Infant Mortality Rate In Nigeria Research Articles

Public Health Expenditure and Infant Mortality Rate in Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of public health expenditure on infant mortality rate in Nigeria from 2002 to 2021. To achieve the above objective, this study utilized data on infant mortality rate, total government expenditure on health and migration of doctors and nurses trained in Nigeria - doctors and nurses trained in Nigeria but working in other countries from OECD Health Statistics, 2021, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, the United Nations Population Division and Statistical Bulletin of Nigeria’s apex bank. The study employed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing procedure for data analyses. The results revealed that in the long run, total government expenditure on health, as well as migration of doctors and nurses trained in Nigeria - doctors and nurses trained in Nigeria but working in other countries have negative and insignificant relationship with infant mortality rate in Nigeria. However, in the short run, total government expenditure on health, as well as migration of doctors and nurses trained in Nigeria - doctors and nurses trained in Nigeria but working in other countries have positive and significant relationship with infant mortality rate in Nigeria. What this means is that though there has been expenditures on health sector in Nigeria by the government from 2002 to 2021, but the expenditures are low and couldn’t reduce infant mortality rate to a near-zero level in Nigeria. Also, in the short-term, the movement of doctors and nurses from Nigeria to others countries of the world, exacerbated infant mortality rate in Nigeria during the period of study. Based on the forgoing, it is recommended here that government should spend at least 15% of its annual budget on health sector as agreed by African leaders at Abuja in 2015. Government should also reduce the exodus of Nigerian doctors to other countries of the world. This, the government may be able to achieve by increasing budgetary allocation to healthcare sector, enhance doctors’ remuneration, ensure a better work environment with modern healthcare facilities together with general enhancements in basic life facilities including housing, health insurance, security, constant power supply and good roads.

Statistical Trend Analysis on Infant Mortality Rate and Estimation of Live Births in Nigeria

Particularly in nations like Nigeria, the likelihood that a child may pass away before turning one is rather distressing. Infant Mortality Rate is the term used to describe this. Ending all preventable deaths of children under the age of five is goal 3.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study's foundation is the statistical analysis of Nigeria's infant mortality rate. The secondary data was gathered from the World Bank Survey, which included annual records of the infant mortality rate in Nigeria over the ten-year period from 2012 to 2021. To assess the trend and estimate the model parameters, Time Series Analysis (TREND) was the statistical method employed. The researchers used the trend to predict for the following ten years. Both the number of infant fatalities and the infant mortality rate are moving decrease, according to the trend study. This demonstrates that the Infant Mortality Rate in Nigeria steadily decreases as the live birth rate rises, yet it is unlikely that it will reach zero or be insignificant by 2032. According to the analysis, the quadratic trend model fits the data sets the best because it has the smallest error margin and an R-square value that is extremely close to 100%. According to the model developed, Nigeria's infant mortality rate is expected to continue to drop throughout the course of the following ten years. Yet, the finding is not striking enough because, in 2031, the infant mortality rate will probably still be higher than 45. Hence, if appropriate measures are not implemented, we will not be able to achieve the goal of eliminating all preventable deaths of children under the age of five and lowering new birth deaths to no more than 12 per thousand. Also, it was seen from the table and graphs that the infant mortality rate decreased more rapidly from 2016 to 2017. This shows that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which went into effect in 2016, contributed to a decrease in the infant mortality rate.

Gender Discrepancy in Infant Mortality in Nigeria: Evidence from NDHS Data 2018

Despite overall improvements in child health and survival, gender discrepancies persist, reflecting complex interactions among socio-cultural norms, healthcare access, and socioeconomic conditions. This research paper focuses on the gender-based discrepancy in infant mortality rates in Nigeria. This paper aims to explore the elements prompting gender-based discrepancies in infant mortality. For the objective of the study, records from the NDHS 2018 were obtained. Log-rank test at level of significance was used to ascertain the factors influencing gender-based discrepancies in infant mortality. The findings of this study depict higher risk among males than females in all the variables under study with an exception of maternal age groups 35-39 (50.36%) and 40-49 (50.25%,) which depict the risk of infant mortality is higher among female infants than males. The relationship between gender and mortality can vary based on factors such as maternal age, maternal education, breastfeeding, and antenatal visits. These emphasize the need for targeted interventions and policies to address the underlying causes of gender-based discrepancies in infant mortality and to improve the health outcomes of all infants in Nigeria.

