Arabia, utilizing exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as inferential statistical methods for hypotheses testing. We conducted an evaluation of mediating and moderating effects in the investigated relationships using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. The findings show a strong positive relationship between HR support, work–life balance, and job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia’s female workforce. The mediation function of job satisfaction in the relationship between HR support and work–life balance emphasizes the critical role of positive working experiences in achieving work–life balance. Furthermore, this research highlights organizational policies as a crucial mediator, indicating that implementing supportive and progressive policies might amplify the beneficial impacts of HR practices on work–life balance and job satisfaction. The present study enhances the existing body of knowledge by offering empirical findings on the importance of culturally customized sustainable HR practices and the crucial function of organizational policies in advancing gender equality and achieving a healthy work–life balance.

Aerosol loading in the guinea coast climate region of Nigeria: comparison of MODIS and AERONET data sources

This study compares aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from satellite data with that from a ground-based station. It aims at validating monthly AOD data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue (DB) collection 6.1 (Aqua and Terra) at 550 nm against AOD data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) station at 500 nm in Ilorin over the period 2003–2022. The analysis focuses on eight selected cities/locations within the Guinea Coast region of Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including correlation, regression, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, the Mann–Kendall trend test, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and relative mean bias (RMB), were employed. The results indicate a positive correlation in most locations, with correlation values ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. The correlation between the datasets in Ilorin showed a positive and significant relationship while the other seven locations presented a weak and insignificant relationship. Additionally, the period from 2013–2022 showed better correlation compared to 2003–2012. AOD levels were highest during the harmattan season (DJF), exceeding 0.8, and lowest during the monsoon (JJA) and post-monsoon (SON) seasons, with values below 0.5, reflecting the effects of wet scavenging. The highest agreement between MODIS Aqua and AERONET data was observed during the harmattan season. The study also found that MODIS tends to overestimate AOD compared to AERONET and that MODIS-AOD exhibits greater spread and variability than AERONET-AOD.

A STUDY ON THE PROSPECTS TO SUSTAINABLE URBAN REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT IN FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE

This research addressed the prospects to sustainable urban real estate development in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The study primarily focused on the following objectives: To identify the sources of accessing finance for real estate development by real estate firms. To learn how the land code of practice and population affect real estate development and to investigate technical constraints in providing real estate projects in Freetown. Data for this study were collected using a primary source, from which a semi-structured questionnaire was used for collecting the quantitative data. The study uses a case study design to achieve the study objectives. A non-probability purposively sampling was used to identify the respondents based on their experience after a line listing process of real estate firms and their employees in Freetown. For the quantitative data, a sample frame of 130 participants was drawn, of which 100 were chosen purposively based on their experience and understanding of real estate development, and 98 participated in the study. Data analysis for this study was done using descriptive (percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential (Pearson correlation and regression analysis) statistical analytical methods. The study established that sources of finance, population impact, and technical constraints in real estate delivery have a positive significant association with urban real estate development, while land code of practice has a positive insignificant association with urban real estate development. The study recommends that, the country's financial institutions popularize a scheme that is of low interest to real estate firms so as to increase the source of income for real estate firms to expand their business; that the national land policy should be reviewed so as to create an avenue for access to land for real estate firms who are willing to provide affordable housing to the country; both the government and real estate firms should work accordingly in order to provide affordable housing for the population, and effective institutional capacity strengthening and enhanced collaboration between government parastatals and private real estate firms should be popularized and implemented. For further research, it is recommended that similar wider study should be done, which will be used for a broader generalization.

Insights into Drug Donation Practices and Public Perceptions in Saudi Arabia

Background: Effective medication management, disposal, and donation are vital for public health and environmental sustainability. Improper handling of medications can lead to drug misuse, accidental poisoning, and environmental damage. This study examines current practices and challenges in Saudi Arabia, identifying opportunities for improvement. Method: A cross-sectional survey conducted in October and November 2023 targeted the general population in Saudi Arabia. This study employed convenience sampling to explore medication usage, storage, disposal practices, and awareness of donation procedures. Data were analyzed through both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: This study involved 430 respondents. Of these, 73.0% held a university degree, yet 66.3% were unaware of drug donation programs, and 84.2% lacked knowledge about proper medication disposal. Despite this, 71.4% believed that drug donation programs positively impact healthcare, and 87.9% saw them as reducing drug waste and environmental pollution. However, 48.1% expressed concerns about the potential misuse of donated medicines. Awareness and knowledge were significantly higher among participants aged 30 and above. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for enhanced public awareness, clear medication disposal guidelines, and ethically governed donation practices in Saudi Arabia. These measures can improve healthcare outcomes, protect the environment, and support global health and sustainability goals.

