Inefficient Waste Management Research Articles

Sustainability Reporting Under GRI Standards: An Empirical Study of Indian Companies

The accumulation of industrial waste at the global level is distressing, as the World Bank estimated in 2016 that the growth of solid waste will hit 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050. India faces similar issues related to inefficient waste management and enfeebled waste reporting practices as the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) estimated that more than 62 million tons of industrial waste are generated annually, of which around 12 million tons are treated before disposal, 31 million tons are diverted towards landfills, and the majority is unprocessed and unaccounted for. In this response, this study analyses the waste reporting practices adopted by the top corporate social responsibilities ranked Indian companies with a motivation to align the Indian reporting pattern with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The study finds inconsistent, unstandardized, and unstructured waste reporting practices when analysed under the GRI across the selected Indian companies concerning massive waste generation per turnover and earnings per share. The findings suggest the need for integrated compliance towards reporting standards to control any negative impact on the environment, as shown through waste intensity ratios. The findings have largely contributed towards understanding the anomalies between the Indian corporate reporting practices and the global reporting under GRI.

Addressing the Causes and Effects of Climate Change in Afghanistan: Mitigation Strategies and Solutions for a Sustainable Future

The goal of this research is to address the causes and effects of climate change in Afghanistan and to develop strategies and solutions for a sustainable future. A qualitative approach was utilized, employing semi-structured interviews with climate change experts selected via snowball sampling. These interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed through thematic analysis. The study identified various causes of climate change in Afghanistan, such as deforestation, fossil fuel combustion, urbanization, ongoing conflicts, industrial activities, inefficient waste management, and poor water management practices. These factors have culminated in escalating droughts, melting glaciers and snow, floods and storms, as well as adverse effects on agriculture and livestock, and an increase in diseases among humans, animals, and plants. The research underscores the urgent need for mitigation strategies and sustainable solutions for Afghanistan’s future. Proposed strategies and solutions include seeking foreign aid, collaborating with national and international organizations, raising public awareness, preventing deforestation and smuggling, implementing water storage measures, learning from other countries’ experiences, conducting further assessments and research, expanding greenery, and formulating comprehensive policies and strategic plans for water management. The findings are significant for the Afghan government, national and international organizations engaged in climate change efforts, and policymakers. Given Afghanistan's heightened vulnerability to climate change, it is essential to take proactive measures and prioritize mitigation and adaptation efforts to ensure a sustainable future for the country. Addressing these critical issues will require coordinated action and sustained commitment from all stakeholders involved.

Urbanization and Its Environmental Impact on Rangareddy's Peri-Urban Landscape: Insights from Secondary Data

This study investigates the dynamics of urbanization and its environmental implications in peri-urban areas of Rangareddy, focusing on key regions including Shamshabad, Manikonda, Gachibowli, and Shadnagar over the past two decades. Through a comprehensive analysis of land use changes, environmental assessments, socio-economic dynamics, and sustainability challenges, the research highlights significant transformations driven by rapid urban expansion. The findings reveal a notable shift in land use patterns characterized by a substantial increase in residential and commercial developments, leading to a decline in agricultural lands and natural ecosystems. This urban sprawl is fueled by population growth, economic activities, and infrastructural developments, reflecting broader urbanization trends observed across Indian cities. Environmental assessments underscore critical challenges associated with urban growth, including deteriorating air and water quality attributed to increased industrial activities and vehicular emissions. The reduction in green spaces exacerbates environmental concerns such as heat island effects and biodiversity loss, necessitating urgent interventions to integrate sustainable land management practices into urban planning strategies. Demographic shifts in peri-urban Rangareddy reveal accelerated population growth rates, surpassing national averages. While urbanization has brought enhanced access to amenities and economic opportunities, it has also exacerbated socio-economic disparities among residents. Addressing these disparities requires inclusive development strategies that ensure equitable access to resources and opportunities, fostering social cohesion and community resilience. The study identifies critical sustainability challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, water scarcity, and inefficient waste management systems. These challenges underscore the imperative for effective policy interventions and governance frameworks aimed at promoting environmental conservation and enhancing urban resilience. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for integrated urban planning approaches that prioritize green infrastructure development, pollution control measures, and community engagement initiatives. Looking forward, future research should focus on longitudinal studies to monitor urbanization trends and evaluate the effectiveness of policy interventions in mitigating environmental impacts and enhancing socio-economic conditions in peri-urban areas. Long-term strategies should emphasize adaptive governance mechanisms, stakeholder engagement, and capacity building to support sustainable urban development goals.