A Comparative Analysis on the Model Adequacy of Four Transformation Techniques

ABSTRACT This study compared four different transformation techniques by applying a simple linear regression on raw and transformed data. The R2 of each model was obtained and a test on the significance of these R2 was carried out. Also, the rxy(coefficient of correlation) were also obtained. The data used is a secondary data consisting of 53years (1964-2016) of the infant mortality rate in Nigeria (https://www.ceicdata.com/en/nigeria/health-statistics/ng-mortality-rate-infant-per-1000-live-births). The rxy were also compared and the results, 95.8%, 95.8%, 96.2%, 93.0%, and 92.9% respectively. The R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse are as follows: 91.8%, 91.7%, 92.5%, 86.6% and 86.4% respectively. However, the R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse compete favourably but the performance of inverse transformation suits the data most in terms of model accuracy. Key Words: Transformation, Raw data, logarithm, square-root, square, inverse

A Comparative Analysis on the Model Adequacy of Four Transformation Techniques

This study compared four different transformation techniques by applying a simple linear regression on raw and transformed data. The R2 of each model was obtained and a test on the significance of these R2 was carried out. Also, the rxy(coefficient of correlation) were also obtained. The data used is a secondary data consisting of 53years (1964-2016) of the infant mortality rate in Nigeria (https://www.ceicdata.com/en/nigeria/health-statistics/ng-mortality-rate-infant-per-1000-live-births). The rxy were also compared and the results, 95.8%, 95.8%, 96.2%, 93.0%, and 92.9% respectively. The R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse are as follows: 91.8%, 91.7%, 92.5%, 86.6% and 86.4% respectively. However, the R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse compete favourably but the performance of inverse transformation suits the data most in terms of model accuracy. Key Words: Transformation, Raw data, logarithm, square-root, square, inverse A Comparative Analysis on the Model Adequacy of Four Transformation Techniques

PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURE AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE IN NIGERIA

One of the numerous responsibilities of the government of any country is to invest in the various sectors of the economy. This should, however, be channeled to the appropriate sectors, such as the health sector, that will lead to a continual growth of the country. It is in the light of this, that this study looks at government spending on the health sector and its effect on infant mortality rate (INFM) in Nigeria. Health is central to the well-being of the citizens. This study made an attempt to provide empirical evidence of the impact of public health expenditure on infant mortality rate in Nigeria between 1991 and 2018 using time series data. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) analytical method was used to examine the relationships. Various robustness checks were carried out to ensure the reliability of the result for policy makers. Findings revealed that all variables employed positively impacted INFM except for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus (DPT) immunization and female literacy rate. It was therefore recommended that more public enlightenments on the importance of taking DPT immunization for infants should be embarked upon for the target audience to be able to produce a positive effect, nursing mothers should be educated more on the need to take good care of their children especially at the early stage and not leave chance to the faith of the day care, all in the name of being literate and answering the call of their job at the expense of their parental role among others.

Trends in and determinants of neonatal and infant mortality in Nigeria based on Demographic and Health Survey data.

This study aimed to assess the changes in neonatal and infant mortality rates in Nigeria over the period 1990 to 2018 using Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data, and assess their socio-demographic determinants using data from the most recent survey conducted in 2018. The infant mortality rate was 87 per 1000 live births in 1990, and this increased to 100 per 1000 live births in 2003 - an increase of around 15% over 13 years. Neonatal and infant mortality rates started to decline steadily thereafter and continued to do so until 2013. After 2013, neonatal morality rose slightly by the year 2018. Information for 27,465 infants under 1 year of age from the NDHS-2018 was analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazard technique. In 2018, infant deaths decreased as wealth increased, and the incidence of infant deaths was greater among those of Islam religion than among those of other religions. A negative association was found between infant deaths and the size of a child at birth. Infant mortality was higher in rural than in urban areas, and was higher among male than female children. Both neonatal and infant death rates varied by region and were found to be highest in the North West region and lowest in the South region. An increasing trend was observed in neonatal mortality in the 5-year period from 2013 to 2018. Policy interventions should be focused on the poor classes, women with a birth interval of less than 2 years and those living in the North West region of the country.