Bhutanese Primary Science Teachers’ Epistemic Beliefs of Science

AbstractEpistemic beliefs of science (EBS) are considered to have a strong influence on how science teachers view science itself and carry out science teaching. To this end, Bhutanese primary science teachers, as much as secondary science teachers, are expected to possess sophisticated EBS. While this is one of the aims of the Bhutanese science education system, there is little to no information regarding Bhutanese primary science teachers’ EBS. Hence, this cross-sectional study examined EBS held by primary science teachers from three districts in Bhutan. One hundred and ninety-five (N = 195) primary science teachers took part in the study using a total population sampling design. Data collected using the Epistemic Beliefs of Science Questionnaire (EBSQ) were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Findings revealed that Bhutanese primary science teachers from three districts in Bhutan held naive EBS in several aspects of source, certainty, development, and justification dimensions of scientific knowledge. The chi-square test of independence (χ2) revealed that there were no significant relationships between Bhutanese primary science teachers’ EBS and their teaching background (p &gt; .05). The one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), while showed significant differences in certainty dimension, revealed that were no significant differences among Bhutanese primary science teachers’ EBS in other dimensions based on their academic qualifications (p &gt; .05). The implications of research findings to the Ministry of Education, science curriculum documents, and teacher preparation are discussed.

Impact of Organizational Structure on the Implementation of Government Funded Projects at Kenya Ports Authority

The strategic planning process provided a structured approach aimed at developing and executing a comprehensive strategic business plan. This study aimed to examine the impact of organizational structure on the implementation of government-funded projects at the Kenya Ports Authority. The study was grounded in the systems theory. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting a population of 1,210 management staff at the Kenya Ports Authority’s Mombasa headquarters. The Slovin’s Formula was applied to determine the sample size, while a stratified random sampling method was employed to select 300 participants from the total population. The study incorporated both primary and secondary sources of data. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for primary data collection, generating quantitative data from closed-ended questions and qualitative data from open-ended questions. Quantitative data underwent analysis employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive statistics involved the examination of data through percentages, mean, and standard deviation, while inferential statistics utilized Pearson’s product moment correlation (r) and multiple regression analysis to assess hypotheses at a 95% confidence level. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Objectives were scrutinized using mean and standard deviation, while the impact of strategic planning on project implementation of government funded project in KPA was analyzed through regression analysis. Organization Structure (p=0.001) was found to significantly impact project implementation. The findings underscored the significant influence of organizational structure on implementation of government funded project in KPA.

The Impact of the ChatGPT Platform on Consumer Experience in Digital Marketing and User Satisfaction

ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) chat platform, facilitates conversation between humans and bots. By integrating machine learning and natural language processing, it revolutionizes the way people interact with AI. Many people are excited about using ChatGPT because it has numerous potential applications and advantages compared to other similar programs. Therefore, this paper demonstrates that, in line with specific ethical considerations, ChatGPT has enormous potential to revolutionize and shape the future of marketing. We begin by questioning whether ChatGPT has a significant impact on consumer experience in digital marketing and overall user satisfaction. The methods used in the study include descriptive and inferential statistical methods, as well as the OLS method. The results show that the use of ChatGPT is continuously rising and increasingly being implemented in various industry segments, particularly in the field of digital marketing. Automation of customer care, increased productivity, automated research, and better understanding of consumers are ways it can assist marketing professionals.

Exploring Talent Identification and Development Practices in Chinese Basketball

The objective of this research was to evaluate the techniques used in the process of identifying and developing young basketball player potential in Chinese basketball schools. The study included a sample of 150 teenage basketball players and coaches who were selected to assess specific criteria for talent identification. These criteria encompassed physical characteristics, technical abilities, tactical understanding, social qualities, work ethic, and contextual elements. The research used a blend of descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including regression analysis, to ascertain the most influential characteristics in predicting the selection of young athletes for development programs. The findings revealed that all the main factors for identifying potential were significant, with work ethic obtaining the highest ranking among sporting participants. The survey showed no notable disparity in the evaluation of credentials depending on gender. However, variations were seen based on the academic year level, namely in the perceived enhancement of skills, with senior athletes displaying a more positive perspective. The efficacy of the current development initiatives was evaluated favorably in all domains, with mental growth achieving the highest success rating. Upon further examination, a notable disparity was found in the efficacy of cognitive growth depending on gender and skills acquisition depending on the academic year. The regression analysis revealed that all criteria, including physical attributes, technical skills, tactical understanding, social attributes, work ethic, and contextual factors, have significant predictive power in determining the selection of young athletes for development programs. Among these criteria, contextual factors emerged as the most influential predictor.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran PAIKEM Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Budi Pekerti siswa kelas XI SMA N 1 Parlilitan Tahun Ajaran 2023/2024

