Therapy Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

Synergy between pluripotent stem cell‐derived macrophages and self‐renewing macrophages: Envisioning a promising avenue for the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases

AbstractAs crucial phagocytes of the innate immune system, macrophages (Mϕs) protect mammalian hosts, maintain tissue homeostasis and influence disease pathogenesis. Nonetheless, Mϕs are susceptible to various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and parasites, which cause various infectious diseases, necessitating a deeper understanding of pathogen–Mϕ interactions and therapeutic insights. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been efficiently differentiated into PSC‐derived Mϕs (PSCdMϕs) resembling primary Mϕs, advancing the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases. However, the mass production of PSCdMϕs, which lack proliferative capacity, relies on large‐scale expansions of PSCs, thereby increasing both costs and culture cycles. Notably, Mϕs deficient in the MafB/c‐Maf genes have been reported to re‐enter the cell cycle with the stimulation of specific growth factor cocktails, turning into self‐renewing Mϕs (SRMϕs). This review summarizes the applications of PSCdMϕs in the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases and strategies for establishing SRMϕs. Most importantly, we innovatively propose that PSCs can serve as a gene editing platform to creating PSC‐derived SRMϕs (termed PSRMϕs), addressing the resistance of Mϕs against genetic manipulation. We discuss the challenges and possible solutions in creating PSRMϕs. In conclusion, this review provides novel insights into the development of physiologically relevant and expandable Mϕ models, highlighting the enormous potential of PSRMϕs as a promising avenue for the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases.

Achieving Optimal Health With Host‐Directed Therapies (HDTs) in Infectious Diseases—A New Horizon

AbstractHost‐directed therapies (HDTs) have emerged as a promising strategy to combat viral infections by modifying host factors and immune responses to restrict viral replication and improve patient outcomes. This review summarizes the latest advances and future potential of HDTs in antiviral therapy. With developments in genomics and proteomics, new host targets essential for viral replication have been identified. Gene‐editing tools, such as CRISPR‐Cas9, enable precise manipulation of host genes linked to viral processes, paving the way for innovative HDTs. Emerging approaches, including RNA interference and viral interference, further demonstrate the potential to specifically modify host factors to inhibit viral replication. Additionally, probiotics are being explored for their capacity to enhance immune responses and modulate gut microbiota, offering a natural and safe method for boosting antiviral defenses. Despite these advancements, significant challenges remain, particularly in deciphering complex host–virus interactions and ensuring the safety and efficacy of these therapies. Continued research and clinical evaluation are essential to realize the full potential of HDTs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current HDT strategies, emphasizing their promise in shaping future antiviral interventions.

Discovery of anti-infective compounds against Mycobacterium marinum after biotransformation of simple natural stilbenes by a fungal secretome.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a serious threat to human health worldwide and the quest for new anti-tubercular drugs is an enduring and demanding journey. Natural products (NPs) have played a significant role in advancing drug therapy of infectious diseases. This study evaluated the suitability of a high-throughput infection system composed of the host amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd) and Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), a close relative of Mtb, to identify anti-infective compounds. Growth of Dd and intracellular Mm were quantified by using luminescence and fluorescence readouts in phenotypic assays. The system was first benchmarked with a set of therapeutic anti-Mtb antibiotics and then used to screen a library of biotransformed stilbenes. The study confirmed both efficacy of established antibiotics such as rifampicin and bedaquiline, with activities below defined anti-mycobacterium susceptibility breakpoints, and the lack of activity of pyrazinamide against Mm. The screening revealed the promising anti-infective activities of trans-δ-viniferins and in particular of two compounds 17 and 19 with an IC50 of 18.1 μM, 9 μM, respectively. Both compounds had no activity on Mm in broth. Subsequent exploration via halogenation and structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of derivatives with improved selectivity and potency. The modes of action of the anti-infective compounds may involve inhibition of mycobacterial virulence factors or boosting of host defense. The study highlights the potential of biotransformation and NP-inspired derivatization approaches for drug discovery and underscores the utility of the Dd-Mm infection system in identifying novel anti-infective compounds.

