Infectious Diseases In Infants Research Articles

Severe pertussis in an infant: A case report from Morocco

Abstract Severe pertussis is the leading cause of mortality due to infectious diseases in infants under 2 months old. It is a rare condition with a severe prognosis and a mortality rate of around 70%. The majority of pertussis-related deaths are attributed to this clinical form. Despite therapeutic advancements, such as exchange transfusion, the prognosis remains extremely severe, highlighting the importance of preventive treatment. Indeed, vaccination has significantly reduced the prevalence of the disease. Here, we present a case of a 2-month-old infant admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for respiratory and hemodynamic distress caused by severe pertussis.

PP121 Assessment Of Heart Rate Characteristics Analysis

IntroductionThe heart rate characteristics (HRC) analysis is a technique for predicting and monitoring neonatal infectious diseases in infants with a risk for infectious disease, such as sepsis, using the HRC index based on the electrocardiogram (ECG) data transmitted from a HeRO® device connected to an ECG monitor.MethodsThe assessments were performed via a systematic review. Searching five databases (KoreaMed, Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-EMBASE, and Cochrane) yielded 284 related studies. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of these studies, using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network checklist and the assessment results were described based on the results of the quality appraisal and level of evidence.ResultsThe safety and effectiveness of the technique were assessed based on eight non-Korean studies (one randomized controlled trial (RCT), five cohort studies, one case-control study, one case series). The four studies that reported area under the curve (AUC) values, the timing of the analysis and AUC values (0.67– 0.75) were inconsistent among the studies. The elevation of the HRC index prior to the diagnosis of an infectious disease was not observed for meningitis or for multiple infectious diseases. In addition, although the group with additional monitoring using the technique had a significantly lower mortality rate, whether the HRC index had a direct impact on the infection prevention activities and the possibility of bias arising from the researchers’ precautionary treatment based on the clinical symptoms and other test results as well as the actual time of disease onset are unknown.ConclusionsTherefore, the committee presented the following recommendations based on the available evidence and expert opinion. HRC analysis is a safe technique for predicting and monitoring neonatal infectious diseases in infants with a risk for infectious disease, such as sepsis, using the HRC index based on the ECG data transmitted from a HeRO® device connected to an ECG monitor; however, further research is needed to determine its effectiveness (Level of evidence C, Technology category II-a).

Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of responses to enterovirus A71 infection reveals novel targets for antiviral and viral replication

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in infants and children, especially those under five years of age. EV-A71 is a common pathogen that causes HFMD and the primary pathogen leading to severe or fatal HFMD, which is characterized by neurological complications. However, the underlying mechanisms of EV-A71 pathogenesis remain largely unknown. In this report, we used proteomic and phosphorylated proteomic methods to characterize the proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of EV-A71-infected human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. More than 7744 host proteins and 10069 phosphorylation modification sites were successfully quantified. Among them, 974 proteins and 3648 phosphorylation modification sites were regulated significantly during EV-A71 infection. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis revealed that EV-A71 altered cell biological processes, including protein synthesis, RNA splicing and metabolism in SK-N-SH cells. Notably, based on the prediction of upregulated kinases during EV-A71 infection, we identified specific kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA, with ceralasertib, bosutinib, flavin mononucleotide, minocycline, pimasertib and acetylcysteine inhibiting EV-A71 infection. Finally, EV-A71 proteins were found to be phosphorylated during infection, with one site (S184 on 3D polymerase) observed to be crucial for viral replication because a S184A mutation knocked out viral replication. The results improve our understanding of the host response to EV-A71 infection of neuroblastoma cells and provide potential targets for developing anti-EV-A71 strategies.

The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Infants' Health.

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in bone health and musculoskeletal development. The aim of this narrative review is to present up-to-date information about the impact of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) on the health status of infants in their first year of life. Vitamin D is indispensable for skeletal growth and bone health, and emerging research suggests that it may also have significant roles in maternal and fetal health. VDD affects a large proportion of infants according to current guidelines. However, its prevalence varies depending on geographic location, skin pigmentation, and the time of year. Based on current guidelines for normal vitamin D levels and recommended daily intake, studies suggest that VDD is a global health issue with potentially significant implications for those at risk, especially infants. Our understanding of the role of vitamin D has improved significantly in the last few decades. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effect of vitamin D on preterm birth, low birth weight, anthropometric parameters, and health outcomes such as infectious diseases in infants, have found conflicting or inconsistent results. It is important to encourage further research to fill in these knowledge gaps and develop national or global strategies that ease the burden of VDD, especially in groups at risk.

