Inevitable Overlap Research Articles

Image-Based Insect Counting Embedded in E-Traps That Learn without Manual Image Annotation and Self-Dispose Captured Insects

This study describes the development of an image-based insect trap diverging from the plug-in camera insect trap paradigm in that (a) it does not require manual annotation of images to learn how to count targeted pests, and (b) it self-disposes the captured insects, and therefore is suitable for long-term deployment. The device consists of an imaging sensor integrated with Raspberry Pi microcontroller units with embedded deep learning algorithms that count agricultural pests inside a pheromone-based funnel trap. The device also receives commands from the server, which configures its operation, while an embedded servomotor can automatically rotate the detached bottom of the bucket to dispose of dehydrated insects as they begin to pile up. Therefore, it completely overcomes a major limitation of camera-based insect traps: the inevitable overlap and occlusion caused by the decay and layering of insects during long-term operation, thus extending the autonomous operational capability. We study cases that are underrepresented in the literature such as counting in situations of congestion and significant debris using crowd counting algorithms encountered in human surveillance. Finally, we perform comparative analysis of the results from different deep learning approaches (YOLOv7/8, crowd counting, deep learning regression). Interestingly, there is no one optimal clear-cut counting approach that can cover all situations involving small and large insects with overlap. By weighting the pros and cons we suggest that YOLOv7/8 provides the best embedded solution in general. We open-source the code and a large database of Lepidopteran plant pests.

The Italian Love Poetry of Ludovico Ariosto: Court Culture and Classicism by Giada Guassardo

Reviewed by: The Italian Love Poetry of Ludovico Ariosto: Court Culture and Classicism by Giada Guassardo Jane E. Everson The Italian Love Poetry of Ludovico Ariosto: Court Culture and Classicism. By Giada Guassardo. (Biblioteca dell' 'Archivium Romanicum', ser. 1: Storia, Letteratura, Paleografia, 508) Florence: Olschki. 2021. viii+244 pp. €26. ISBN 978–8822–26731–3. This volume, which principally publishes the findings of the author's Oxford D.Phil. thesis, presents an impressively wide-ranging discussion. The title is apt, since although the core of each section of the monograph is constituted by Ariosto's vernacular lyric corpus, the emphasis throughout is on the setting of individual lyrics in a series of relevant contexts: literary—Italian vernacular poetry, especially Petrarch and the subsequent fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century developments; Latin lyric poetry, in particular of the Augustan period; the social and cultural milieux experienced by Ariosto; and the immediately contemporary and biographical factors, especially those related to the Ferrarese court. Thus alongside Ariosto's lyrics the volume quotes liberally from the lyrics of Bembo, Boiardo, Tebaldeo, Serafino Aquilano among contemporary poets, and from Ovid, Propertius, and Catullus for the Latin tradition. The volume is divided into three main sections, each of which is subdivided into a number of subsections which address discrete parts of the argument. A substantial Introduction (pp. 3–30) summarizes the complex situation regarding Ariosto's lyrics and the two main groups into which these fall: the 'canzoniere' for [End Page 261] poems selected by Ariosto with a view to constituting a coherent collection; and the 'rime extravaganti', for those not selected for this collection; the general features of the lyric corpus; and the range of influences to be examined in detail in the volume. The first chapter is then dedicated to Ariosto's Elegiac Self-Fashioning' (pp. 31–83). This is centred on an analysis of four of the capitoli from the 'canzoniere' for which the influence of classical Latin elegy is considered of particular note, while the element of self-fashioning is consistently set alongside the Satire for purposes of comparison and contrast. The subsections discuss 'the tradition of the parting between two lovers', 'love and warfare', 'a poem addressed to Ippolito', 'a mission to Florence', 'the journey to the Garfagnana', and the 'portrait of the lyric speaker as a lover'—and these subheadings aptly underline the historical, political, and biographical dimensions of the lyric poems, while the discussion brings out Ariosto's use of both classical and humanist Latin verse. The second chapter, entitled 'Ariosto, the Lyric Lover' (pp. 85–162), aims to analyse the complex and often ambivalent type, or better types, of lover relationship envisaged by the poet. The discussion here is at times quite dense, partly on account of the number of different approaches and influences considered, and the complex tradition and uncertain chronology of Ariosto's lyrics. The chapter considers 'Love encounters' discussed with reference to both Petrarchan and classical Latin parallels; 'fides and constancy', which engages appropriately with similar arguments in the Orlando furioso; 'the courtly–Petrarchan celebration of women' and 'the flight of the poet: cases of metapoetry'—two sections which deal especially with the relevance of the myths of Icarus and Phaethon for the Ferrarese court and its poets; 'between realism and myth'; and lastly a study of the final poem of the 'canzoniere'. There is undoubtedly a wealth of interesting and thought-provoking information in the sections of this chapter, but at times the desire to include numerous possible parallels and influences detracts from the focus on Ariosto's lyrics, and the force of the argument is lost. Chapter 3, devoted to 'The Portrayal of Women' (pp. 163–215), illustrates what for this reviewer is the chief weakness of the approach used, namely the almost inevitable overlap of material and argument between the three chapters. Chapter 2 already treated aspects of the portrayal of women in discussing the relationship issues, while here the lover and his views arising from his relationships recur. Poems already discussed in previous chapters are treated again, from slightly different perspectives, but it becomes nonetheless difficult to see the wood for the trees—as other texts, by Ariosto and others...