The effect of hypochlorous acid inhalation on the activity of antioxidant system enzymes in rats of different ages

Hypochlorous acid HOCl is an effective disinfectant with a broad spectrum and high rate of microbicidal action. Its use for air treatment can be an effective tool for the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases. In this work, the in vivo study was conducted on 110 Wistar Han rats (12 and 72 weeks old) on the effect of a single inhalation of air containing gaseous HOCl on the activity of antioxidant system enzymes. For this, a special installation was designed to uniformly maintain the concentration of HOCl in the air and regulate it over a wide range. Inhalation exposure was carried out for 4 h at total chlorine concentrations in the air of approximately 2.0 mg/m3 and 5.0 mg/m3, after which the animals were observed for 14 days. The effect of inhalation on the antioxidant system activity varied significantly in animals of different ages. Catalase activity in young rats increased approximately 2-fold on days 1-2 after inhalation, regardless of the HOCl concentration, while in old animals a sharp dose-dependent decrease was initially observed. The glutathione peroxidase activity in animals of both ages increased upon inhalation of air with 5.0 mg/m3 HOCl, and in old animals this was more pronounced; when the HOCl concentration decreased to 2.0 mg/m3, this indicator increased slightly in old rats and remained virtually unchanged in young ones. The glutathione reductase activity when exposed to 2.0 mg/m3 HOCl did not change for both age groups, and with increasing HOCl concentration it increased by 1.5-2.0 times in all animals.

Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Phase Nanostructure and Cholesterol Enhance Lipid Nanoparticle Mediated mRNA Transfection in Macrophages

AbstractMacrophages are unique immune cells attracting growing attention as a potential candidate for cell‐based therapy for infectious diseases and cancer. Strategies that can reprogramme or gene‐edit macrophages hold potential across a spectrum of acute and chronic conditions. Herein, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are developed containing the ionizable lipid SM‐102, helper lipid monoolein which is known for self‐assembly in aqueous solutions into the inverse cubic lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophase, and cholesterol as an mRNA nanocarrier. The immortalized alveolar macrophage cell line (MH‐S cells) is utilized to investigate how cholesterol concentration impacts on mRNA delivery which is further validated using primary mouse alveolar macrophages isolated from the bronchoalveolar compartment and human monocyte derived macrophages. By using high‐throughput synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), an acidification‐induced non‐ordered to ordered internal nanostructure transition of the formulated LNPs is observed, following the transition sequence of inverse micellar to hexagonal to cubic mesophase in the pH range from 7 to 4. Cholesterol is identified as another crucial component for superior mRNA transfection in macrophages, contributing to nanostructure transition and protein corona variation. Successful ex vivo mRNA transfection is also achieved in primary macrophages, highlighting the prospectivity of reprogramming macrophages as a cell therapy for lung diseases.

Improving the treatment of bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria through drug repositioning.

Drug repurposing (repositioning) is a dynamically-developing area in the search for effective therapy of infectious diseases. Repositioning existing drugs with a well-known pharmacological and toxicological profile is an attractive method for quickly discovering new therapeutic indications. The off-label use of drugs for infectious diseases requires much less capital and time, and can hasten progress in the development of new antimicrobial drugs, including antibiotics. The use of drug repositioning in searching for new therapeutic options has brought promising results for many viral infectious diseases, such as Ebola, ZIKA, Dengue, and HCV. This review describes the most favorable results for repositioned drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections. It comprises publications from various databases including PubMed and Web of Science published from 2015 to 2023. The following search keywords/strings were used: drug repositioning and/or repurposing and/or antibacterial activity and/or infectious diseases. Treatment options for infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria were taken into account, including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or carbapenem-resistant bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. It analyses the safety profiles of the included drugs and their synergistic combinations with antibiotics and discusses the potential of antibacterial drugs with antiparasitic, anticancer, antipsychotic effects, and those used in metabolic diseases. Drug repositioning may be an effective response to public health threats related to the spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and the growing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms.

Rational Design of Lipid-Based Vectors for Advanced Therapeutic Vaccines.

