Recycling Of Industrial Wastewater Research Articles

Zero-dimensional quantum dot-modified membrane materials for the effective treatment of industrial wastewater: A comprehensive review

The efficient treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater is an important way to improve water resource utilization. Membrane separation technology has been widely used in the field of industrial wastewater treatment due to its high separation efficiency, low energy consumption, good scalability, and other advantages. A recent breakthrough in membrane technologies is the emergence of various nanocomposite membranes, which not only breaks the trade-off between membrane selectivity and permeability, but also enhances the anti-fouling ability and multi-scale separation effects of membranes. Among the nanomaterials used for membrane fabrication, zero-dimensional quantum dots (QDs) with size-dependent optical properties and excellent photocatalytic potential have become promising candidates for novel nanocomposite membrane construction. Significant improvements in membrane surface hydrophilicity, anti-fouling property, and permeability can be achieved by incorporating QDs during the membrane formation process or through membrane post-modification. This review focuses on recent advances in QD-modified membranes for industrial wastewater treatment. The synthesis methods of QDs were summarized firstly, especially for carbon-based and semiconductor QDs. Based on the blending modification and surface modification, the research progress in the modification strategies of QD-modified membranes is presented. Subsequently, the state-of-the-art studies of QD-modified membranes in the application of industrial wastewater treatment are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in QD-modified membranes are discussed.

Research on the optimal use of industrial wastewater for sustainable regeneration based on big data background

Industry, as one of the most important areas of water use in China, will use 102.89 billion cubic metres of water in 2020, accounting for 17.7 per cent of the country's total water use, and industrial wastewater discharges will account for about one fifth of the country's sewage discharges. In recent years, positive progress has been made in the recycling of industrial wastewater in China, with the water reuse rate for industries above designated size increasing from 89 per cent in 2015 to 92.5 per cent in 2020, and the water consumption of 10,000 yuan of industrial added value in 2020 decreasing by 39.6 per cent compared with 2015. The current status of research on life cycle carbon emissions of different wastewater recycling technologies and processes was analysed and summarised, taking wastewater recycling products such as reclaimed water, energy, microbial proteins and guano as research targets. The analysis pointed out that wastewater reclamation and value-added utilisation have considerable carbon reduction benefits, but quantitative assessment should be carried out at the system level in conjunction with the utilisation scenarios. This paper researches and analyses industrial wastewater based on the technical foundation of big data. On the basis of analysing the industrial wastewater treatment in China in recent years and at the same time combining the background of big data and treatment technology, it pushes the development of industrial wastewater treatment into a new field and mileage.

Retracted: Industrial Waste Water Recycling Using Nanographene Oxide Filters

Retracted: Industrial Waste Water Recycling Using Nanographene Oxide Filters

Removal of hardness and silicon by precipitation from reverse osmosis influent: Process optimization and economic analysis

The removal of hardness and silicon in the reverse osmosis influent is urgently desirable in view of wastewater purification and reuse. However, the development of cost-effective method reducing the hardness and silicon to low level is challenging. Herein, the single step process and double step precipitation process were proposed, aiming at minimize the adverse effect of influent wastewater on reverse osmosis membranes. The optimal dosages of precipitants (FeCl3 and MgCl2) and the effects of pH values and time were investigated. In the double step process, the concentrations of total hardness and silicon reached the lowest values (11.0 mg·L−1 and 2.1 mg·L−1) by adding 400 mg·L−1 MgCl2 and 300 mg·L−1 FeCl3. Subsequently, four schemes for the wastewater treatment were proposed, which scheme D using both FeCl3 and MgCl2 as precipitants obtained the lowest cost (1.20 $·t−1). This work could provide technological support for removing total hardness and silicon from industrial wastewater and industrial wastewater recycling.

Natural marmatite photocatalyst for treatment of mineral processing wastewater to help zero wastewater discharge

Mineral processing wastewater (MPW) with large discharge and high toxicity affects environmental safety, and the realizing zero discharge of MPW is of great significance for reducing environmental pollution, saving water resources, and promoting the sustainable development of the mining industry. In this study, we reported natural marmatite (NM) as a low-cost and efficient photocatalyst for the treatment of MPW to help zero wastewater discharge. The photocatalytic activity of NM was evaluated by the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) from MPW under visible-light illumination, and the optimal degradation conditions were discussed. Results showed that superoxide free radicals (·O2−) were the dominant active species responsible for organic pollutants degradation, and 74.25% TOC removal was obtained after 120 min reaction under the optimum treatment conditions. Meanwhile, the wastewater treated by NM photocatalysis can be reused in the flotation system without adverse impact on the product index. Based on these findings, a model of zero wastewater discharge for flotation with the help of photocatalytic treatment was established, it indicated that the water of the whole system can be balanced without affecting the ore dressing index, which showed that visible light-driven photocatalyst has a promising application prospect in the treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater.