A novel method for particle cluster modeling based on internal force

Currently, fragmentation research based on discrete element method (DEM) has aroused wide interest. Several particle cluster modeling methods for bonded particle model (BPM) have been proposed and shown to be effective. Due to inevitable overlap among elements, however, existing methods bring extra deviation to the simulation. Based on the analysis of these modeling method, a novel method for particle cluster modeling is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a virtual force named internal force between the particles and the boundary points is defined according to their relative positions. Afterward, a dynamic optimization scheme is introduced, which encourages the randomly initialized elemental-spheres to reach an optimal steady state. To evaluate the modeling performance, an index named overlap factor is defined to quantify relative overlap degree. Through several groups of modeling cases in 2D and 3D, it is proved that proposed method has the characteristics of less overlap between particles and high precision of boundary fitting. By comparing with other traditional modeling approaches, superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated.

Deep brain stimulation and eye movements.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been most widely used in the management of movement disorders, but more recently to treat a growing number of neurological and psychiatric conditions. It is know to have a variety of effects upon oculomotor function, depending not only on the location of the stimulation, but also the underlying pathology being treated. Understanding how DBS affects eye movements is important, given the widespread nature of eye movement control and its inevitable overlap with many of the networks targeted by the stimulation. Moreover, it can also offer additional mechanistic insights into neural circuits involved in complex eye movement control. Here, we discuss the application of DBS treatment across different diseases and explore how distinct stimulation locations interfere with known eye movement circuits and the ensuing oculomotor and visual effects it can produce. We also discuss more experimental DBS targets and its effects on ocular motility, as well as discussing unilateral versus bilateral deep brain stimulation and possible hemispheric asymmetry in relation to eye movement control. Contradictory findings across studies reporting DBS effects on eye movements likely relate to differences in the methodological approaches used, levodopa medication status, as well as possible variability in DBS electrode placement. We highlight the need for further research with less common DBS targets on the possible effects upon eye movements.

Human dimensions of marine protected areas and small-scale fisheries management: A review of the interpretations

Scientists and managers increasingly recognize the need to address the human dimensions (HD) of planning and managing marine systems, but it remains unclear what these dimensions entail. This paper presents an analysis of the state of the art of interpretations and uses of the term HD in the context of marine protected areas (MPA) and small-scale fisheries (SSF). Based on previously established descriptors, including the coexistence of MPAs and SSFs, we conduct a literature review of 92 peer-reviewed papers. Thirty-five components of HD are categorized into five categories: governance, economic, cultural, political and social. Despite multiple interpretations, the notion of HD has a specific meaning that involves attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and preferences and indicates different human uses and compliance (or lack of compliance) with conservation rules. We find that the number of papers published per year has generally been increasing, and most papers are found in journals related to natural sciences. The low incidence of these studies in human and social science journals may generate an imbalance since themes such as gender or poverty, are scarce. Overly narrow conceptions can create blind spots that reinforce command and control approaches despite the emergence of holistic approaches. Despite the inevitable overlap among some themes, these 35 components of HD can be used as variables and as a starting point to guide managers and researchers. A precise definition of HD and its components can also support the embodiment of international guidelines, policies and management regulations into decision-making arenas and management tools.

