Infection In Internal Organs Research Articles

Antifungal potency of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil extract against induced systemic infection by Candida albicans in mice

Fungal infection is a serious health problem, involved with the life threatening mycosis and mortality. Emerging of resistance and limited antifungal drugs against most antifungal agents lead to the requirement for development of effective and alternate strategies to fight fungal infections. The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal activity of clove oil extract against systemic induced infection In vivo by Candida albicans in mice. Fifty mice were used to induce systemic infection by injecting 1 ml of 1×106 C.albicans suspension intra-peritoneally for seven days consecutive, then sacrificed to observe the incidence of infection in internal organs (gross lesion) and measure the level of IL-6 and serum creatinine plus histopathological changes. The development of systemic infection with C. albicans (1 × 106 cells) was observed daily for 14 days which was accompanied with clinical signs of infection, including weight loss, depression, and ruffled appearance. IL-6 level showed no significant difference in all group before treatment and after inducing infection the level of IL-6 showed significant increase (P≤0.01) in control positive group while group treated with clove oil 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg showed significant decrease in the level compared with infected group and fluconazole treated group . Serum creatinine concentration was within the normal values in all groups (p>0.01) before the infection. There were an increase significantly (P≤0.01) in the level in all infected mice after 7 days of infection. The serum creatinine values of treated group with clove oil extract 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg showed decreased in the creatinine concentration . The present results demonstrated that the essential oil of clove extract rich with eugenol has great antifungal power. This extract can be suggested as antimicrobial and antifungal to treat candidemia and reduce the incidence of mortality rate due to systemic candidiasis.

Bacillus subtilis Inhibits Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Infection in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly pathogenic virus that infects a wide range of host fish species causing high economic losses in aquaculture. Epithelial cells in mucosal organs are target sites for VHSV entry into fish. To protect fish against VHSV infection, there is a need to develop antiviral compounds able to prevent establishment of infection at portals of virus entry into fish. Bacillus subtilis is a probiotic with excellent antiviral properties, of which one of its secretions, surfactin, has been shown to inhibit viral infections in mammals. Herein, we demonstrate its ability to prevent VHSV infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and infection in internal organs. Our findings show inhibition of VHSV infection in IECs by B. subtilis and surfactin. In addition, our findings showed inhibition of VHSV in Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini (EPC) cells inoculated with intestinal homogenates from the fish pretreated with B. subtilis by oral exposure, while the untreated fish had cytopathic effects (CPE) caused by VHSV infection in the intestines at 48 h after the VHSV challenge. At 96 h post-challenge, samples from the untreated fish had CPE from head kidney and spleen homogenates and no CPE were observed in the intestinal homogenates, while the B. subtilis-pretreated fish had no CPE in all organs. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of VHSV infection at portals of virus entry in the intestines culminated in prevention of infection in internal organs. In summary, our results show that B. subtilis has the potential to prevent VHSV infection in fish and that its use as a probiotic in aquaculture has the potential to serve as an antiviral therapeutic agent against different viral infections.

Epizootic Monitoring of Erysipeloid Foci in the Republic of Armenia, 2007-2016

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to characterize the epidmiological, geographic, and historical characteristics of erysipeloid outbreaks in the Republic of Armenia.IntroductionErysipeloid is a zoonotic bacterial infection transmitted to humans from animals. Symptoms include inflamed joints and skin; there is also a generalized type of the infection in which bacteria spread through the lymphatic and blood vessels, leading to the emergence of widespread skin lesions and the formation of secondary foci of infection in internal organs. Morbidity has no age or gender specifics; there is summer and autumn seasonality. The agent of the infection - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can be found in many domestic and wild animals. Wild rodents and ectoparasites play an essential role in spreading the disease and serve as a source of infection contaminating the environment.MethodsTests are conducted on both national and Marz levels in Reference Laboratory Center of NCDC SNCO and Marz branch laboratories of Especially Dangerous, Zoonotic and Natural Foci Infections respectively. Tests for detection of E. rhusiopathiae and confirmation of epizootics are conducted on rodents and ectoparasites collected from their hair and nests from 373 sectors of Armenia. Tests include smear microscopy and a bioassay in which cultures from a suspension of rodent organs or an emulsion of ticks and fleas are injected into white mice to assess the presence of agent in the organs or parasites.ResultsTen years of monitoring indicates that erysipeloid epizootics have been recorded annually in Armenia with a total number of 119 cases. The most outbreaks were recorded in 2011 when 26 cases were recorded while in 2009 there were 20. The lowest number of cases recorded was five in 2008. Kotayk, Aragatsotn and Lori Marzes have the least number of cases with only 1-3 recorded epizootics, while Vayk, Gegharkunik and Shirak Marzes are considered active foci with 5-7 cases reported. Microbiological analyses indicates that 80% of cultures were isolated from field mice, 13.3% from gamasid ticks, 4.2% from fleas and 2.5% from ixodid ticks.ConclusionsThe presence of E. rhusiopathiae is stable in Armenia. It is found among rodents, where the epidemiological situation remains unfavorable. Constant regular tests/analyses are required to prevent human and animal infection. There is a need to enhance the area of test sites and apply most up-to-date methods of analysis i.e. ELISA, PCR so that the live bioassays in mice can be halted.