Sustainable solar still system coupled with renewable power for industrial wastewater recycling: A review

Sustainable solar still system coupled with renewable power for industrial wastewater recycling: A review

Effects of alkali-treated plant wastewater on the properties and microstructures of alkali-activated composites

Naturally available plants such as fiber, straw, sawdust, and wood used as reinforcing additives in building materials require an alkali treatment to reduce the moisture sensitivity of additives and to interlock matrix and additive. However, the discharge of alkali-treated plant wastewater (ATPW) is extremely detrimental to the environment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of recycled ATPW from NaOH-treated sisal leaves, poplar leaves, poplar stems, and corn stems on the characteristics and microstructures of alkali-activated composite materials (AACMs) made from solid wastes. The ATPWs were produced by soaking green and dead plants for 24 h in a 15% NaOH solution. The AACMs were manufactured using ATPW as an alkaline activator and a mixture of slag powder, red mud, fly ash, and steel slag as a binder. The fresh and hardened properties, such as electrical conductivity (EC), fluidity, flexural strength, compressive strength, and density, were examined along with drying shrinkage resistance. Furthermore, SEM, EDS, CT, and FTIR techniques were used to observe and evaluate the pore distributions, morphologies, and products. The results demonstrate that the effects of ATPWs produced from dead sisal leaves were remarkable on the properties and microstructures of AACMs. The sample (DSL) with ATPW exhibits an increase of 43.08% in fluidity and a drop of 50.00% in EC, 44.30% in density, 34.25% in dry shrinkage, 84.44% in flexural strength, and 88.50% in compressive strength, relative to the control without ATPW. Moreover, AACMs physically sequester the organic components of ATPW during the early stage of hardening. The ATPW serves as a unique physical foaming agent in AACMs. The results provide original data on the dual recycling of industrial wastewater and solid waste to promote clean operations.

Scale Up and Validation of Novel Tri-Bore PVDF Hollow Fiber Membranes for Membrane Distillation Application in Desalination and Industrial Wastewater Recycling.

Novel tri-bore polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes (TBHF) were scaled-up for fabrication on industrial-scale hollow fiber spinning equipment, with the objective of validating the membrane technology for membrane distillation (MD) applications in areas such as desalination, resource recovery, and zero liquid discharge. The membrane chemistry and spinning processes were adapted from a previously reported method and optimized to suit large-scale production processes with the objective of translating the technology from lab scale to pilot scale and eventual commercialization. The membrane process was successfully optimized in small 1.5 kg batches and scaled-up to 20 kg and 50 kg batch sizes with good reproducibility of membrane properties. The membranes were then assembled into 0.5-inch and 2-inch modules of different lengths and evaluated in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) mode, as well as vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) mode. The 0.5-inch modules had a permeate flux >10 L m−2 h−1, whereas the 2-inch module flux dropped significantly to <2 L m−2 h−1 according to testing with 3.5 wt.% NaCl feed. Several optimization trials were carried out to improve the DCMD and VMD flux to >5 L m−2 h−1, whereas the salt rejection consistently remained ≥99.9%.

Optimization of Removal of Cadmium (II) using Response Surface Methodology

A huge quantity of wastewater is generated and dumped directly into the natural environment. Industrial wastewater recycling is common in India and is mainly used for agriculture in the surrounding areas. This has led to high levels of cadmium and other heavy metals in the air, water, and soil. Natural adsorbents provide an effective solution for wastewater treatment. Wooden objects can be used to remove heavy metals from contaminated water. The current investigation attempts to remove cadmium from the cadmium-containing aqueous solution using the root of Calotropis Procera. The adsorption process was developed with batch studies to quantify the removal of cadmium (Y) using 3 flexible process variables namely, pH, residence time (CT), and adsorbent dose (AD). Interaction between variables, a 20 (23) central composite design (CCD) was developed using the response surface method (RSM). The results of the adsorption verification tests were performed and show excellent compliance with the model prediction. The value of F (550.78) and the return coefficient (R2) of 0.9796 proved the validity of the improved quadratic model.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Cadmium (Cd-II) is a neuro-toxic substance, which gets easily introduced, assimilated into the food chain/natural habitat, and is responsible for severe health problems&#x0D; The agricultural waste and biomass i.e. roots of Calotropis Procera was used to treat heavy metals and Cadmium (II) from the wastewater&#x0D; The advanced RSM and Central Composite Design (CCD) have been employed for the design of experiments&#x0D; DOE is employed with three process parameters viz., pH, residence time and adsorbent dosage to optimise the process&#x0D; The results obtained from this investigation indicate that Calotropis Procera is a promising natural adsorbent for the treatment of effluents with Cd (II) ions&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Response of methanogenic granules enhanced by magnetite to ammonia stress