Recent advancements in vaccine delivery systems have seen the utilization of various materials, including lipids, polymers, peptides, metals, and inorganic substances, for constructing non-viral vectors. Among these, lipid-based nanoparticles, composed of natural, synthetic, or physiological lipid/phospholipid materials, offer significant advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and safety, making them ideal for vaccine delivery. These lipid-based vectors can protect encapsulated antigens and/or mRNA from degradation, precisely tune chemical and physical properties to mimic viruses, facilitate targeted delivery to specific immune cells, and enable efficient endosomal escape for robust immune activation. Notably, lipid-based vaccines, exemplified by those developed by BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna against COVID-19, have gained approval for human use. This review highlights rational design strategies for vaccine delivery, emphasizing lymphoid organ targeting and effective endosomal escape. It also discusses the importance of rational formulation design and structure-activity relationships, along with reviewing components and potential applications of lipid-based vectors. Additionally, it addresses current challenges and future prospects in translating lipid-based vaccine therapies for cancer and infectious diseases into clinical practice.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: aversatile carrier platform in lung cancer management.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are inorganic nanoparticles that have been comprehensively investigated and are intended to deliver therapeutic agents. MSNPs have revolutionized the therapy for various conditions, especially cancer and infectious diseases. In this article, the viability of MSNPs'administration for lung cancer therapy has been reviewed. However, certain challenges lay ahead in the successful translation such as toxicology, immunology, large-scale production, and regulatory matters have made it extremely difficult to translate such discoveries from the bench to the bedside. This review highlights recent developments, characteristics, mechanism of action and customization for targeted delivery. This review also covers the most recent data that sheds light on MSNPs'extraordinary therapeutic potential in fighting lung cancer as well as future hurdles.

Symptomatic therapy for acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of the pharynx

Symptomatic therapy for acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of the pharynx

Regional Antibiotic Resistance of the Main Uropathogens

The most important reason for the increase in mortality from infectious factors on the planet is the acquisition of resistance to antibacterial agents by microflora. Therefore, modern guidelines for the treatment of human infectious diseases recommend considering the regional sensitivity of the microflora when choosing an antibiotic. The treatment of infectious lesions of the urinary system is no exception, the disease of which is annually included in the list of the most frequent reasons for increasing the «burden of disease» on the planet. Therefore, the study of the microbial landscape of uropathogenic flora and its sensitivity to modern antibiotics in the Ukrainian population will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of treatment, especially empirical treatment, and reducing the antibiotic resistance of local uropathogens. The objective: optimization of the therapy of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system by considering the sensitivity of the main regional uropathogens to antibacterial agents. Materials and methods. Bacteriological research was carried out on 545 urine samples of symptomatic inpatients and outpatients aged 19 to 95 years, in whom pathological changes in urine sediment were determined during the examination. According to the sex distribution, women predominated in both groups in the ratio of 1.6:1 and 3.8:1, respectively. Identification of causative agents and their properties, as well as sensitivity to antibiotics, was carried out according to the standardized methods of domestic and international guidelines. The growth of microflora with the number of colony-forming units in 1 ml ≥ 104 (CFU/ml) was considered clinically significant. Statistical analysis was carried out with the help of the statistical package EZR v. 1.50. The critical level of significance is 0.05. Results. In urine samples obtained from patients of a multidisciplinary hospital, 81.7% of identified microorganisms were Escherichia coli (31.5%), Enterococcus faecalis (17.2%), Klebsiella spp. (16.2%), Candida albicans (6.6%), Acinetobacter species (5.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.6%). In the outpatient group of patients, 92.1% of uropathogens were Escherichia coli (52.3%), Klebsiella spp. (13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.6%), Enterococcus faecalis (8.0%) and Enterobacter sрp. (4.6%). In the spectrum of pathogens of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system, the role of microorganisms that form a capsule (Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter sрp.) has been increasing in recent years: among the uropathogens in examined inpatients in 2013 (n=122) and 2022 (n=108) proportion of Klebsiella spp. increased, respectively, from 14.8% to 37%; and the proportion of Acinetobacter sрp. from 2.8% to 3.3%. The majority of uropathogens identified from the urine of patients of a multidisciplinary somatic hospital, in contrast to the outpatient group, was characterized by polyresistance to the action of antibacterial agents. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were sensitive only to fosfomycin and carbapenems, and Enterococcus faecalis – to fosfomycin, amoxicillin clavulonate, ampicillin sulbactam, vancomycin, meropenem and linezolid. Acinetobacter sрp. was insensitive to all antibiotics used in the study. The growth of fungi of the genus Candida albicans was inhibited by the main antifungal drugs of the «access» category – fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, with a tendency toward a gradual increase in resistance, which was indicated by a significant number of moderately sensitive strains – 35, 25, and 10%, respectively. Conclusions. The spectrum of uropathogenic flora in patients of a multidisciplinary hospital is characterized by greater diversity and a more frequent combination of several types of microorganisms in one patient compared to the outpatient group. The most common causative agents of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract in the Kyiv region are polyresistant strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella spp. In the spectrum of pathogens of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system, the role of microorganisms that form a capsule (Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter sрp.) has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, we are witnessing the evolutionary success of the protective mechanism of capsule formation, which is related, among other things, to the phenomenon of Bacterial Quorum Sensing in microorganisms and the formation of biofilms. Implementation of the obtained results of the study of regional sensitivity of uropathogens to antibacterial agents in medical practice will improve the results of treatment of infectious and inflammatory urological pathology and prevent the growth of antibiotic resistance of the local flora.