Edge effect in silicon solar cells with dopant-free interdigitated back-contacts

Dopant-free heterojunction opens new doors to highly efficient silicon solar cells with interdigitated back-contacts (IBC) via an easy hard-mask processing. However, the existence of inevitable overlap between the hole- and electron-transport layers may cause edge leakage and recombination, which will deteriorate the power conversion efficiency. Here we unambiguously determined the edge recombination and recombination losses quantitatively, in combination with detailed comparisons in photovoltaic parameters, dark and light current-voltage ( I–V ) curves, partially illuminated I–V curves, of the hard-mask processed and the lithography processed IBC devices. Without the interfacial passivation layer, the solar cells fabricated by the hard-mask method suffer severe edge recombination with loss of 3 × 10 −4 A and a quite poor fill factor ( FF ) of ~66%, suggesting that the edge recombination could be another important issue affecting the FF besides the series resistance. With the clear understanding of the edge effect, we finely control the edge overlap, and finally obtained silicon dopant-free solar cells (with of intrinsic amorphous silicon as passivation layer) with over 20% efficiency and 73% FF either by lithography or by hard-mask methods. • Figuring out the edge recombination is one of the important items affecting the Fill Factor in IBC-DFHJ solar cells. • A series of new methods are provided to quantitatively and positionally analyze this edge recombination. • By well suppressing the edge recombination, IBC-DFHJ solar cells with a promising PCE of 20.6% was realized.

Mineral Types of Gold Deposits and Regularities of Their Localization in Southeastern East Sayan

The gold-bearing deposits of southeastern East Sayan have been categorized according to mineral composition. The most important classification criterion is the composition of productive ore mineral assemblages specific to each of the distinguished types, whereas the use of other criteria results in the inevitable overlap of different structural, compositional, or genetic features of deposits. Eight mineral types of deposits have been determined, which characterize the main gold-bearing mineral ore parageneses: gold-polysulfide, gold-quartz, gold-telluride, gold-tetradymite, gold-antimony, gold-bismuth-sulfosalt, gold-pyrrhotite, and gold-fahlore. The regional metallogenic units are structural-metallogenic zones somewhat differing by the nature of mineralization. Thus, in the Bokson-Gargan metallogenic zone, the gold-quartz, gold-polysulfide, and gold-pyrrhotite types of deposits prevail, while in the western part of the zone, the gold-telluride and gold-bismuth-sulfosalt types are widespread. In the Ilchir zone, gold-fahlore deposits are developed, while in the Khamsarinskaya zone, gold-tetradymite and gold-stibnite. It has been established that the mineral types of deposits depend on the composition of the host rock complexes: gold-quartz, gold-polysulfide, and gold-pyrrhotite types form in association with ophiolites and Archean basement rocks. At granitoid-massif-related deposits, base-metal minerals assume the leading role: Bi sulfosalts, stibnite, tetradymite, and tellurides. The gold-fahlore type forms in carbonate sequences. The proposed classification makes it possible to group all of the known gold-bearing deposits of southeastern East Sayan; it can also be applied to adjacent regions.

Shakespeare and Religion

Shakespeare’s personal religious affiliation is impossible to determine. Nearly all the books published about him in the last ten years eschew an earlier attempt to identify him as Catholic and focus, instead, on the plays, not the playwright. Some attention has been paid to Judaism and Islam, but Christianity is the overwhelming favorite. Nearly all of these books include a discussion of Measure for Measure, the only play Shakespeare wrote with a biblical title and a central concern with Christian ethics. Though there is some inevitable overlap, each writer approaches religion in the plays differently.

Environmental health policies for women's, children's and adolescents' health.