Excessive ammonia has an inhibitory effect on anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) when treating industrial wastewater with high concentration of ammonia and organic matters. The addition of conductive materials has been widely reported to improve the AnGS activity, which has the potential to alleviate the ammonia inhibition. In this study, the addition of magnetite was carried out to enhance the activity of AnGS in UASB reactor, then the response of AnGS to different ammonia levels was investigated. Results showed that magnetite facilitated the enrichment of Methanosaeta and Clostridium sensu stricto 1. Under the ammonia stress (up to 5 g TAN/L), it was interesting that Methanosaeta was better retained (abundance of 45.8%), and the abundance of ammonia-resistant Clostridium sensu stricto 1 increased to 34.3% in presence of magnetite. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that Methanosaeta could maintain metabolically active for counteracting the ammonia inhibition along with the higher transcription of genes encoding for CO2-dependent pathway. The electron transport activity and ATP content of AnGS were 1.25–2.12 and 1.23–2.56 folds higher than those in the control group, respectively. In addition, the AnGS could maintain the stability of structure because Methanosaeta was the skeleton of AnGS. As a result, the analysis of enzyme activity showed that the overall methanogenic metabolism was more active, thus ensured the effective operation of UASB reactor. This study provided the scientific understanding about the role of magnetite to alleviate the ammonia inhibition, and had important implications for stable treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater.

Application of Nano Bio-clay Composite in a Scaling-up Study for Wastewater Treatment

A scaling-up study integrating experimental and field experiments was managed to explore the most appropriate catalysis method to assist industries in getting rid of the Congo Red (CR) dye from industrial wastewater. The adsorption potential of kaolinite (K) modified by Ulva Lactuca (UL) was evaluated to eliminate CR dye from aqueous solutions. The novel kaolinite/alga nanocomposite (KUL) was synthesized following steps of the wet impregnation method and then subjected to characterization using different techniques. The newly reported KUL nanocomposite shows a significant increase in adsorption ability higher than that of K and UL. To research different experimental factors' effects, batch experiments were evaluated, and each of the kinetics/isotherms of CR adsorption were explored either. The CR removal% is clearly affected by catalyst dose, working temperature, and pH value with high percentage. The best temperature for CR adsorption onto KUL is 400C at pH&gt;7. CR adsorption on KUL following the first-order diffusion model, while K and UL appeared to follow two different kinetic adsorption models depending on the CR concentration. Moreover, the field tests (scaling-up experiments) revealed optimistic results with 91% efficiency for KUL nano-adsorbents in eliminating mixed dyes from industrial wastewater, which means the foundation of novel environmentally benign nano-adsorbents to help in industrial wastewater recycling.

Development of Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Nanofiltration at Extreme pH.

Water recycling is one of the most sustainable solutions to growing water scarcity challenges. However, wastewaters usually contain organic pollutants and often are at extreme pH, which complicates the treatment of these streams with conventional membranes. In this work, we report the synthesis of a robust membrane material that can withstand prolonged exposure to extreme pH (of 1 or 13 for 2 months). Polyamine thin film composite (TFC) membranes are prepared in situ by interfacial polymerization between 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (tBrMeB) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD). Contrary to conventional polyamide TFC membranes, enhanced pH stability is achieved by eliminating the carbonyl groups from the polymer network. The membranes showed pure water permeance and molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 0.28 ± 0.09 L m–2 h–2 bar–1 and 820 ± 132 g mol–1, respectively. The membrane performance is further enhanced by manipulating the monomer structures and replacing p-phenylenediamine with m-phenylenediamine, resulting in a higher permeance of 1.3 ± 0.3 L m–2 h–1 bar–1 and a lower MWCO of 566 ± 43 g mol–1. Given the ease of fabrication and excellent stability, this chemistry represents a step forward in the fabrication of robust membranes for industrial wastewater recycling.