Wild black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Seasonal availability and life history traits in two common organic streams in Bangladesh

The black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is a “crown jewel” in waste management because it rapidly bioconverts organic streams into nutrient-rich biomass. Bangladesh's inefficient waste management has caused serious environmental issues due to the massive amounts of organic waste, mainly livestock manures and municipal organic waste, generated daily. We need reliable BSF to maximize our organic resources. To establish a long-term, stable BSF colony, we closely examined the seasonal abundance and life cycle features of BSF raised on municipal garbage and poultry manure in a regional natural environment in the lab. This investigation lasted two years (2019–2020). Season and raising substrates affected wild BSF egg clutches and life cycles. Organic waste dumps captured the most egg clutches in rainy seasons and the fewest in cooler months. Municipal rubbish dumps consistently produced wilder BSF egg clutches than poultry manure dumpsites. The BSF larvae grew slower in winter and faster in the rainy season, independent of substrate. Winter was optimal for adult BSF longevity in all organic streams. Winter cultivated wild BSF on two organic streams exhibited fewer egg clutches per female, shorter and lighter prepupae, and lower adult ecolosion rates than wetter months. While BSF given municipal organic wastes had the highest adult ecolosion rates, BSF fed poultry manure had more variation in prepupae length and weight, adult lifespan, and egg clutches. Larval development was faster with poultry manure BSF than with municipal organic waste. The protein and ash content of prepupae rearing on poultry manure exceeded those of prepupae on urban organic waste, although fat content was equivalent. These findings indicate that both types of organic streams may be suitable substrates for BSF larvae for trash treatment.

Assessing sustainable waste management practices in Rajshahi City Corporation: an analysis for local government enhancement using IoT, AI, and Android technology.

This study addresses the pressing challenge of inefficient waste management practices within the Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC), Bangladesh. Despite rapid urbanization and escalating waste generation rates, RCC struggles with diverse waste disposal practices, limited supervision, irregular waste collection schedules, and inadequate disposal infrastructure. In this context, this study examines the possible improvements that could be made by combining the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and Android application to improve waste management methods in the RCC. The study's foundation is a vast amount of information gathered from residents, with particular attention paid to waste disposal methods, the role of the local government, the frequency of waste collection, and public attitudes toward waste management. The results point to a complicated waste management environment with a range of waste disposal practices, little supervision, irregular waste collection, and insufficient disposal methods. The importance of RCC in waste management is emphasized, highlighting the need for proactive measures including effective monitoring, constant waste collection, and routine drain cleaning. Additionally, it is suggested that combining IoT, AI, and Android technology is a possible way to improve waste management procedures. These technologies have the potential to increase productivity, lessen their negative effects on the environment, and produce cleaner, more sustainable urban environments.

Crafting a Scientific Framework to Mitigate Microplastic Impact on Ecosystems

Microplastics (MPs), microscopic particles originating from plastic products, have emerged as a persistent environmental challenge, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. Their omnipresence, extending from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans and infiltrating the bodies of humans and animals, requires urgent attention. In the face of escalating annual plastic production and inefficient waste management, where 79% of plastic production ends up in landfill sites or enters the environment, MPs multiply as its consequence. This emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive global framework that transcends borders to systematically address and control the growth of MPs. In response, our research conducts an in-depth investigation and proposes a seven-step strategy, providing a global perspective for mitigating microplastic pollution. The proposed approach begins with initial research steps and closes in predicting the remediation of areas impacted by microplastic pollution.

