Infants Of Primiparae Research Articles

Birth Weight, Lenght and Head Circumference Percentiles by Gestational Age and Gender of Term Neonates in Tuzla Canton

Background: In University Clinical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology is using reference data from 1974 developed for the infants born in Belgrade (Serbia). It estimates the standards of term infants for neonatal weight, length and head circumference. Aim: This study was create to develop charts for birth weight, lenght and head circumference specific to gestational age, gender and parity for term singleton infants in Tuzla Canton. Methods: The study was conducted at University Clinical Center Tuzla, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, a primary obstetrical care facility for residents of Tuzla Canton over the one-year period. During the one year study period, 01.01.- 31.12.2009, there were 4106 infants born at 37th to 41th weeks of gestation (GW), 2168 (52.8 %) males and 1938 (47.2%) females. We analysed gestational age, birth weights, body length and head circumference. Results: Females infants of primiparae, born at 40th gestational week, had the lowest median birth weight, 3500 g, followed by female infants of multiparae, 3640 g, and male infants of primiparae, 3650 g. The greatest median birth weight, 3730 g, had male infants of multiparae. Median birth length value at the 40th gestational week for male infants of primiparae and multiparae, as well as female infants of multiparae is the same, 55 cm, while is lower in female infants of primiparae (54 cm). There is no difference in median head circumference at the 40th gestational week between female infants of primiparae and multiparae, and male infants of primiparae (35 cm). Mean birth weight and length of liveborn infants at 37. to 41. gestational week differed significantly between certain parities (F=8,723, Df=2, p<0,001; F=3,292, Df=2, p=0,037, respectively). No significant difference was found for head circumference (F=0,983, Df=2, p=0,374). Conclusion: The average birth weight of infants within Tuzla Canton is bigger in comparison with the centile that have been used so far.

Admission of Term Infants to Neonatal Intensive Care: A Population-Based Study

ABSTRACT Infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units and special-care nurseries are thought of as being so small or ill that their survival is unlikely unless they receive the special care provided in these facilities. Recent surveys in the United Kingdom, however, suggest that it is not at all rare for term infants to be admitted to intensive care. The goal of this study was to estimate rates of admission of term infants to neonatal intensive care and relate them to parity and type of delivery. The study population consisted of 1,001,249 low-risk women who gave birth in Australia in the years 1999–2002. Rates of admission were compared in primiparous and multiparous women having cesarean section before or after the onset of labor, vacuum or instrumental birth, or unassisted vaginal birth at 40 weeks’ gestation. Overall rates of admission of term infants to neonatal intensive care were 8.9% for infants of primiparas and 6.3% for infants of multiparas. Adjusted odds ratios for admission of low-risk primiparas to intensive care when operative delivery was carried out before the onset of labor were 12.08 at 37 weeks’ gestation, 7.49 at 38 weeks, and 2.80 at 39 weeks. The adjusted odds ratio at 41 weeks was not significantly greater than at 40 weeks’ gestation. For low-risk multiparas who had cesarean delivery before labor began, the adjusted odds ratios for admission to intensive care at 37, 38, and 39 weeks’ gestation were 15.40, 12.13, and 5.09, respectively. The odds ratio at 41 weeks’ gestation was significantly lower than at 40 weeks. Compared with unassisted vaginal birth at 40 weeks’ gestation, infants born after any form of operative delivery were more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care. Although elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation is considered to be a term birth, 37 weeks is not always a safe time to be born with minimal risk to the infant. More attention should be given to what women are told about elective cesarean section before 40 weeks’ gestation, and about the best birth site for appropriate neonatal care when an elective procedure is planned.

Parity-related differences in suckling behavior and nipple preference among free-ranging Japanese macaques.

