Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Vaccine Research Articles

A combined vaccine against Brucella abortus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.

The present study was undertaken to study the immune response in calves vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccines in monovalent form and combined vaccine containing both antigen. The seroconversion of monovalent and combined vaccines was tested in seronegative cattle calves. IBR vaccine alone and combination with live Brucella abortus S19 vaccine elicited an anamnestic response on day 60 post booster but started declining from day 90 onwards against IBR. B. abortus S19 alone and in combination with IBR vaccine gave more than 2 log protection in mice two weeks post challenge. Fluorescence polarization assay analysis with sera samples of calves vaccinated with B. abortus S19 monovalent vaccine alone and in combination with IBR vaccine revealed the presence of B. abortus antibodies. The components of the combined vaccine did not show any evidence of interference in the development of immunity. This combined vaccine may provide economical and affordable biological for the control of brucellosis and IBR.

Dynamics of infection and immunity in a dairy cattle population undergoing an eradication programme for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Several countries within the European Union (EU) have successfully eradicated Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), while others (e.g. Germany) are making efforts to achieve IBR-free status. EU member states IBR eradication programmes must meet Community legislation requirements that ban breeding farms from purchasing positive animals, from using whole-virus IBR vaccines, and from inseminating cows with semen from positive bulls. A follow-up study from 2002 to 2005 was carried out in the province of Trento (Italy), where a compulsory programme for IBR eradication was started in 1998. IBR outbreaks (identified on the basis of seroconversion of sentinel animals) were concentrated in larger positive herds. A higher incidence was recorded between 2003 and 2004. An association between markedly high temperatures in the summer of 2003 and virus reactivation has been suggested but is yet to be confirmed. The practice of driving cattle to common alpine pastures for the summer season did not play a significant epidemiological role in IBR transmission. Premising that only seronegative animals are allowed to enter dairy farms, animal movement increases the infection risk to a moderate extent. The long-term persistence of IBR antibodies was more pronounced in animals positive for antibodies to the glycoprotein E (gE). Scattered seroconversions, occurring mostly in positive herds, require careful interpretation in order to avoid overestimating the incidence of the infection at herd level.

Effect of chemically altered and modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines on fetal retention in beef replacement heifers during the first four months of gestation

The objective of this study was to determine whether vaccination of pregnant heifers with either chemically altered or modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccine would cause abortion when previously vaccinated with a chemically altered IBR vaccine. During pre-weaning processing and at weaning, 202 crossbred Brangus heifers were administered chemically altered infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) vaccines. At 60 to 120 days of gestation after first fall breeding, heifers were administered either a modified live virus (MLV) or a chemically altered IBR vaccine. Heifers at 60 to 90 days gestation, and those greater than 90 and up to 120 days gestation, were assigned by gestation category to one of three treatments: (1) a single IM injection of chemically altered IBR vaccine; (2) a single IM injection of modified live IBR vaccine; or (3) controls - no injections. Heifers were palpated 56 days after treatment to determine potential fetal loss. Subsequent calving information was used to confirm post-treatment palpation data. One heifer in each group aborted after treatment; these numbers did not differ among treatments (p=1.0) nor between gestation categories (p=1.0). Calving numbers verified that no fetuses were lost after post-treatment palpation. We concluded that a single dose of these vaccines in pregnant replacement heifers did not cause increased abortion rates compared to unvaccinated control heifers.

Immunologic changes in Ostertagia ostertagi-infected calves treated strategically with an anthelmintic

Summary Immunomodulation by Ostertagia ostertagi and the effects of strategic anthelmintic treatments were studied in 3 groups of 6 calves each: an infected group, inoculated with 100,000 third-stage larvae (L3)/calf at 1 and 28 days; an infected-treated group, similarly inoculated, but treated with ivermectin 9 days after each inoculation; and a noninfected control group. Calves were grazed on 2 previously clean pastures, with the infected and infected-treated calves sharing 1 pasture. All calves were inoculated at 12 weeks with Brucella abortus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines, and at 13 weeks with a soluble O ostertagi L3 extract (sle). Infected and infected-treated calves had lower blood lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin than did control calves at 2, 4, and 14 weeks, whereas the infected calves had higher responses at 6 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05). Responses to pokeweed mitogen followed a similar pattern, whereas those to sle were low in all calves. Infected and infected-treated calves had increased values of IgG1 to excretory-secretory antigens of L4 larvae, but no changes in the values of IgG1 to sle. They also had lower values of IgG and IgM to B abortus and antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis at 13 weeks. The infected-treated calves, however, had higher blood lymphocyte and monocyte counts and lower eosinophil count than did infected calves. They also had reduced abomasal mucosa thickness, abomasal wall weight, and abomasal lymph node weight than infected calves. It was concluded that O ostertagi causes nonspecific suppression of cellular and humoral immunity, hypersensitivity reactions coexisted with immunosuppression, and strategic anthelmintic treatments attenuated hypersensitivity reactions and initiated better immune responses.