Implementation and Recognition of Waste Management in Smart Cities Using IOT

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is enabled by the proliferation of devices such as RFIDs, sensors, and actuators. As an expected infrastructure for the envisioned concept of a Smart City, the Internet of Things (IoT) opens up new possibilities for city management. The Internet of Things vision presents intriguing and cost-effective alternatives for big data collection. The municipal rubbish bins are overflowing in many places, and they must be cleaned on a regular basis. Recently, it has been observed that dustbins in public places such as hospitals, educational institutes, and industries are overflowing. Overflowing garbage cans produce unsanitary conditions that can spread disease. Furthermore, the rapid increase in population waste leads to inefficient waste management. We designed a new method, the "Smart City Garbage Collection Monitoring System," to avert this issue. Urbanisation has increased dramatically in recent decades. At the same time, trash output is increasing. Waste management has been an important subject to consider. This system is a means of achieving this noble goal. The smart bin in this article is developed on a microcontroller-based platform Arduino UNO board, which is interfaced with a GSM modem and Ultrasonic sensor, as well as the weight Sensor, which is used to calculate the weight of the dustbins. Arduino will be programmed so that when the dustbin is filled, the remaining height from the threshold height will be displayed. Once the garbage reaches the threshold level, the ultrasonic sensor will trigger the location data, continuously alerting the required authority until the trash in the dustbin is squashed. According to the location, the power will send the message to the respective operator; a garbage vehicle can collect the garbage, which is done with the help of a robot mechanism.

Towards integrated, and sustainable municipal solid waste management system in Shashemane city administration, Ethiopia

Solid waste generation is attested to be unavoidable product of human activities. Sustainable management of such waste is a pressing challenge faced in many developing countries today. The study was motivated by the fast growing population and the inefficient waste management system threatening the public health and the image of Shashemene city in Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were: to explore the existing household solid waste management practices, to examine the current governance system of municipal solid waste management, to investigate the contemporary challenges and opportunities of municipal solid waste management, and forward integrated and sustainable municipal solid waste management system for Shashemene city. Data were collected from sampled households, key informants, focus groups, and the city's environment. Data were analyzed by employing quantitative and qualitative methods. 94.8 % of the respondents opined that the solid waste generated in their city is organic in nature (Ash, and sweeps; leftover food, and vegetable peels; paper, and cardboards; green leaves, and grass; and cattle dung). 96.7 % of respondent households opined that they have temporary waste storage in their yards and trash bags were asserted to be widely used (87.6 %) in handling the trash in the courtyard. The waste sorting and recovering practices among the residents is very low and is certainly the major cause for inefficient and unsustainable management system of municipal solid waste in Shashemene city. Generally, a grand mean of 2.23 confirmed the absence of good governance in municipal solid waste management system in Shashemene city. Moreover, the significant proportion of responses ( ≥ 50 %) for each of the nine principles of good governance as either poor or very poor asserted governance failure of the municipal solid waste management system in Shashemene city. The results of the study confirmed that low public awareness on waste management; inadequate collection capacity; poor integration and coordination of stakeholders; environmentally unsound dump site; and illegal dumping by key stakeholders are the major challenges underpinning the unsustainable municipal solid waste management in the city. It is recommended that Shashemene city must adopt integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management system to substantially enhance the waste management service in the city leading to ultimate advancement of public health and environmental quality.

Assessing Global Waste Management: Alternatives to Landfilling in Different Waste Streams—A Scoping Review

This scoping review examines global strategies and enterprises for sustainable solid waste management, with a focus on alternative landfilling approaches. The study collected and analyzed a significant number of documents from different regions, revealing Asia as the major contributor (for the collected documents) (48.7%), followed by North America (24.3%) and Europe (15.8%). Recycling emerged as the most effective alternative waste treatment method, representing 52.3% of the documented approaches, with industrial recycling (22.6%) and residential/nonresidential recycling (20.2%) as prominent categories. Food waste was a significant concern across regions, constituting 21.4% of the collected documents. Composting was widely adopted (15.4%) due to its simplicity and benefits for gardening and soil improvement. Other methods like biogas extraction, reusing, raising awareness, incinerating, redistributing, reducing, and fermentation accounted for 13.1% cumulatively. The study highlights the need for adopted waste management solutions based on regional challenges and successful practices. Promoting recycling infrastructure, composting, and waste reduction approaches are crucial to achieving sustainable waste management aligned with SDGs. Collaboration and knowledge sharing between regions are essential to improve inefficient waste management mechanisms. Integrating the findings into policymaking and industry practices can lead to a more sustainable future with reduced environmental impact.