Group 3 innate lymphoid cells: A trained Gutkeeper.

Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are tissue-resident immune lymphocytes that critically regulate intestinal homeostasis, organogenesis, and immunity. ILC3s possess the capacity to "sense" the inflammatory environment within tissues, especially in the context of pathogen challenges that imprints durable non-antigen-specific changes in ILC3 function. As such, ILC3s become a new actor in the emerging field of trained innate immunity. Here, we summarize recent discoveries regarding ILC3 responses to bacterial challenges and the role these encounters play in triggering trained innate immunity. We further discuss how signaling events throughout ILC3 ontogeny potentially control the development and function of trained ILC3s. Finally, we highlight the open questions surrounding ILC3 "training" the answers to which may reveal new insights into innate immunity. Understanding the fundamental concepts behind trained innate immunity could potentially lead to the development of new strategies for improving immunity-based modulation therapies for inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer.

No time to die: Epigenetic regulation of natural killer cell survival.

NK cells are short-lived innate lymphocytes that can mediate antigen-independent responses to infection and cancer. However, studies from the past two decades have shown that NK cells can acquire transcriptional and epigenetic modifications during inflammation that result in increased survival and lifespan. These findings blur the lines between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and suggest that the homeostatic mechanisms that govern the persistence of innate immune cells are malleable. Indeed, recent studies have shown that NK cells undergo continuous and strictly regulated adaptations controlling their survival during development, tissue residency, and following inflammation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the critical factors regulating NK cell survival throughout their lifespan, with a specific emphasis on the epigenetic modifications that regulate the survival of NK cells in various contexts. A precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern NK cell survival will be important to enhance therapies for cancer and infectious diseases.

(280) Innovative Team Approach to Sexual Health Counseling; Partnership of Urology, Infectious Disease and Pelvic Floor Therapy to Increase Access to Care

Abstract Introduction Despite the prevalence and availability of HIV (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis i.e., PrEP), the number of new AIDS diagnoses continues to outpace treatment and prevention. Stigma, discrimination, lack of access continue to remain significant barriers in the prevention of new HIV infections, especially amongst vulnerable groups (i.e. LGBTQ, women, and minorities). We present a novel strategy to address a comprehensive approach to sexual health medicine through the partnership of Urology, Infectious Disease, and Pelvic Floor therapy. Objective Men who have sex with men (M2M) who either currently use or have an interests in use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) continue to face barriers with respect to access to care, stigma, and or availability of effective partnerships to address and offer culturally competent care. The objective of this study is to assess attitudes and barriers to conventional and novel PrEP offerings as well as to present an innovative team approach between Urology, Infectious Disease (ID) Medicine and Pelvic Floor Therapy to offer a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to treatment and care. Methods We enrolled 6 candidates (M2M) into our PrEP clinic which offers the Apretude (Cabotegivir 600 mg/3mL) injections. We conducted interviews, focused groups, and provided questionnaires to detail their experiences, beliefs, attitudes, barriers, and considerations for therapy. Results First, the preliminary results and findings of our study has shown that the needs, considerations, and beliefs of M2M is more varied, nuanced, and divergent with need to characterize, understand, and offer more specific culturally competent care in Sexual Health Medicine with respect to PrEP. Second, M2M designation does not exclude men from having sex with the opposite gender. These man preferred injectable PrEP option. Third, the partnership of Urology, Infectious Disease and Pelvic Floor Therapy reduced barriers, increased access to care, and decreased stigma as M2M felt more comfortable in the Urological setting. Conclusions M2M patients stated hesitancy, increased stigma and “shame” in going to ID for sexual health. Additionally, for M2M who have sexual partners of the opposite sex this would further increase stigma. Urology practices are accustomed to having discussions surrounding men’s sexual health with reduced stigma. The combination of Infectious Disease has presented an innovative partnership to discuss, prevent, and treat sexuallly transmited infections amongst M2M. Disclosure No.

Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections.

The development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), along with the relative reduction in the production of new antimicrobials, significantly limits the therapeutic options in infectious diseases. Thus, novel treatments, especially in the current era, where AMR is increasing, are urgently needed. There are several ongoing studies on non-classical therapies for infectious diseases, such as bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, and nanotechnology, among others. Nanomaterials involve materials on the nanoscale that could be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. This review provides an overview of the applications of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases from a clinician's perspective, with a focus on pathogens with AMR. Applications of nanomaterials in diagnosis, by taking advantage of their electrochemical, optic, magnetic, and fluorescent properties, are described. Moreover, the potential of metallic or organic nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of infections is also addressed. Finally, the potential use of NPs in the development of safe and efficient vaccines is also reviewed. Further studies are needed to prove the safety and efficacy of NPs that would facilitate their approval by regulatory authorities for clinical use.

Total synthesis of [β-HIle]2-nodupetide: effect of ester to amide substitution on its antimicrobial activity.

The increasing prevalence of deaths due to multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) in infectious disease therapy has become a global health concern. This led to the development of new antimicrobial therapeutic agents that can combat resistance to pathogenic bacteria. The utilization of natural peptide compounds as potential antimicrobial agents is very promising. Nodupetide, a cyclodepsipeptide with very strong antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the fermentation of Nodulisporium sp. Unfortunately, one of its residues (3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA) is not commercially available and the synthesis strategies applied have not been successful. Hence, we synthesized its cyclopeptide analogue [β-HIle]2-nodupetide by replacing HMHA with isoleucine homologue. A combination of solid- and solution-phase peptide synthesis was successfully carried out to synthesize [β-HIle]2-nodupetide with an overall yield of 10.4%. The substitution of HMHA with β-homoisoleucine (β-HIle) changed the ester bond into an amide bond in nodupetide's backbone. The analogue was considerably inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It can be concluded that the ester bond is crucial for the antimicrobial activity of nodupetide.

Analysis of Nanoparticles' Effects on Drug-Induced Psoriasis.

Psoriasis, an auto-inflammatory disorder, has major manifestations in the skin but can affect other organs. Currently, this condition has no cure, and the treatments include anti-inflammatory medications. Nanoparticles are widely used for drug delivery and have found successful applications in therapy for cancer and infectious diseases. Nanoparticles can also be used to deliver anti-inflammatory drugs to sites of inflammation. Moreover, some nanotechnology platforms possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties and may benefit the therapy of inflammation-driven disorders. Herein, we present a protocol to study nanotechnology concepts' anti-inflammatory properties in a chemically-induced psoriasis model.

A programmable and automated optical electrowetting-on-dielectric (oEWOD) driven platform for massively parallel and sequential processing of single cell assay operations.

Recently, there has been an increasing emphasis on single cell profiling for high-throughput screening workflows in drug discovery and life sciences research. However, the biology underpinning these screens is often complex and is insufficiently addressed by singleplex assay screens. Traditional single cell screening technologies have created powerful sets of 'omic data that allow users to bioinformatically infer biological function, but have as of yet not empowered direct functional analysis at the level of each individual cell. Consequently, screening campaigns often require multiple secondary screens leading to laborious, time-consuming and expensive workflows in which attrition points may not be queried until late in the process. We describe a platform that harnesses droplet microfluidics and optical electrowetting-on-dielectric (oEWOD) to perform highly-controlled sequential and multiplexed single cell assays in massively parallelised workflows to enable complex cell profiling during screening. Soluble reagents or objects, such as cells or assay beads, are encapsulated into droplets of media in fluorous oil and are actively filtered based on size and optical features ensuring only desirable droplets (e.g. single cell droplets) are retained for analysis, thereby overcoming the Poisson probability distribution. Droplets are stored in an array on a temperature-controlled chip and the history of individual droplets is logged from the point of filter until completion of the workflow. On chip, droplets are subject to an automated and flexible suite of operations including the merging of sample droplets and the fluorescent acquisition of assay readouts to enable complex sequential assay workflows. To demonstrate the broad utility of the platform, we present examples of single-cell functional workflows for various applications such as antibody discovery, infectious disease, and cell and gene therapy.