The effects of age, environmental temperature and relative humidity on the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract in calves

The effects of age, environmental temperature and relative humidity on the bacterial flora of the nose and trachea of calves were investigated by sequential sampling of three groups each of eight Friesian-Holstein male calves kept in three different environmental conditions. All calves were vaccinated with a live attenuated vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) when they were 12 weeks old. Nasal and tracheal swabs were collected at 14-day intervals for bacteriological examinations. The upper respiratory tract of calves started to be colonized by various species of bacteria within the first day of life. Although they were born at different periods of the year, the calves in all three groups had similar bacterial loads in their noses and tracheas when they were 1 day old (P greater than 0.05). The total bacterial colony forming units (BCFU) were highly variable from calf to calf and from one time of sampling to another. Despite these variations, there were age-related increases in the total BCFU in nasal and tracheal swabs in all experiments. These increases were influenced by environmental temperature. Vaccination of the calves with a live IBR vaccine appeared to enhance the bacterial colonization of the upper respiratory tract.

In vitro assessment of viral antigen content in inactivated aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted vaccines

Antigen capture enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) were developed to assess the antigenic content of inactivated aluminum hydroxide (AH) adjuvanted porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. Reference preparations of these viruses were constructed as a basis for comparison. Because AH-associated ELISA interference was largely circumvented, the need for isotopic or complex antigen-adjuvant desorption methods was eliminated. A 4-parameter logistic model related optical density to vaccine dilution. High correlation coefficients ( r) were routinely achieved with commercial monovalent and polyvalent vaccines, and reference preparations. The procedure quantified antigen in both aqueous and AH-associated phases. The method may be generally applicable as a partial substitute for in vivo vaccine potency testing by allowing in vitro estimation of inactivated viral antigenic content in AH adjuvanted vaccines.

A bovine respiratory virus vaccination trial.

A respiratory virus vaccination trial was carried out in a commercial calf-rearing unit with a history of virus pneumonia. The effects of vaccination on the incidence of virus respiratory disease and growth rate were assessed. Forty-four bought-in calves were allocated to groups and treated as follows: A, unvaccinated controls; B, intranasal temperature-sensitive infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccine at three and 10 weeks; C, intranasal temperature-sensitive combined IBR and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) vaccine at three and 10 weeks; D, intranasal temperature-sensitive combined IBR and PI3 vaccine at three and 10 weeks plus live attenuated bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS) virus vaccine intramuscularly at seven, 10 and 16 weeks. Two outbreaks of virus pneumonia occurred, one at three to four months of age associated with BRS virus and the other at four to five months of age with PI3 virus. During these outbreaks the incidence of pneumonia was lower and the number of days of elevated temperature and the number of treatments were significantly less in groups vaccinated against the associated virus. Despite these findings there were no significant differences between the growth rates of the groups either during the outbreaks of virus pneumonia or during the 10 month period to slaughter.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea and parainfluenza-3 viral antibodies in Louisiana cattle

In 1976 serum samples from five herds in Louisiana were tested for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) viruses. These cattle were free of obvious signs of illness and had not received IBR, BVD, or PI-3 viral vaccines. Of the 444 serum samples, 155 (34.9%) had antibodies to IBR virus; 302 (68.0%) to BVD virus; and 404 (91.9%) to PI-3 virus.

Antibody responses to IBR vaccination in feedlot cattle

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an important respiratory disease of cattle. The disease has been especially critical in western feedlots and IBR virus infection has been associated with the shipping fever complex. Numerous commercial vaccines are in wide use to prevent this disease. Experimentally, these vaccines have been shown to be immunogenic and effective in preventing clinical IBR. A large western feedlot has routinely used a modified live virus IBR vaccine in all cattle entering the feedlot. Despite vaccination, the feedlot continued to experience significant morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory disease. A major portion of this respiratory disease was believed to be IBR virus infection.
 This study was designed to study immunity to IBR virus of cattle as they enter the feedlot, and to measure the immune responses of feedlot cattle to intramuscular modified live virus IBR vaccines under field conditions. Immunity to bovine parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) virus upon arrival at the feedlot and seroconversion to that virus as a result of natural infections was also studied.