Integration and Optimisation of Palm Oil Sector with Multiple-Industries to Achieve Circular Economy

A typical palm oil sector includes oil palm plantations, palm oil mills, and palm oil refineries. The sector generates a huge amount of biomass by-products, effluent, and refinery wastes. These are usually disposed of at landfills causing inefficient waste management and sustainability issues. As reported in many previoius works, palm-based biomass, palm oil mill effluent (POME) and refinery wastes can be reused or recycled within the palm oil sector. However, there are still large amounts of these which are unprocessed and disposed to landfills. To address this issue, a circular economy approach that integrates the palm oil sector with other industries is needed. This work proposes a mathematical optimisation model to determine the optimal pathway for the circularity of palm-based biomass, POME, and refinery wastes with other sectors. Paper, polymer, and furniture industries are considered to evaluate the potential of a palm-based circular economy. Besides, various biorefineries are also considered, thereby providing multiple pathways for the conversion of palm-based biomass and refinery wastes to value-added products and energy generation. The optimisation is performed under four scenarios – maximise economic potential, minimise net emissions, minimise landfill wastes, and fuzzy multi-objective. The multi-objective results show economic potential of USD 151.36 million, net emissions of −804,946.60 tCO2 and landfill waste reduction by 80.17 %. The results indicate that the polymer industry has better potential to integrate with the palm oil sector. The fuzzy optimisation has allowed to determine trade-off between landfill disposal and resource circularity to maximise the economic value and minimise carbon emissions.

Decision making and economical optimization of a city scale solid waste management system: An integrated model simulation on Kolkata, India

Kolkata with total population of 11 million as on 2022 generates 800–850 gm of MSW per capita per day which is expected to reach 1500 g/capita/day by 2040. The waste generated from 16 number of boroughs is openly disposed to the major non-engineered eastern landfill site Dhapa without having any proper source segregation, processing and treatment. The estimated present cost of total solid waste management is around 2,507,238 Rs/day which demands an urgent economic analysis through cost optimization. Dhapa with total landfill area of 40 ha is exhausted with its 30 years long legacy waste. As Hon’ble National Green Tribunal (NGT) has mandated bio-mining of old landfill site in India, it is expected that the Dhapa landfill area will be reclaimed by 2024. The objective of this paper is to implement a futuristic Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) model over the existing SWM scenario of Kolkata incorporating an eastern transfer station consisting sorting station, incineration and composting plant followed by converting Dhapa as a major engineered landfill site. Using LINGO optimization software, the model was run and solved. As a result, a total reduction in waste management cost by 43% and landfilling cost by 48% is possible. Further vehicle optimization shows reduction in total SWM cost and waste transportation cost by 70% and 16% respectively. If the SWM system is operated by optimized compactors, a total cost minimization of 73% is achievable. This generic methodology can be applicable to any inefficient waste management system of Indian cities to cope up with the economic aspects and reaching towards sustainability.

Reinstating the Riparian Corridors for boosting the Urban Economics:A Case of Moradabad (U.P.)

The case for reinstalling the riparian corridors in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, as a method of bolstering the regional urban economy. Riparian corridors are strips of land along the banks of rivers or streams that are essential for maintaining ecological balance, preserving biodiversity, and sustaining economic activity. This brief outlines the potential advantages of repairing these corridors in Moradabad and includes implementation recommendations for such actions. Moradabad, a fast expanding metropolitan area, is confronted with a number of environmental difficulties, such as the degeneration of riparian corridors. Due to unplanned development, industrial pollution, and inefficient waste management procedures, these corridors have been encroached upon and deteriorated. By restoring these corridors, the region will be able to protect and increase biodiversity, which can have significant ecological and economic effects. Restoring riparian corridors can generate job possibilities through activities such as ecological restoration and the creation of nature-based companies. These economic activity can contribute to the regional expansion and prosperity

A narrative action on the battle against hunger using mushroom, peanut, and soybean-based wastes.