Environmental health risks especially affect women and children, because they are more vulnerable socially and because exposures to environmental contaminants create greater risks for children's developing bodies and cognitive functions. According to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, modifiable environmental risk factors cause about 1.7 million deaths in children younger than five years and 12.6 million total deaths every year. (1) Although the Global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016-2030) (2) was launched during the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 2015, governments rarely recognize the sustainable development agenda as a transformative factor for health. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) offer opportunities for countries to create healthier environments for women, children and adolescents. This paper explores how the SDGs can be used to reduce environmental health risks and enhance the health of women, children and adolescents. In particular, we focus on drivers for urbanization and sustainable development (e.g. transport, housing, urban design and energy provision) that can advance the global strategy, but have not traditionally been a focus of health policy-making. We frame the discussion around the three pillars of the global strategy: survive, thrive and transform, while recognizing the inevitable overlap between these objectives. Survive Since women and children are especially affected by the environment, intersectoral interventions that reduce environmental risks will improve early childhood survival as well as reducing risks of premature death throughout the life-course. For instance, household air pollution from dirty fuels and inefficient cookstove was estimated to have caused around 4 million premature deaths in 2012 and was responsible for more than half of deaths due to childhood pneumonia. (3) Among women, indoor exposures to household cookstove smoke were estimated to cause 34% (452 548/1336601) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease deaths, 21% (732 937/3 476 815) of stroke deaths, 19% (93 537/489 390) of lung cancer deaths and 14% (479478/3425 835) of ischaemic heart disease deaths in 2012. (4,5) Improving access to reliable electricity and clean water in health-care facilities can also help reduce maternal and newborn mortality, as such infrastructure is a critical determinant of quality of care. (6) A review of health-care facilities in 11 sub-Saharan African countries showed that an average of 26% of facilities had no electricity whatsoever. (7) Another review of 54 low- and middle-income countries found that 38% (25 118/66 101) of health facilities lack a clean drinking water source. (8) Ensuring that health-care facilities have access to power and water is a minimum requirement for attracting women to facilities and guaranteeing quality services for safe childbirth. Thrive Housing and energy sector interventions that promote the transition to cleaner fuels and for domestic cooking, heating and lighting can not only reduce deaths but improve the health of the 3 billion people worldwide who are reliant upon inefficient and polluting cookstoves. For this reason, the monitoring framework of the Global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016-2030) explicitly tracks an indicator for primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies in households as part of its thrive pillar. (9) Examples of cleaner fuels and include liquefied petroleum gas, biogas, ethanol and electricity including photovoltaic solar-power for lighting. Improving access to clean fuels and can also reduce the burden of childhood burns and poisonings due to the use of kerosene for cooking and lighting. While most of the estimated 3 million deaths annually from outdoor ambient air pollution are among adult populations, reducing such pollution exposures are also critical to improving children's health and development across the life-course. …

Historia de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Vol. 6, El Gran Buenos Aires

Historia de la provincia de Buenos Aires. <i>Vol. 6,</i> El Gran Buenos Aires

Non-overlapped random decrement technique for parameter identification in operational modal analysis

The random decrement technique (RDT) is used to estimate free vibration response from output data generated by Gaussian white noise. The principle is to decay the excitation via averaging of segments in output data. With RDT, the triggering condition for determining the initial points of segments causes overlap during averaging; the consequence is a residual excitation, peaking at the first natural frequency. This paper presents a modified RDT with non-overlapped segments to eliminate this peak. Numerical comparison between non-overlapped RDT (NRDT) and RDT shows the accuracy improvement of damping. However, time history data is sometimes not long enough in NRDT, which results in an inevitable overlap. In order to keep the accuracy of NRDT, the first natural period is viewed as the critical length between adjacent initial points to distinguish the inevitable overlap from that in RDT.

Understanding autism in the light of sex/gender.

Editorial Autism has long been described as a predominantly male condition, with a widely cited male:female ratio of 4 to 5:1 [1]. Over the past two decades, we have witnessed a trend towards a decreasing male-predominance [2]. Latest largescale population/community-based epidemiological studies converge to show a ratio of 2 to 3:1 [3]. The implications of this are important. Females with autism may have been underidentified and therefore underrepresented in the past, and consequently, the previous scientific and clinical literature likely may have provided a male-biased understanding of autism. However, a relative male-predominance remains a stable observation over time, which has led to fruitful aetiological and developmental investigations and theories [4-7,3]. For the field to move towards an integrated understanding of the whole autism spectrum, it is important that females are not overlooked, and their particular experiences are properly documented [8]. Sex and gender provide unique angles for understanding causal mechanisms in atypical human developmental conditions [9] and should be a central theme in the understanding to autism and its vast heterogeneity [3,10]. Note that the term ‘sex’ refers to ‘the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women’ , and ‘gender’ refers to ‘the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women’ [11]. Since many human studies of autism focus on children, adolescents and adults, it is often difficult to empirically separate the effect of sex and gender, since gendered socialization begins at birth. Therefore, unless when we specifically refer to ‘sex’ or ‘gender’ separately, as defined here, we use the term ‘sex/gender’ to note the inevitable overlap between them [12]. Molecular Autism, since its launch in 2010, has published a range of research in relation to sex/gender and

Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome by Rachael B. Goldman (review)

Reviewed by: Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Romeby Rachael B. Goldman Maria Michela Sassi Rachael B. Goldman. Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome. Gorgias Studies in Classical and Late Antiquity, 3. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2013. Pp. ix, 193. $95.00. ISBN 978–1-61143–914–4. This book, a development of a portion of the author’s Ph.D. dissertation in History (“ Tinturae Romanorum:Social and Cultural Constructions of Color-Terms in Roman Literature,” CUNY 2011), is the latest addition to the ever-flourishing scholarship on colors in the ancient world, whose most recent notable fruits [End Page 301]are M. Bradley, Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome(Cambridge, 2009) and A. Grand-Clément, La fabrique des couleurs. Histoire du paysage sensible des Grecs anciens (VIII e—début du V esiècle avant notre ère)(Paris 2011). How Goldman’s agenda differs from that of her predecessor in the Roman field does not emerge clearly from her statement in the introduction (a brief treatment of the thorny issue of Greek and Roman color taxonomies) that she intends to examine “the color-terms at play in certain texts” so as “to grasp more readily the interplay among roles of gender, ethnicity, religion, economic and class differences, political affairs, and passions of the day” (7). However, apart from the inevitable overlap of the main topic, it becomes clear throughout the book that Goldman aims at a sort of antiquarian survey of her sources, selected from the whole of Latin literature, whereas Bradley focused on the intellectual debate about the moral and social values assigned to the various colores, and was rather sensible to the awarenessof the power of coloras a tool of information and evaluation in early Imperial Rome. Throughout seven chapters the discussion covers the famous color debate between Favorinus and Fronto on Greek and Latin linguistic categories in Gellius’ Noctes Atticae(Fronto’s treatment is oddly judged “almost comical,” 13); the pigments used for dyes, and the relevance of the production costs to the evaluation of the dyed objects; the colors of garments as signs of class and gender distinction; the effectiveness of colors for distinguishing the chariot teams in the circus; the notations of the colors of the skin, the eyes, and the hair in a few physiognomic descriptions; the analysis of such terms as versicolor, decolor, discolor, and other similar adjectives ending in color. The last is admittedly the most original part of the book, having been “rarely examined in the scholarship,” as the author observes in the final pages (163), the general conclusion being that “what was seen in Roman material culture is reflected in the literature of the day” (161). A few nice touches are scattered here and there. I was glad to learn, for example, that coccinus—just like the more famous purpureus—was an appreciated because expensive hue (32), and I was amused to read that the gilded ( subauratus) ring exhibited by that notorious freedman Trimalchio allowed him to bypass a senatusconsultumwhich permitted only freeborn men to wear golden rings (74). Unfortunately, the overall treatment is blurred. I registered an increasing number of typographical errors in the English idiom, the Latin, and the Greek (breathings and accents are often wrong), as well as several misquotations both of the ancient sources and the bibliography (I note here only 118, a messy translation of Cassius Dio, and 102 note 13, where Aristot. Hist. Anim.492a4 appears instead of Gen. Anim.779b15). Goldman is especially uncomfortable when it comes to Greek culture; for example, she claims that “the only work of literature attributed to Favorinus is the Corinthian Oration” (23); she extrapolates from the epithet of Athena glaukôpisthat “gray eyes are an ancient trope for descriptions of gods and goddesses” (102); she talks of “physiognomic principles outlined by the Aristotelean schools” (my emphasis: 163). Inconsistencies are ubiquitous: see, for instance, subflavus, translated as “golden” and “diminished yellow” just a few lines later, only the latter being correct, as the author knows (101 note 6); or the reading of Ovid Fast. 3.493, where preference for a “fair-skinned...

The Internationalisation of Regions: Paradiplomacy or Multi‐level Governance?