Analisis Faktor yang Berpengaruh terhadap Motivasi Orangtua pada Pelaksanaan Program Bias

Infectious diseases in infants are one of the causes of high infant mortality. The infectious diseases are hepatitis B, polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and measles. Since 1991, pertussis cases have emerged as a frequently reported case in Indonesia, about 40% of pertussis cases affect toddlers. The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors that influence parental motivation in the implementation of the Bias Program at the Salam Babaris Health Center. Analytical survey research method with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was 50 mothers. Primary data collection was analyzed using descriptive test and chi square test. The results of the study showed that most respondents had good knowledge as many as 30 people (60%), higher education (SMA / PT) as many as 35 people (70%), age not at risk (20-35 years) as many as 36 people (72%), good parental motivation as many as 21 people (42%). There is an influence of knowledge on parental motivation in the implementation of the Bias program (pvalue: 0.011<0.05). There is an influence of education on parental motivation in the implementation of the Bias program (pvalue: 0.000<0.05). There is an influence of age on parental motivation in the implementation of the Bias program (pvalue: 0.025<0.05).
 

Genomic epidemiology and multilevel genome typing of Bordetella pertussis

ABSTRACT Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis (or whooping cough), a severe respiratory infectious disease in infants, although it can be prevented by whole cell and acellular vaccines. The recent pertussis resurgence in industrialised countries is partly attributed to pathogen adaptation to vaccines, while emergence of antimicrobial resistance, specifically to macrolides in China, has become a concern. Surveillance of current circulating and emerging strains is therefore vital to understand the risks they pose to public health. Although the use of genomics-based typing is increasing a genomic nomenclature for this pathogen has not been well established. Here, we implemented the multilevel genome typing (MGT) system for B. pertussis with five levels of resolution, which provide targeted typing of relevant lineages and discrimination of closely related strains at the finest scale. The lower resolution levels (MGT2 and MGT3) describe the distribution of major vaccine antigen alleles including ptxP, fim3, fhaB and prn, as well as temporal and spatial trends within the B. pertussis global population. Mid-resolution levels (MGT3 and MGT4) enable typing of antibiotic-resistant lineages and Prn deficient lineages within the ptxP3 clade. The high-resolution level (MGT5) can capture finer-scale epidemiology such as outbreaks and local transmission events, with comparable resolution to existing genomic methods of strain-relatedness assessment. The scheme offers stable MGT-type assignments aiding harmonisation of typing and communication between laboratories. The scheme is available at https://mgtdb.unsw.edu.au/pertussis, is regularly updated from global data repositories and accepts public submissions. The MGT scheme provides a comprehensive, robust, and scalable system for global surveillance of B. pertussis.

KIE Probiotik Pangan Lokal serta Manfaatnya di PMB Muzilatul Nisma Kota Jambi

According to the 2018 National Riskesdas Report, the incidence of infectious diseases in infants aged less than 1 year consists of 10.6% diarrhea, 9.4% ISPA, and 3.8% pneumonia. As much as 70% of the body's immune system is affected by the health of the digestive system. One effort to maintain digestive health is to consume food or drinks that contain probiotics. Probiotics can be obtained from local food, namely fermented foods such as tempeh, pickles, tempoyak, tauco and tape. The purpose of implementing this educational activity is to change knowledge about local food probiotics. Community Service Activities will be held on January 13, 2023 beginning with an opening (introduction, time contract, explanation of objectives and materials to be provided and distribution of pre-test questionnaires), followed by educating participants about local food sources of probiotics and their benefits and ending with closing (distribution leaflets, distribution of post-test questionnaires, and distribution of gifts). This activity was attended by approximately 15 participants at PMB Muzilatulnisma. The results of the analysis of the pre and post test questionnaires on 9 participants, there was an increase in the participants' knowledge from before the educational activity and after the educational activity. The results of the evaluation during the educational process were that the participants seemed enthusiastic about the counseling material, the participants listened to the counseling carefully and the participants asked questions related to the material that was not clear. It is hoped that mothers can implement the knowledge gained in order to be able to consume local food sources of probiotics that exist around the community.