Trends and temporal patterns of infant mortality in Nigeria

This study examines long term trends and temporal patterns/changes in infant mortality by location and by key variables across states in Nigeria using descriptive and statistical techniques and spatial autocorrelation measures. Trend analysis was based on data from the 2003, 2008 and 2013 NDHS and World Bank database (1964–2015). Infant mortality rates fell nationally, in rural and urban areas, in geo-political zones (except in the Southeast) and in most states over time. The largest reductions were primarily concentrated in the North and Southsouth regions, though these areas still had relatively high mortality rates compared to other regions. Statistical analysis also showed significant variations in infant mortality over time by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics within Nigeria. Spatial autocorrelation measures indicated an overall random pattern in the percent change of infant mortality rates among states between surveys except between the 2003 and 2013 surveys where a clustered pattern was identified. Findings suggest that some progress has been made in reducing infant mortality rates in Nigeria particularly in most of the areas with very high infant mortality rates. However, the Nigerian government must intensify efforts to reduce infant mortality rates if Nigeria ever hopes to achieve the post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals.

On Modelling of Infant Mortality Rate in Nigeria with Exponentiated Cubic Transmuted Exponential Distribution

The idea of introducing extra parameters into the existing model in enhancing more flexibility is a giant stride in research. Transmutation map technique is one of the recent methods of introducing additional properties such as skewness, kurtosis and bimodality into the baseline distribution. In this article, a new exponentiated exponential distribution is developed using transmutation map. This model is referred to as exponentiated cubic transmuted exponential distribution (ECTED). The mathematical properties of the model which include survival function, hazard function, central and non- central moments, moment generating function and order statistics are established. The inherent parameters in the model are estimated using method of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The system of equations obtained is non-linear in parameters therefore non-linear optimization algorithms are implemented in R package. The distribution is used to model data on infant mortality rate in Nigeria. The performance of the subject model is compared with its baseline exponential distribution (ED), transmuted exponential distribution (TED), exponentiated transmuted exponential distribution (ETED) and cubic transmuted exponential distribution (CTED) using Akaike Information criterion (AIC), Corrected Akaike Information criterion (AICC) and Bayesian Information criterion (BIC). It is hope that this will serve as an alternative distribution in modelling complex real life data arising from various fields of human endeavors.

Infant Mortality and Public Health Expenditure in Nigeria: Empirical Explanation of the Nexus

Abstract This study employs Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and Granger causality technique to empirically examines the nature of relationship between infant mortality and public expenditure on health in Nigeria from 1980 – 2016. In addition, the study considers the roles of immunization, private health expenditure and external health resources on infant mortality in Nigeria. Among other things, the empirical results indicate the presence of significant conintegrating (long-run) relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure (and private health expenditure, immunization and external health resources), coupled with the existence of bi-directional causal relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure. In addition, the results also demonstrate that, government health expenditure, private health expenditure, immunization, and external health resources significantly influence infant mortality negatively both in the long and short term. Although, private health spending is shown as the major determinant of the reduction of infant mortality rate in Nigeria, due to the size of the coefficient of private health expenditure. In essence, the total overhaul of the Nigerian health sector, so as to improve the efficiency of the sector, as well curb the incidents of fund mismanagement which has plagued the sector overtime, coupled with the intensifying of immunization programs and activities are however recommended.

Impact Assessment of the Public Health Expenditure on the Health Outcome in Nigeria

This study is conceived mainly to assess the impact of the public health expenditure on the infant mortality rate in Nigeria. The study made use of an ex-post facto research design and time series data spanning the period of twenty-four years (1994-2017). The data covered the Health Recurrent Expenditure (HRE), the Health Capital Expenditure (HCE) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Nigeria sourced the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin 2016 and the World Bank report. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data while Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique was used to estimate the model. The study revealed that both the HRE and the HCE by the government of Nigeria had a significant negative effect on the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) for the period of 24 years under review. Similarly, HRE had a more significant negative effect on the infant mortality rate than the HCE in this study. The authors, therefore, concluded that the Nigerian government at various levels should spend adequate funds on all the tiers of health care system in order to promote efficiency and effectiveness of the health sector. By so doing, it might lead to a phenomenal reduction in the current infant mortality rate in the country.