AbstractThis article reviews the two primary frameworks used to explore the external relations of regions. It argues that the concepts of multi‐level governance and paradiplomacy are used to describe similar, but distinct, international activities on the part of regions and sub‐state governments. Both approaches look at the ways in which regions engage beyond the local level, and increasingly so. The inevitable overlap between their subject matter has meant that the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, leading to a mischaracterisation of the practices themselves. The international mobilisation of regions manifests in numerous modes, and therefore much greater specificity is required in analysing and interpreting these varied phenomena. In particular, the novelty of paradiplomacy, and the political contestation that it can imply, risks being under‐reported. Firmer boundaries between the two approaches, and a better conceptualisation of the relationship between them, are called for in this interdisciplinary review. The article argues that where multi‐level governance presents a predominately structural account of ‘governance’ based activities, paradiplomacy has the potential to provide an agency‐oriented explanation of autonomous, diplomatic practices – often with deeply political connotations. It is suggested that the two can represent parallel, alternative or complementary approaches, depending on the exact nature of the activity under consideration. It concludes by suggesting future avenues for paradiplomatic research.

South African counselling psychology at the crossroads: lessons to be learned from around the world

Despite a four-decade history, the professional identity of counselling psychology in South Africa remains nebulous. Recent debates surrounding the revised scope of practice for counselling psychology bring the unresolved issue of professional identity back into focus. Rather than developing an idiosyncratic definition of counselling psychology, it is instructive to look at the ways in which the profession is conceptualised internationally. This article analyses the national definitions of counselling psychology in countries in North America, Europe, Australasia, and Asia, where the profession is both formally recognised and established. A thematic analysis reveals two superordinate themes: the different domains of practice that are considered to fall within the ambit of counselling psychology and the values of counselling psychology that are meant to inform this practice. Common domains of practice are development, prevention, and remediation. Prominent values of counselling psychology emphasise strengths, well-being, and the therapeutic relationship, recognise sociocultural and developmental contexts, value diversity and multiculturalism, and promote social justice. While there is an inevitable overlap with other specialities within psychology, counselling psychology is best distinguished not by the clients that are seen but rather by the values that inform practice. Implications for the practice of counselling psychology and mental health service delivery in South Africa are briefly discussed.

Application of Two‐Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy to Metabotyping Laboratory Escherichia coli Strains

NMR Spectroscopy has been established as a major tool for identification and quantification of metabolites in a living system. Since the metabolomics era began, one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy has been intensively employed due to its simplicity and quickness. However, it has suffered from an inevitable overlap of signals, thus leading to inaccuracy in identification and quantification of metabolites. Two-dimensional (2D) NMR has emerged as a viable alternative because it can offer higher accuracy in a reasonable amount of time. We employed (1) H,(13) C-HSQC to profile metabolites of six different laboratory E. coli strains. We identified 18 metabolites and observed clustering of six strains according to their metabolites. We compared the metabolites among the strains, and found that a) the strains specialized for protein production were segregated; b) XL1-Blue separated itself from others by accumulating amino acids such as alanine, aspartate, glutamate, methionine, proline, and lysine; c) the strains specialized for cloning purpose were spread out from one another; and d) the strains originating from B strain were characterized by succinate accumulation. This work shows that 2D-NMR can be applied to identify a strain from metabolite analysis, offering a possible alternative to genetic analysis to identify E. coli strains.

The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture

In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus.Taxonomic novelties: New species – Neofusicoccum batangarum Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers. New combinations – Botryosphaeria fabicerciana (S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Botryosphaeria ramosa (Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf.) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Cophinforma mamane (D.E. Gardner) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella pretoriensis (Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Dothiorella thailandica (D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz., A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella uruguayensis (C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Lasiodiplodia lignicola (Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Abdollahz., Neoscytalidium hyalinum (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous, Sphaeropsis citrigena (A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Sphaeropsis eucalypticola (Doilom, J.K. Liu, & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, Sphaeropsis porosa (Van Niekerk & Crous) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves. Epitypification (basionym) – Sphaeria sapinea Fries. Neotypifications (basionyms) – Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Physalospora agaves Henn, Sphaeria atrovirens var. visci Alb. & Schwein.

Regional Analgesia in Intensive Care Unit

Regional Analgesia in Intensive Care Unit

From the Outside Looking In: Narrative Frames and Narrative Spaces in the Short Stories of Emilia Pardo Bazán (review)