Stunting Countermeasures Intervention Model in Remote Areas of Banyuwangi Regency East Java

Stunting in toddlers becomes a chronic nutritional problem. Factors that cause stunting are maternal nutrition during pregnancy, socioeconomic conditions, infectious diseases in infants, access to health services, reproductive health, sanitation and clean water. This study aims to analyze stunting prevention intervention models in remote areas of Sukamade, Banyuwangi Regency. This study is an analytical observational study with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques by interview and observation using a questionnaire. The sampling technique used a total sampling with a sample size of 42 toddler households. The analysis technique used is the Structural Equation Models (SEM) equation model, an alternative method of PLS. The final results show that environmental variables have a significant effect on stunting. The latent variable that affects the stunting variable is the environmental variable. It is necessary to create an intervention model that takes into account the need for safe drinking water by maintaining water sources and water quality.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes of cancer survivors and infectious disease in their infants: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Birth cohort studies examining pregnancy and infant outcomes among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors have been limited. The present study examined whether AYA cancer affects pregnancy outcomes of survivors and infectious diseases in their infants up to 1 year of age. Pregnant women were recruited for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationwide, large-scale, prospective cohort study. The present study included 103,060 pregnant women and collected questionnaire-based data during the first and second/third trimester, and at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after delivery. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and infectious diseases in infants up to 1 year of age were compared between AYA cancer survivors and pregnant women without a history of cancer using binominal logistic regression analyses and a multiple imputation method. Of 99,816 participants (3,244 were missing), 1,102 (1.1%) had a cancer history, including 812 participants (0.8%) with a history of cervical cancer. Among cervical cancer survivors, the adjusted (a)ORs were as follows: 3.25 (95% CI, 2.31-4.57; q=0.00) for a preterm birth <34 weeks' gestation; 2.82 (95% CI, 2.31-3.44; q=0.00) for a preterm birth <37 weeks' gestation; and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.36-2.06; q=0.00) for premature rupture of the membrane. Among the other cancer survivors, the aOR for caesarean section was 1.43 (95% CI, 1.10-1.87; q=0.0). Furthermore, lower respiratory tract inflammation in 1-year-old infants born by vaginal delivery increased significantly in cases with a history of cervical cancer (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.33-2.36; q=0.00). The present study identified the risk of lower respiratory tract inflammation in 1-year-old infants born by vaginal delivery in cervical cancer survivors for the first time. In addition, the frequency of caesarean section increased in all cancer survivors. No risk of congenital anomalies or other infections were found in the total group of cancer survivors.

Outcome of treatment with nebulized 3% hypertonic saline solution in infants hospitalized with moderate bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory infectious disease in infants presenting with cough and/or wheeze and occurs most frequently in the winter months. Treatment of bronchiolitis by means of nebulization with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilator such as salbutamol or ipratropium bromide considered an effective method. Usually, 0.9% normal saline used together with the medications mentioned above. However, there are studies showing that 3% hypertonic saline might be a better choice compared with the normal saline. Objective: Our main aim of this study is to determine the improvement of patient’s condition by comparing the length of hospital stay and improvement in clinical severity score (CS score) in infants with moderate bronchiolitis nebulized with 3% hypertonic saline or 0.9% saline. Methods: 124 patients were arranged randomly to nebulize either 3% hypertonic saline with salbutamol plus budesonide (Group 1) or 0.9% saline with salbutamol plus budesonide (Group 2) three times per day until conditions were stable enough for discharge (with a CS score below 3). We recorded the SC scores of each patient before and after the first nebulization every day. Outcomes, considered mainly as ①differences in the length of hospital stay from admission to time taken to reach CS score &lt; 3; ②the change in CS score after the first nebulization every day. A P value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 124 patients of them completed the study. Their mean age was 6.92±0.24 months (range, 3 to 12 months). The cases were diagnosed as moderate bronchiolitis with CS scores varying from 6 to 9. The mean length of hospital stay from admission to time taken to reach CS score &lt;3 was 4.83 ±0.077 days for the whole subjects investigated, and it differed significantly between the two groups: 4.27±0.90 days in Group 1 and 5.39±0.610 days in Group 2. On the first day of treatment, the mean CS scores at baseline were 7.34±0.1 and 7.39±0.99 for Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. After the first nebulization, the CS scores decreased to 5.94±0.89 (SD-0.698) and 6.50±0.094 (SD 0.741) of Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The P value in both groups were less than 0.001, indicating statistically differences between CS scores before and after nebulization by both groups of solutions in the treatment of moderate bronchiolitis. However, the differences of the mean values and standard deviation (SD) results after nebulization in the two groups suggested a better treatment outcome of 3% hypertonic saline with salbutamol plus budesonide than 0.9% normal saline. There were no significant differences between the respiratory rate, heart rate, saturation and add-on therapy in the two groups. No adverse events noted in both groups. Conclusion: The curative effect of 3% hypertonic saline group was significant better in comparison with the 0.9% normal saline group in terms of the improvement of CS score and length of hospital stay. In conclusion, 3% hypertonic saline is safe and effective in infants with moderate bronchiolitis.