Numerous generations have been affected by hunger, which still affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The hunger crisis is worsening although many efforts have been made to minimize it. Besides that, food waste is one of the critical problems faced by most countries worldwide. It has disrupted the food chain system due to inefficient waste management, while negatively impacting the environment. The majority of the waste is from the food production process, resulting in a net zero production for food manufacturers while also harnessing its potential. Most food production wastes are high in nutritional and functional values, yet most of them end up as low-cost animal feed and plant fertilizers. This review identified key emerging wastes from the production line of mushroom, peanut, and soybean (MPS). These wastes (MPS) provide a new source for food conversion due to their high nutritional content, which contributes to a circular economy in the post-pandemic era and ensures food security. In order to achieve carbon neutrality and effective waste management for the production of alternative foods, biotechnological processes such as digestive, fermentative, and enzymatic conversions are essential. The article provides a narrative action on the critical potential application and challenges of MPS as future foods in the battle against hunger.

The Plastic Waste And its Management in Tanzania: A Case of Arusha Municipality

This study sought to determine the value of plastic waste management in Tanzania, Arusha Municipality. A survey study was deployed, with a sampled population of 130 respondents from Arusha Municipality obtained through purposive and random sampling methods. Environmental Responsible Behaviour Theory and Waste management Theory guided the study. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The following results were obtained; lack of resources in the municipal has led to inefficient waste management, the level of awareness on sustainable waste management systems is not substantial due to lack of sources of information and knowledge as they are a key factor in influencing the perception on the value of plastic waste and also putting into practise sustainable waste management systems that are used. In order to effectively practice sustainable waste management policies and increase in resources need to be established along with an increase in formal and informal education on waste management to the society.

Rational nature management: problems and prospects of Ukraine in the global system of nature restoration activities

The paper is devoted to studying the current state of nature management in Ukraine, considering the key factors that create problems in the global system of natural reproduction in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to identify the key place, problems, and prospects of national nature management in Ukraine compared with other countries of the world and to determine the prospects for developing nature management in the post-war recovery period. For the research, general scientific methods of cognition were used, particularly methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, grouping, and systematization. The research results are based on the study of global environmental management ratings, including the environmental performance rating, the Happy Planet Index, the Global Green Economy Index, and the sustainable economic development assessment. The study of Ukraine's place among all countries in the world in terms of environmental management has highlighted a number of key problems, including deforestation, pollution, inefficient waste management, water use, etc. Furthermore, the report considers ways to improve natural resource management based on improving the natural resource management system and reducing corruption in all areas of natural resource management. The priority areas for the conservation and development of natural resources are the use of alternative, renewable energy sources, improvement of the processing industry, and introduction of modern standards and technologies for using natural resources. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of its use in the development of sustainable development strategies for the next periods.

Increasing Data Availability for Solid Waste Collection Using an IoT Platform based on LoRaWAN and Blockchain

Solid waste management is one of the problems that has gained greater prominence in recent years. This topic has been discussed with greater emphasis in conjunction with environmental issues, driven by changes in the most diverse fields provided by the recent post-pandemic scenario. However, due to traditional or inefficient waste management approaches, most trash bins placed in cities can be seen as overflowing. Therefore, a remote monitoring system is needed to alert the level of garbage in bins to the relevant authority for waste clearance. In this scenario, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm plays a vital role in improving smart city applications by tracking and managing city processes. This paper implements a solution based on Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) and blockchain technologies to provide the required data available for increasing efficiency in solid waste collection. Finally, this paper provides an evaluation of the proposed architecture related to latency and throughput metrics.

Impact of Residents’ Demographics on Their Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Waste Management at the Household Level in the United Arab Emirates