The research aims to find out how much influence the model hasPAIKEM learning towards learning motivation for Christian Religious Education andCharacteristics of class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Parlilitan for the 2023/2024 academic year. The research hypothesis is that there is a positive and significant influence between PAIKEM learning model on motivation to learn Religious Education Christianity and Character, Class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Parlilitan, Academic Year 2023/2024. Descriptive and inferential quantitative research methods. Whole population Class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Parlilitan for the 2023/2024 academic year who are religious There are 150 Protestant Christians. Random samples (random sampling) namely 25% of the total population, namely 38 people. The research instrument is: closed questionnaire. The results of data analysis obtained: a) rcount = 0.554&gt; rtable = 0.320 and tcount=3.993&gt;ttable=2.02809 shows that there is a positive relationship and significant relationship between the PAIKEM learning model and learning motivation Christian Religious Education and Character Education for class XI students of SMA Negeri 1Parlilitan Academic Year 2023/2024. b) Regression equation Y  25.88 0.404X c) The determination test revealed that the magnitude of the effect was 30.69%. d) Hypothesis test is obtained Fcount=15.933&gt;Ftable=3.23 then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Research concludes that there is a positive and significant influence between the PAIKEM learning model and educational learning motivation Christian Religion and Character, Class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Parlilitan Tahun Teachings 2023/2024.

Psychosocial Support for Parents, Infants, Children, and Adolescents with Variations of Sex Characteristics: Results from a Pan-European Survey.

Early psychosocial support for parents/legal guardians who have children with variations of sex characteristics (VSCs) is crucial in helping avoid potentially harmful medical procedures. Psychosocial support, including peer support, can help parents/legal guardians choose the best care path for their child, and it remains important throughout childhood. However, there is a lack of data on the provision of psychosocial support for families with a child who has VSCs. We sought knowledge about the timing and types of psychosocial support, and the level of implementation of psychosocial support amongst health and psychosocial care professionals and peer supporters. A survey was conducted using a purposive sample of healthcare professionals and members of peer support groups across Europe. A total of 301 responses were received and analysed using descriptive and inferential methods. The survey results showed that psychosocial support primarily addresses diagnostic procedures, medical treatment, and medical interventions. Whilst the majority of healthcare professionals aspired to have psychosocial support provided at the point where a diagnosis of VSCs was suspected, this was only reported as current practice by a minority of respondents. Overall, the survey indicates that there is a need for greater implementation of psychosocial support, and more collaboration between healthcare professionals and peer support groups in caring for children with VSCs and their families.

Study on Analysing the Student Perspectives on Cultural and Social Diversity in Education

Education is presently required to create inclusive, supportive, and validating environments for education and experiences, while educational organizations continue to maintain students from many different kinds of cultural and socially diverse backgrounds. This research investigates how students engage and collaborate with diverse cultures and social environments to identify the key features influencing their social relationships and learning outcomes. To determine the possibilities and difficulties that students experience in a varied educational environment and make suggestions for the enhancements and assessment techniques for fostering a multicultural and diverse classroom. In this research, the details gathered from 350 students, and utilize 15 questionnaires related to cultural and social diversity in education that were developed, based on five variables, such as students attitudes towards diversity (SATD), impact on the learning environment (ILE), cultural awareness (CA), perception of cultural and social diversity (PCSD), and social interactions (SI). The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and inferential statistics analysis methods are evaluated through the SPSS software. From both analyses, the variable PCSD performance is higher than other four variables in the field of student perception of social and cultural diversity in education.

Study on Analysing the Student Perspectives on Cultural and Social Diversity in Education

Education is presently required to create inclusive, supportive, and validating environments for education and experiences, while educational organizations continue to maintain students from many different kinds of cultural and socially diverse backgrounds. This research investigates how students engage and collaborate with diverse cultures and social environments to identify the key features influencing their social relationships and learning outcomes. To determine the possibilities and difficulties that students experience in a varied educational environment and make suggestions for the enhancements and assessment techniques for fostering a multicultural and diverse classroom. In this research, the details gathered from 350 students, and utilize 15 questionnaires related to cultural and social diversity in education that were developed, based on five variables, such as students attitudes towards diversity (SATD), impact on the learning environment (ILE), cultural awareness (CA), perception of cultural and social diversity (PCSD), and social interactions (SI). The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and inferential statistics analysis methods are evaluated through the SPSS software. From both analyses, the variable PCSD performance is higher than other four variables in the field of student perception of social and cultural diversity in education.