Disparities in infant mortality from all-infectious, vaccine-preventable, and non-vaccine preventable diseases in relation to parental education

BackgroundThe burden of infectious diseases in infants is substantial. Parental education has been considered as a critical factor for predicting infant mortality. However, even though some studies have been done about relationship between infectious disease and parent’s education level, no researches have been conducted specifically about vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable disease mortality by parent’s educational level. PurposeThis study aimed to compare infant mortality rates from all-infectious diseases, vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable diseases by mother’s and father’s education levels. MethodsWe used 2017 US Linked Birth and Infant Death Data from National Center for Health Statistics, which included 3,153,574 live births and 13,870 deaths.To identify the association between each mother’s and father’s education level and all-infectious disease, vaccine-preventable disease, and non-vaccine-preventable disease infant mortality, logistic regression analyses were conducted by using educational level 1 as the reference. All-infectious diseases, vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable diseases were identified by vaccination recommendation of 2017 CDC guideline. Education levels were classified into four groups: level 1, through 12th grade with no diploma; Level 2, high school graduate or GED completed; Level 3, some college credit but no degree or associate degree; and Level 4, bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, doctorate or professional degree. ResultsHigher parents’ education level was appreciably associated with lower infant mortality from all-cause, all-infectious diseases, vaccine-preventable diseases, and non-vaccine-preventable diseases. Moreover, each mother’s and father’s education level was correlated to infant mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases on the whole education level, while all-infectious disease and non-vaccine-preventable disease mortality is related with parent’s education level only if their education level is fairly high. In other words, the adjusted odds for vaccine-preventable disease mortality were significantly lower than that for all-infectious and non-vaccine-preventable disease mortality at education level 2 and 3 and still smaller at education level 4. ConclusionThese finding implies that each mother’s and father’s higher education level was associated with lower infant mortality rate from all-infectious diseases, vaccine-preventable diseases, and non-vaccine-preventable diseases. Furthermore, each level of mother’s and father’s education was more likely to be related to infant mortality by vaccine-preventable diseases than that of infant mortality by all-infectious diseases, and non-vaccine-preventable diseases.

Inhibition of NF-κB/IL-33/ST2 Axis Ameliorates Acute Bronchiolitis Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Background/Aim Bronchiolitis is a common acute lower respiratory tract infectious disease in infants. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the main causes. Bronchiolitis can lead to a significant increase in the incidence of asthma in young children, but the mechanism of bronchiolitis transforming into asthma is still unclear. The study was aimed at investigating the role of NF-κB/IL-33/ST2 axis on RSV-induced acute bronchiolitis. Methods A total of 40 infants diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis infected by RSV, and 20 normal infants were included in this study. BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks old, 20 ± 1.1 g) were used as study models. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real time PCR, western blot analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and flow cytometry analysis were performed to examine relevant indicators. Results IL-33 level was significantly elevated, and Th1/Th2 ratio is imbalance after in infants with acute bronchiolitis. In vivo study, we found that NF-κB/IL-33/ST2 axis is mediated the Th2 cytokine levels and BAL cell number induced by RSV. Acute bronchiolitis induced by RSV in a mouse model is attenuated after inhibition of NF-κB/IL-33/ST2 pathway. Moreover, we also confirmed that macrophages are important sources of IL-33 and are regulated by NF-κB pathway in RSV-induced mice. Conclusion We confirmed that inhibition of NF-κB/IL-33/ST2 axis could attenuate acute bronchiolitis by RSV infected. Our findings not only demonstrate the potential role of IL-33 antibody in attenuating RSV-induced lung damage but also provide a new insight into better prevention of RSV-induced asthma by mediating NF-κB/IL-33/ST2 axis.