Sustainability in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a critical issue due to the steady rises in population and regional economic growth. Therefore, an urgent need arises each passing time on ensuring efficient resource utilization and waste management in all sectors; industrial, agricultural, and residential. In the residential sector, residents’ greenness with a focus on their waste-management knowledge and practices could be impacted by their socio-demographics such as age, gender, educational level, and income. Several studies investigated this impact but reported varying outcomes about its degree. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of UAE residents towards waste management in their households and how impacted their KAPs are by their demographics. For this goal, a questionnaire was distributed among 400 UAE residents of different genders, ages, and educational levels, and the collected responses were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using ANOVA and the t-test. The results showed that the sampled UAE residents were fairly knowledgeable about the three Rs of waste management (reduce, reuse, and recycle) and the impact of waste management on the environment. They were also fairly aware of the impact of their consumption style on waste generation. The results also showed that around two thirds of the residents believed that segregating waste and reducing its generation are their main roles in waste management. Furthermore, one third of the residents considered the lack of environmental awareness among the public as the most common reason for inefficient waste management at the household level, followed by the lack of infrastructure. Regarding the most effective motivator for the residents to manage waste in their households, one third of the participants chose economic incentives, while ethical motivations and awareness campaigns were the second choices. Surprisingly, only 15% of the residents believed that governmental regulations and enforcement would be effective to improve residents’ waste management attitudes and practices. Finally, the results showed that the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of UAE residents were influenced to varying degrees by their age, gender, and educational level. These outcomes may provide insight into how the UAE government can address underlying challenges toward efficient waste management at the household level.

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Sustainable Development Goals: Achievements and Expectations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on almost all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), leaving no country unaffected. It has caused a shift in political agendas, but also in lines of research. At the same time, the world is trying to make the transition to a more sustainable economic model. The research objectives of this paper are to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the fulfilment of the SDGs with regard to the research of the scientific community, and to analyze the presence of the Circular Economy (CE) in the literature. To this end, this research applies bibliometric analysis and a systematic review of the literature, using VOSviewer for data visualization. Five clusters were detected and grouped according to the three dimensions of sustainability. The extent of the effects of the health, economic and social crisis resulting from the pandemic, in addition to the climate crisis, is still uncertain, but it seems clear that the main issues are inefficient waste management, supply chain issues, adaptation to online education and energy concerns. The CE has been part of the solution to this crisis, and it is seen as an ideal model to be promoted based on the opportunities detected.

Prototype Model for Waste Management in Running Trains ofIndia

Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in India but suffers from a major problem of inefficient waste management system. This is a problem of dry and wet waste generated inside the running train and around the railway tracks resulting in unhygienic trains and unclean railway tracks. Everyday nearly 23 million people travel in 7000 passengers trains inIndia. The area around the railway track in India is about 16000 kms which has never been cleaned. It is estimated that approximately 6289 tons of plastic finds its way into India’s railway tracks every day. This enormous generation of waste is leading to undesirable health issues besides environmental pollution. In this backdrop, in this project a prototype technological modelis being developed which can help to solve this problem. A smart dustbin is placed in each compartment of all the bogies in a train wherein both the dry and wet waste are collected, segregated and crushed. With the help of the belt conveyor, this crushed dry and wet waste is carried from all the compartments and bogies to the centralized bin of the train. This technological prototype model facilitates to manage the enormous dry and wet waste generated inside the running train effectively and efficiently. This will benefit the recycling industries to generate the revenue besides helping to keep the trains and railway tracks clean.

A sustainable municipal solid waste system under leachate treatment impact along with leakage control and source separation

Over the past few decades, inefficient waste management has caused environmental problems, such as leachate leakage, high pollution in the surface and groundwater, and soil contamination. In this regard, it is essential to adopt proper pre-discharge leachate management and treatment in the case of municipal waste. This study proposes a novel sustainable network design model by determining the optimal combination of transfer stations and separation units equipped with waste compaction and leachate treatment technologies, waste treatment facilities with different efficiencies, and optimal waste and leachate flow allocation along with waste separation at the source for municipal solid waste (MSW) systems. The uncertainty in the generated amount of waste is also considered in different urban areas. Therefore, a two-stage stochastic programming has been developed to minimize the total cost and the leachate pollution potential of MSW network systems, considering leachate types, collection and garbage-bin-cleaning truck types, and recyclable waste quality. Furthermore, the social objective is to maximize the number of job opportunities. The sample average approximation approach and the augmented ε-constraint method have been implemented to address the model uncertainty and solve the proposed multi-objective model, respectively. The results have indicated that considering the leachate treatment in the MSW network and waste separation at the source, despite increasing the total cost, has decreased leachate pollution potential by 41.3% and has created the number of job opportunities by 29.2% compared to the current situation in Tehran as a case study. Moreover, complete waste separation at the source in the proposed model has shown that it can have a positive effect on decreasing the total cost and leachate pollution potential.