Prevalence and Fertility Survey of Hydatid Cyst in Slaughtered Livestock in Hamadan Abattoir, Western Iran, 2015 - 2016

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonotic infection which is considered as a significant public health and economic concern. Livestock is the main intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and fertility rate of hydatid cyst among livestock in Hamadan area, western Iran. Methods: A total of 10626 livestock carcasses were examined through visual inspection in order to detect hydatid cyst in Hamadan industrial slaughterhouse, during 2015 - 2016. The viability and fertility of hydatid cyst were determined microscopically by flame cell activity and eosin dye uptake. Results: The carcasses, including 8684 sheep, 1110 goats and 832 cattle were inspected in order to detect hydatid cyst. An overall CE was detected in 3% of the inspected carcasses with a prevalence rate of 5.3% in cattle, 3% in sheep and 1% in goats (P < 0.001). The prevalence rate of infection in the females (2.7%) was more than males (0.3%) (P < 0.001). All of the infected animals were aged one year or more. The highest rate of infection in internal organs was found in the lungs (47.2%). The highest and the lowest fertility rate of hydatid cyst were observed in sheep (69.3%) and cattle (6.8%), respectively. The most of hydatid cysts which obtained from cattle (79.6%) were suppurative or calcified. Conclusions: This study shows that the prevalence rate of CE is considerable in the area and sheep appear to be the most important intermediate hosts for E. granulosus tapeworm.

English

Significant antimicrobial action of the antipsychotic drug triflupromazine (Tp) against various genera of bacteria has been evaluated extensively in previous studies. This present investigation was designed to study whether this phenothiazine is able to augment action of an antibiotic when tested in combination. A total of twelve different bacterial strains belonging to various genera were used and tested to be sen- sitive against many antibiotics and the non antibiotic Tp. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the test bacteria with respect to the antibiotics ranged fron 2- 50 µg/ml. In case of Tp, MIC ranged from 25-200 µg/ml. Disc diffusion assays revealed synergism between Tp and penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, streptomycin (Sm), gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Antagonistic effect was shown between Tp and cloxacillin, erythromycin and tetracyclin. Most effective and statistically significant (p<0.001) synergism was observed when Tp was combined with Sm. Following checkerboard method, the Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of the duo was determined to be 0.375, which confirmed significant synergism. The pair when subjected to in vivo experiments in mice challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium NCTC 74, showed statistically significant (p<0.001) mouse protection and also resulted in reduction of the infection in internal organs. This further suggests the pair to be highly synergistic. Thus, from this study it can be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of the non antibiotic Tp can be further remarkably increased in combination with a suitable antibiotic to combat against multi drug resistant bacteria and can be used effectively as an alternative therapy.

Identification of fatty acid synthase from the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and its specific expression profiles during white spot syndrome virus infection

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) in animal tissues consists of two identical monomers and is known to be a complex multi-functional enzyme that plays an important role in energy homeostasis. However, there are few reports of studies focused on the relationship between FAS and virus infection in invertebrates. In the present study, we cloned the FAS gene from an economically important invertebrate, the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The full-length FAS cDNA is 8268 bp, including a 5′-terminal untranslated region of 137 bp, a 3′-terminal untranslated region of 601 bp and an open reading frame of 7530 bp. FAS cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 2509 amino acid residues that contains a typical β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) domain at the N-terminus, next to a malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT) domain, a dehydrase domain, an enoyl reductase domain, a ketoacyl reductase domain, a phosphopantetheine attachment site domain and a thioesterase domain at the C-terminus. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed the up-regulated expression of FAS in L. vannamei hepatopancreas and muscle after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. The expression of FAS in muscle was 13.03-fold greater than that in the control ( p < 0.05) and 2.93-fold greater in hepatopancreas ( p > 0.05). Meanwhile, expression of the fatty acid-binding protein (FABP), another important factor in lipid metabolism, was increased in muscle to 19.20-fold greater than that in the control ( p < 0.05) but only 0.76-fold in hepatopancreas ( p > 0.05). These results implied that WSSV infected body surface tissues, but there was very little infection of internal organs. We suggest that the increase of FAS expression is induced in WSSV-infected shrimps, and the virus changes the lipid metabolism of the host, which directly affects virus assembly or defense against virus infection.