Perilaku yang berhubungan dengan Menyusui Eksklusif pada Bayi Usia 6-12 Bulan di Kelurahan Banjaran Kota Kediri

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Infectious diseases in infants correlated with non-exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding rates in Indonesia are still low. Breastfeeding behavior such as the implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding is thought to be related to exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to analyze the factors that associated with exclusive breastfeeding in infants aged 6-12 months old. The study design was cross-sectional using total sampling technique. Total samples was 41 mothers with children aged 6-12 months old in the Banjaran Village, Kediri City. Data were analyzed using the ChiSquare test. The results showed the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, the implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding, the feeding of prelacteal food, the feeding of early complementary food, namely 24.4%, 41.1%, 48%, and 36.5%. The implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding and prelacteal feeding was significantly related to exclusive breastfeeding. The support of health workers for the provision of education and mentoring for early initiation of breastfeeding needs to be increased as an effort to succeed in breastfeeding success.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Effectiveness of Hygienic Intervention in the Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Infants Attending an In-hospital Nursery

Effectiveness of Hygienic Intervention in the Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Infants Attending an In-hospital Nursery

Highly sensitive detection of Cronobacter sakazakii based on immunochromatography coupled with surface-enhanced Raman scattering

The presence of Cronobacter sakazakii must be controlled in infant powder plants, because it may cause infectiousdisease in infants, with high mortality. Testing for C.sakazakiiin powdered infant formula should be performed before delivery, and it requires rapid and specific detection methods. In this study, we established a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunochromatographic test strip for the quantitativedetermination of C.sakazakiiin powdered infant formula. Monoclonalantibodies for C. sakazakii were labeled with p-aminothiophenol-bound colloidal gold nanoparticles. Color change in the test line indicated the presence of C. sakazakii. A highly sensitive and quantitative test method was developed based on the Raman signal produced by the p-aminothiophenol bonding on gold nanoparticles. The SERS immunochromatographic test strip assay required a short analysis time (12 min) and exhibited a linearityrangefrom 102 to 107 cfu/mL. The limit of detection was 201 cfu/mL without preculture. The SERS immunochromatographic test strip assay is a promising tool for the simple and rapid quantitativeanalysis of C.sakazakiiand other pathogenic bacteria.

The change of prevalence and recurrence of acute otitis media in Korea

ObjectivesAcute otitis media (AOM) is the most common infectious disease in infants and children. However, there have been few studies on the recent prevalence and trends of pediatric AOM in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and trends of pediatric AOM in Korea. MethodsThe data for patients with AOM in 2012, 2015, and 2017 were extracted from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service's Big Database. The prevalence rate, recurrence rate, and data on gender, region, month, and medical facilities of AOM were evaluated. ResultsThe prevalence rate (per 1000 persons) decreased from 152.7 in 2012 to 137.4 in 2017. The recurrence rate declined from 34.0% in 2012 to 28.2% in 2015. In 2015, the recurrence rate of 0–2 years group decreased significantly. In 2017, the prevalence of AOM of 3–6 years group decreased the most. The prevalence is higher in urban areas and recurrence rate is higher in rural areas. But those are no significant difference. AOM is more common in male, mainly in winter and spring. Conclusions and SignificanceThe prevalence and recurrence rate of pediatric AOM in Korea are gradually decreasing. The decrease of prevalence resulted from declination in AOM recurrence of 0–2 years group in 2015 and AOM occurrence of 3–6 years group in 2017.

Using grey relational analysis to analyze influential factor of hand, foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen

Purpose Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in infants and children. HFMD has caused millions of cases and a large epidemic worldwide. A number of studies have shown that the incidence of HFMD is closely related to various factors such as meteorological factors, environmental air pollution factors and socio-economic factors. However, there are few studies that systematically consider the impact of various factors on the incidence of HFMD. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study used grey correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) method to systematically analyse the impact of meteorological factors, health resource factors, socio-economic factors and environmental air pollution factors on the incidence of HFMD in Shenzhen. Findings The incidence of HFMD in Shenzhen was affected by multiple factors. Grey correlation analysis found eight influencing factors which are as follows: volume of industrial waste gas emission; the days of air quality equal to or above grade; the volume of industrial nitrogen oxide emission; precipitation; the mean air temperature; the gross domestic product; the expenditure for medical and health care; and the gross domestic product per capita. PCA found that the gross domestic product, the volume of industrial soot emission, the relative humidity, and the days of air quality equal to or above grade have a higher load value. Originality/value This study is the one of the first studies that apply the grey correlation analysis to analyse the influencing factors of HFMD in the English literature, which to some extent fills up the blank in this field.