Intra-demographic birth risk assessment scheme and infant mortality in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Background: Infant mortality (IM) is high in Nigeria. High-risk birth can limit a newborn’s survival chances to the first year of life. The approach used in investigating the relationship between high-risk birth and IM in this study is yet to be documented in Nigeria. Objectives: The Intra-Demographic Birth Risk Assessment Scheme (IDBRAS) was generated and its relationship with IM was examined. Methods: 2013 Nigeria demographic and health survey data were used. Mothers who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey were investigated (n = 31,155). IDBRAS was generated from information on maternal age at childbirth, parity and preceding birth interval and was disaggregated into low, medium and high. Data were analysed using the Cox proportional hazard and Brass 1-parameter models (α = 0.05). Results: Infant mortality rate was 88.4, 104.7 and 211.6 per 1000 live births among women with low, medium and high level of IDBRAS respectively. The rate of increase of reported infant deaths between low and high IDBRAS was 0.1932 (R 2 = 0.5326; p < 0.001). The prevalence of medium- and high-risk birth was 24.6 and 4.2% respectively. The identified predictors of IM were place of residence, marital status and size of the child at birth. The hazard ratio of IM was higher among women with medium (HR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.22–1.48, p < 0.001) and high IDBRAS (HR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.48–2.02, p < 0.001) than among those with low IDBRAS. Controlling for other correlates barely changed this pattern. Conclusions: The risk and level of IM increased as the level of IDBRAS increases in Nigeria. IDBRAS was an important predictor of IM. Maintaining a low level of IDBRAS will facilitate a reduction in IM rate in Nigeria.

Maternal Health Care Services Access Index and Infant Survival in Nigeria

Infant mortality rate in Nigeria is among the highest world-wide. Utilization of modern health care facilities during pregnancy and at delivery reduces infant mortality rate. We examined the relationship between Infant Mortality (IM) and Maternal Health Care Services Access Index (MHCI) in Nigeria. This cross-sectional study utilized 2013 NDHS data and included women aged 15-49 years (n=12511). MHCI was obtained from information on antenatal visit, antenatal attendance, tetanus toxoid injection during pregnancy, place of delivery and birth attendance. Cox-proportional hazard and Brass models were used for the analysis (α=0.05). Mean MHCI was higher among women with lower prevalence of IM. About 5.1% and 3.4% of the women with none and complete MHCI had experienced infant deaths respectively. The hazard of experienced infant deaths was 1.497(1.068-2.098) and 1.466(1.170-1.836) significantly higher among women with no and low MHCI respectively than those with complete MHCI. This pattern was observed when other factors were used as control. The refined IM probability (range=0.0482-0.1102) and IM rates (range=50-119) increased with reduction in the level of MHCI. The IM rate reduces from 119 per 1,000 live births among women whose MHCI score was zero to 50 per 1,000 live births among those with complete MHCI score. Infant death was least experienced among women who had complete MHCI. If women optimize utilization of health facility during pregnancy and delivery, infant deaths will reduce in Nigeria.

Neonatal Mortality: A Critical Global Health Issue

Almost all of the millions of babies who die worldwide in the first four weeks of life are in low- and middle-income countries. The socioeconomic status of developing countries adversely affects maternal-child health because it limits access to adequate nutrition, quality health care, medications, safe water, adequate sanitation, and other basic social services. The factors associated with high infant mortality rates transcend national boundaries, making infant mortality a critical global health problem. Poverty is one of the most important factors affecting the infant mortality rate in Nigeria. This examination of infant mortality in Nigeria exemplifies the multifactorial national and international issues underlying infant mortality in developing countries. Infant mortality in these countries will not improve without global attention and intervention. By finding creative ways to share expert knowledge about caring for neonates, neonatal nurses can contribute to global improvements in maternal-child health care.