In vitro culture of Borrelia garinii results in loss of flagella and decreased invasiveness.

A virulent, low-passage culture of a tick-derived strain of Borrelia garinii was subjected to serial in vitro passages, from which inoculations were made into C3H/HeN mice. A full display of pathogenicity was observed through passage 4, as measured by cultures of ear punch biopsy samples and internal organs and determination of tibiotarsal joint swelling. Decreased dissemination through skin and infection of internal organs were observed beginning at passage 6. These losses correlated with both the selection of clones harboring 21% less flagella than the parent strain, as seen by electron microscopy, and loss of the motility of the higher passages, as demonstrated by a swarm assay. However, during the chronic phase (3 months after infection), spirochetes were cultured from the bladder and kidney of a mouse inoculated with passage 12. The kidney isolate had the same number of flagella and motility as the original low-passage isolate. Although we can't exclude the possibility that other subtle variations may be arising given the uncloned nature of the isolate, we have found a strong association between loss of flagella and decreased invasiveness. Arthritogenicity progressively decreased with passages, so that only 12.5% of chronically infected mice inoculated with passage 29 still presented with joint swelling, concurrent with a decrease in the staining intensity in a Southern blot with a vlsE-based probe. These results suggest a multifactorial model in which the number of flagella drives the invasiveness of this agent, while plasmid-associated factors are responsible for triggering arthritogenicity.

Salmonella enteritidis in eggs, cloacal swab specimens, and internal organs of experimentally infected White Leghorn chickens

Abstract Objective To investigate prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis-positive eggs, excretion of the organism in fecal droppings, and infection of internal organs after oral inoculation of White Leghorn hens with S enteritidis phage type 8. Animals 30 White Leghorn laying hens. Procedure At 25 weeks of age, hens were each inoculated orally with 1010 colony-forming units of S enteritidis, then were observed for 8 weeks. Results Salmonella enteritidis Y-8P2 did not cause any clinical signs of disease or decrease in egg production. However, at 1 week after inoculation, 63.9% of the eggs collected from inoculated hens were culture positive for S enteritidis. The organism was isolated from the shell washings, egg shells, yolk, and albumen. A total of 592 eggs from S enteritidis-inoculated hens were examined. Of these eggs, 157 (26.5%) were positive for S enteritidis on external shell washings alone, 17 (2.9%) were positive for S enteritidis internally, and 44 (7.4%) were positive for S enteritidis externally and internally. The percentage of culture-positive eggs gradually decreased between postinoculation weeks 2 and 5, then gradually increased to a high of 76% at week 8. At 3, 7, and 10 days after S enteritidis inoculation, cloacal swab specimens from 3 hens were positive for S enteritidis. Salmonella enteritidis was recovered from ovary, oviduct, liver, and cecal junction from S enteritidis-inoculated hens. Conclusions Our results indicated that birds infected with this isolate produced S enteritidis-positive eggs at high frequencies initially, that decreased over time. When S enteritidis antibody began to decrease, reaching geometric mean titer ≤ 40, the frequency of S enteritidis-positive eggs increased. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:489–495)

Brain Abscess Due to Nocardia

THE FUNGUS-LIKE organism Nocardia is capable of producing a variety of diseases in man ranging from superficial dermatoses to deep-seated infection of internal organs and the central nervous system. Visceral nocardiosis is usually caused by N asteroides . In tropical areas, Nocardia species give rise to subscutaneous infections with large granulating masses and draining sinuses especially on the lower extremities. The infection usually remains localized with a protracted course. The commonest visceral infections involve the lung with a variable clinical course often confused with other diseases. An acute pneumonic process may mimic bacterial or viral pneumonia and may be mild and self-limiting. Chronic disease with localized infiltrations, cavitation, and abscess formation may also occur. Hematogenous spread from pulmonary primary infection can involve almost any organ. Initial signs and symptoms may be related to infection of the central nervous system or other organs with no apparent primary lung infection. Report of a

PRIMARY BACILLUS PYOCYANEUS MENINGITIS

Primary systemicBacillus pyocyaneusinfection is infrequent enough to merit discussion. This organism is usually considered as being of low pathogenicity, manifesting its presence occasionally as a secondary invader in localized pyogenic processes. Indeed, it has been found as an apparently nonpathogenic cutaneous parasite, showing some predilection for warm, moist, flexor surfaces. It is found as a secondary invader in such conditions as furuncles, infected wounds and septic pneumonia. It was formerly thought that even in these local infectionsB. pyocyaneusoccurred only as a nonpathogenic parasite. Kossel1collected a few cases from the literature, all in children in whom a fatal illness was found to be due to an infection of the blood stream with this organism. In another review of the literature, Rolly2collected a series of cases of infections of internal organs in whichBacillus pyocyaneuswas either the sole or an associate invader. In this list