Differential Role of Anti-Viral Sensing Pathway for the Production of Type I Interferon β in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus A2 Strain Infection.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infectious disease in infants and young children. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MACs) are known to play important roles in RSV recognition, and in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokine in RSV infection. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) are known to be important for the RSV sensing pathway in DCs and MACs. However, despite the critical roles of type I IFNs in the anti-RSV immune response, the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are required for RSV sensing in DCs and MACs remain unclear. Here, we investigate the pathway activated by RSV A2 strain infection using an IFN-β/YFP reporter mouse model to visualize IFN-β-producing cells and in vitro RSV infection in bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) and macrophages (BM-DMs). We present our finding that MyD88, but not TLR7, are important for RSV recognition and type I IFN and pro-inflammatory production in DCs and MACs. MAVS-deficient BM-DCs and BM-DMs show impaired induction of IFN-β production upon RSV stimulation, and this effect is RSV replication-dependent. Our study provides information on cell type-specific PRR requirements in innate immune responses against RSV infection.

The draft genomes and investigation of serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance of group B Streptococcus strains isolated from urine in Suzhou, China

BackgroundThe group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a human commensal bacterium, which is capable of causing several infectious diseases in infants, and people with chronic diseases. GBS has been the most common cause of infections in urinary tract of the elders, but relatively few studies reported the urine-isolated GBS and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Hence, we decided to investigate GBS specially isolated from urine in Suzhou, China.Methods27 GBS samples were isolated from urine in Suzhou, China. The PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to identify the serotype distribution. Susceptibility tests were based on MIC test and Kirby–Bauer test. Genome were sequenced via Illumina Hiseq platform and assembled by SPAdes. Genomes of five isolates were sequenced and submitted to NCBI genome database. The sequencing files in fastq format were submitted to NCBI SRA database.ResultsFive serotypes were identified. The resistant rates measured for tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin and fluoroquinolones were 74.1, 63.0, 44.4 and 48.1%, respectively. 18.5% of the isolates were nonsusceptible to nitrofurantoin. The resistance to tetracycline was mainly associated with the gene tetM. The erythromycin resistance was mainly associated with the genes ermB and mefE. The genes ermB and lnuB were the prevalent genes in cMLSB type. No known nitrofurantoin resistance gene was found in nitrofurantoin-nonsusceptible GBS.ConclusionsFive serotypes were identified in our study. High rates of GBS isolates were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin and fluoroquinolones. The genes ermB and lnuB occupied high rates in cMLSB phenotype.

Evaluation of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Plant Products for Antagonistic Activity Against Urinary Tract Pathogen Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infectious diseases in infants and the elderly; they are also the most common among nosocomial infections. The treatment of UTIs usually involves a short-term course of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to identify the strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that can inhibit the urinary tract pathogen Staphylococcus saprophyticus, as alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we collected 370 LAB strains from fermented plant products and reference strains from the Bioresources Collection and Research Center (BCRC). Using spent culture supernatants (SCS), we then screened these LAB strains with for antimicrobial effects on urinary tract pathogens by the well-diffusion assay. Seven LAB strains-PM2, PM68, PM78, PM201, PM206, PM229, and RY2-exhibited inhibitory activity and were evaluated for anti-growth activity against urinary tract pathogens by the co-culture inhibition assay. Anti-adhesion and anti-invasion activities against urinary tract pathogens were evaluated using the SV-HUC-1 urothelial cell cultures. The results revealed that the survival rate of S. saprophyticus ranged from 0.9-2.96%, with the pH continuously decreasing after co-culture with LAB strains for 4h. In the competitive adhesion assay, the exclusion and competition groups performed better than the displacement group. In the SV-HUC-1 cell invasion assay, PM201, PM206, PM229, and RY2 were found to inhibit the invasion of SV-HUC-1 cells by S. saprophyticus BCRC 10786. To conclude, RY2, PM229, and PM68 strains exhibited inhibitory activity against the urinary tract pathogen S. saprophyticus.