Suckling behavior of primiparae in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) was compared with that of multiparae at Jigokudani Monkey Park, the Shiga Heights, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from April 1984 to 1994. The estimated rates of milk secretion in a single preferred nipple among primiparae were lower than those among multiparae from birth to 5 months of age. Milk secretion capabilities of primiparous mothers, hence, appear to be inferior to those of multiparous mothers. In nutritive suckling, although Japanese macaque infants preferred one single nipple, nipple preferences in primiparae were weaker than those in multiparae. With supplementary two-nipple use during suckling, however, the infants of primiparae appear to overcome a suckling flaw of their primiparous mothers. After infants were 5 months of age and after a drop (from approximately 10% to approximately 5%) in the rates of milk secretion, however, milk secretion rates in a single preferred nipple among primiparae were similar to those in multiparae and the supplementary two-nipple use in primiparous mother-infant dyads disappeared.

Parity‐related differences in suckling behavior and nipple preference among free‐ranging Japanese macaques

Suckling behavior of primiparae in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) was compared with that of multiparae at Jigokudani Monkey Park, the Shiga Heights, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from April 1984 to June 1994. The estimated rates of milk secretion in a single preferred nipple among primiparae were lower than those among multiparae from birth to 5 months of age. Milk secretion capabilities of primiparous mothers, hence, appear to be inferior to those of multiparous mothers. In nutritive sucking, although Japanese macaque infants preferred one single nipple, nipple preferences in primiparae were weaker than those in multiparae. With supplementary two-nipple use during sucking, however, the infants of primiparae appear to overcome a suckling flaw of their primiparous mothers. After infants were 5 months of age and after a drop (from approximately 10% to approximately 5%) in the rates of milk secretion, however, milk secretion rates in a single preferred nipple among primiparae were similar to those in multiparae and the supplementary two-nipple use in primiparous mother-infant dyads disappeared. Am. J. Primatol. 42:331–339, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Adolescent parity and infant mortality, Minnesota, 1980 through 1988.

The association of parity and infant mortality was studied using linked birth-death files for 46,985 infants born to 11- to 19-year-old Minnesota residents between 1980 and 1988. Compared with infants of primiparas, infants of multiparas were at twice the risk for infant and postneonatal death but at no increased risk for neonatal death. They were also at two to three times the risk for deaths due to accidents, infections, and sudden infant death syndrome. The higher sociodemographic disadvantage and poorer prenatal care of multiparas did not explain the excess infant mortality risk that was concentrated in causes of death that are potentially preventable through primary care and parent education.

An analysis of birth weight by gestational age of infants born in England and Wales, 1967 to 1971.

SummaryFrom a sample of 271,519 births occurring in England and Wales from 1967 to 1971 tables have been prepared describing the relationship of birth weight to gestational age, subdivided by the sex of the infant and parity of the mother. The sample was composed of single babies born live in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals at gestational ages of 28 to 44 weeks and they comprised approximately 8.5 per cent of all such births occurring in NHS hospitals during the study period. No secular trend in birth weight was observed. The distribution of birth weights at a given gestational age was normal above 36 weeks but skewed or bi‐modal in preterm infants. The non‐normal distribution of preterm infants could be described accurately in terms of a mixture of two normal distributions with different mean values but the same standard deviation. The population with the higher mean birth weight comprised approximately one‐third of the observations each week between 28 and 34 weeks but was only 0.79 per cent of all births. The mean birth weight varied between 3.10 and 3.37 kg. equivalent to that of term infants of 38 to 39 weeks' gestation. The sex ratio was similar to that of term infants. The sex ratio (the number of single male infants born alive for every 100 female infants) of the population with the lower mean birth weight rose with increasing prematurity and was 127.9 between 28 and 34 weeks. It is concluded that the population of infants with the higher mean birth weight is composed mainly of pregnancies in which the length of gestation was mistaken. The error in gestational age is not a multiple of months but is continuously distributed. These pregnancies form a small fraction of all births but an important fraction of preterm births.Tables of mean birth weight (±1SD), prepared after correction for the nonnormal distribution of preterm birth weights, gave results which were similar to those reported earlier for infants born in Aberdeen. Male infants were heavier than females and infants of multiparae heavier than infants of primiparae at most gestational ages. Centile tables have been prepared for male and female infants which may be useful to those who wish to monitor the birth weights of infants born in England and Wales.