Swarming Magnetic Fe3O4@Polydopamine-Tannic Acid Nanorobots: Integrating Antibiotic-Free Superficial Photothermal and Deep Chemical Strategies for Targeted Bacterial Elimination.

Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are envisioned to provide revolutionary changes to therapies for infectious diseases as they can deliver various antibacterial agents or energies to many hard-to-reach infection sites. However, existing MNRs face substantial challenges in addressing complex infections that progress from superficial to deep tissues. Here, we develop swarming magnetic Fe3O4@polydopamine-tannic acid nanorobots (Fe3O4@PDA-TA NRs) capable of performing targeted bacteria elimination in complicated bacterial infections by integrating superficial photothermal and deep chemical strategies. The Fe3O4@PDA-TA nanoparticles (NPs), serving as building blocks of the nanorobots, are fabricated by insitu polymerization of dopamine followed by TA adhesion. When driven by alternating magnetic fields, Fe3O4@PDA-TA NPs can assemble into large energetic microswarms continuously flowing forward with tunable velocity. Thus, the swarming Fe3O4@PDA-TA NRs can be navigated to achieve rapid broad coverage of a targeted superficial area from a distance and rapidly eradicate bacteria residing there upon exposure to near-infrared (NIR) light due to their efficient photothermal conversion. Additionally, they can concentrate at deep infection sites by traversing through confined, narrow, and tortuous passages, exerting sustained antibacterial action through their surface TA-induced easy cell adhesion and subsequent membrane destruction. Therefore, the swarming Fe3O4@PDA-TA NRs show great potential for addressing complex superficial-to-deep infections. This study may inspire the development of future therapeutic microsystems for various diseases with multifunction synergies, task flexibility, and high efficiency.

Применение препарата «Арбимектин» при комплексной терапии вирусных инфекций у собак и кошек

The presented scientific article describes the results of a study of the effectiveness of the drug «Arbimektin » in the complex treatment of viral infections in dogs and cats. It has been established that the tested antiviral drug «Arbimektin» in accordance with the instructions for use is effective in the complex therapy of infectious diseases of viral and bacterial etiology in animals, and is recommended for use in veterinary clinics for the purpose of: treatment in the complex therapy of infectious diseases of viral etiology in dogs ( adenovirus infections, parvovirus and coronavirus enteritis of dogs, parainfluenza), treatment in complex therapy of infectious diseases of viral and bacterial etiology in cats (panleukopenia, infectious rhinotracheitis, calicivirosis, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis).

Single-Impact Electrochemistry of Redox Liposomes for the Detection of Virulence Factors

Early detection of pathogens is a key factor for the successful therapy of infectious diseases. Some of the pathogenic bacteria involved in diseases interact with the host by producing compounds that are toxic or disruptive to the cells. As these virulence factors can be easier to spot than the pathogen, strategies of detection can be focused on these released compounds to identify the pathogenic bacterium.[1] Liposomes are vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer membrane, and as such are often used to mimic living cells. Here, the strategy consists in making redox liposomes by encapsulating an electroactive probe in their inner cavity, which will be detected at the electrode.[2] Virulence factors interacting with the vesicles increase the permeability of the lipid membrane and the contents of the liposomes are released over time. This redox probe is then detected with an electrode polarized at the appropriate potential. This work aims to study the single-impact electrochemistry of redox liposomes in different conditions. Previous results indicate that the addition of a surfactant to a liposomal suspension leads to their rupture when they stochastically collide with an ultramicroelectrode.[3] Similarly, virulence factors increase their release or electrolysis of contents upon impact with an ultramicroelectrode.[4] Chronoamperometry measurements recorded at the ultramicroelectrode polarized at the redox potential of the electrochemical probe show impact events (vesicle blocking) and opening events (vesicle reactor) when the encapsulated redox probe is released by the liposome, which are traced back to the presence of pathogenic bacteria.