Reviewed by: From the Outside Looking In: Narrative Frames and Narrative Spaces in the Short Stories of Emilia Pardo Bazán Joan Hoffman Walter, Susan. From the Outside Looking In: Narrative Frames and Narrative Spaces in the Short Stories of Emilia Pardo Bazán. Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta, 2010. Pp. 177. ISBN 978-1-58871-178-6. In a nicely bound volume of the sort for which Juan de la Cuesta is well-known, Susan Walter undertakes the study of thirteen of Emilia Pardo Bazán’s short stories published between 1892 and 1909. All of these tales have in common two narrative levels—an introduction presented by one framing narrator and a central narration as told by a second, internal, narrator—thus allowing Walter to “untangle the distinct voices of narrative authority in the texts in order to uncover the ideological positioning of the tale” (22). Also, the author views such stories as “an ideal place to look for an engagement with the theme[s] of gender ideology” and gender dynamics so prevalent in Pardo Bazan’s work (20). The first chapter of Walter’s study seeks to familiarize her readers with narratological frame theory and feminist narratological approaches. She takes a structuralist approach to narratology and cites such scholars as John Barth, Gérard Genette, Susan Lanser, Nilli Diengott, Robyn Warhol, and Kathy Mezei. In this introductory chapter, the author discusses structural patterns of narrative embedding, the relationships between narrative levels, textual point of view, the role of the narratee, and the use of direct address. The second chapter examines four tales—“Champagne,” “Paria,” “El encaje roto,” and “El revólver”—all narrated by female protagonists who are reluctant to tell their stories. The third chapter, from which the title of the book derives, studies “Afra,” “Madre,” “Los ramilletes,” “Sor Aparición,” and “Los buenos tiempos”—tales about women but narrated by men. In chapter 4, Walter examines male narrators who are, for the most part, protagonists in their own tales in “Delincuente honrado,” “Remordimiento,” “Banquete de boda,” and “Feminista.” As is evident in Walter’s selection from Pardo Bazan’s vast production, some of these stories—“Champagne,” “Sor Aparición,” “El encaje roto,” “El revólver,” and “Feminista” come to mind—have been extensively studied in other venues as well; others, such as “Los buenos tiempos,” “Delincuente honrado,” and “Remordimiento,” have not enjoyed the same level of scrutiny. Walter’s book is well-documented and makes an original contribution to an understudied area of Pardo Bazán scholarship, especially with respect to the stories included here that have not been previously studied. In addition to her reliance on the distinguished narratological scholars mentioned above, the author consults recognized Pardo Bazán specialists, such as Joyce Tolliver, Maryellen Bieder, and Susan McKenna, in this well-researched study. Despite areas of inevitable overlap—all deal with issues of gender and authority in Doña Emilia’s short fiction, for example—she makes fine use of these critics, often couching their findings in terms of narratological framing, thus providing one more perspective from which to approach Pardo Bazán’s complex work. That is not to say, however, that this investigation is free of flaws. Foremost among them, in my estimation, is a marked and unfortunate delay or omission on the part of the author in defining technical terminology. This tendency is evident in her use of the terms “homodiegetic” and “heterodiegetic,” for example. These terms, crucial as they are to any discussion of structural narratology, are used a handful of times, on pages 23 and 42, before the author defines them, telling her readers, on pages 43–44, that they “will be employed regularly in this study.” In addition, even a brief reminder of the definition of “free indirect discourse” would be helpful; the term is used three times, on pages 128, 152, and 153, with absolutely no reference to its meaning. A further example of imprecision on the part of the author also compels comment; this involves unfortunate repetitions in close proximity to one another. For example, the last sentence of the second paragraph on page 17 repeats almost verbatim the first sentence of that same...

Forest loss and management in land reform settlements: Implications for REDD governance in the Brazilian Amazon

Land reform settlements (LRS) in the Brazilian Amazon have been suggested to hold promise for the successful implementation of incipient efforts to reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). However, differences in forest cover, deforestation behaviour and settler welfare plus the inevitable overlap of upcoming REDD efforts with existing conservation policies, mean that scope and impact of REDD in LRS will not be uniform across settlements. Based on evidence from a case study of four LRS and a Brazilian Amazon regional analysis of opportunity costs, this paper explores the actual scope for targeting initial Brazilian REDD efforts to LRS and discusses potential welfare and equity implications based on scenario analysis. While our findings confirm considerable economic scope for compensation-based schemes for avoided degradation and deforestation, the pre-existence of legal use right limitations in combination with the distribution of forest cover among LRS means that less than half of settlements - poorer - will be able to derive economic gains. Exploring a mix between incentives and disincentives seems to offer the most promising future regarding efficiency and equity successful results. The paper concludes with the implications of the results in the international debate on the constraints ahead to implement the REDD principles.