Abundance Change of Antibiotic Resistance Genes During PDWW Recycling and Correlations with Environmental Factors

Research on the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban sewage treatment systems is extensive, but there is still insufficient research on their abundance in industrial wastewater recycling systems. In this study, a printing and dyeing wastewater (PDWW) recycling system was constructed, and 16S rDNA and high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial communities and ARG abundance during the treatment process. A total of 52 ARGs in nine categories were detected, of which the relative abundance of β-lactam resistance genes was the highest. During the treatment cycle, the concentration of aromatic pollutants increased with an increase in the number of cycles, while the abundance of β-lactam resistance genes increased first, decreased, and then increased (reaching 61.85% on the 100th day). At the same time, the abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria related ARGs decreased significantly (by 84.66%, 64.38%, and 85.15%, respectively). More than 21 kinds of ARGs were significantly affected by the enrichment by the aromatic pollutants. Among them, 6 kinds of ARGs were significantly positively correlated with changes in the concentrations of the aromatic pollutants (P<0.01), while 6 were significantly negatively correlate (P<0.01). These results show that the abundance of ARGs was affected by the microbial communities and the aromatic pollutants, which increased at first, decreased, and then increased during the PPDW recycling process. This study reveals the effects of the enrichment of aromatic contaminants and changes in microbial communities on ARGs during PPDW recycling, and provides theoretical guidance for the recycling of PDWW to reduce environmental pollution associated with ARGs.

Retracted] Industrial Waste Water Recycling Using Nanographene Oxide Filters

Nanomaterials play a vital role in healthcare, electronics, manufacturing industries, biotechnology, and security systems. One such material is graphene and its oxides are specifically used for recycling industrial waste water. Graphene, a single layer in honeycomb cross section, provides excellent attention because of its significant optical, mechanical, and physical properties. GO was utilized to decrease the acidic or essential centralization of the mechanical wastewater into reusable water for the modern reason utilizing graphene channels. In this paper, sample solution (waste water) is taken from paper industry. Graphene channels can be created from the pencil graphite. Graphene has the high goals of separating capacity, and graphene is considered as “a definitive RO film” in light of its stronger, thinner, and more chemically safe nature than the polymer layers. Graphene oxide layers are likewise to be used in the desalination plant in place of the RO membrane.

Metagenomic Insights into Salinity Build-up in Microbial Communities and Metabolism of Hydrolytic Bioreactor Treating High-color PDWW

In this study, to solve the problem of salinity enrichment in industrial wastewater recycling, a hydrolytic bioreactor was continuously operated to treat high-color printing and dyeing wastewater (PDWW) with salinity build-up. Nearly complete color removal was achieved even with salinity build-ups from 0.5 to 4 g·L-1 in the influent. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed that the salinity build-up results in the decrease of microbial species from 882 to 631; however, the biodiversity of the bacterial community remains stable. Metagenomic analysis indicated that salinity build-up caused no obvious effect on the overall function of the bacterial community, but altered the abundance of specific decoloring genes. Proteobacteria dominated in the bioreactor, and Methanothrix and Geobacter were the dominant genera under low salinity conditions. Proteobacteria increased in abundance with salinity build-up. Desulfovibrio and Desulfococcus were the two predominant genera in the bioreactor fed with sodium sulphate salinity build-up, demonstrating opposite responses to the sodium stress. PICRUSt functional analysis showed that the relative abundance of the decolorizing enzymes SOD1 and SOD2 decreased significantly, but the relative abundance of CAT and TYR increased, ensuring the stability of the decolorizing function of the hydrolysis biological system. From the perspective of the functional genes of hydrolysis decolorization, this study explored the effect of salinity build-up on the microbial community and function of hydrolysis, providing a theoretical basis for the study of decolorization and organic matter removal mechanism of PDWW under the condition of salinity build-up.

Sustainable industrial wastewater reuse using ceramic nanofiltration: results from two pilot projects in the oil and gas and the ceramics industries

Abstract The federal research project, PAkmem, deals with the recycling of industrial wastewater. The aim of the project is to develop and pilot an innovative integrative process for produced water treatment in the oil and gas industry utilizing flotation and ceramic micro-nano-membrane filtrations (MF-NF membranes) as well as the wastewater treatment of the ceramic industry with ceramic NF-membranes and electrodialysis (ED). The process utilized should remove fine particles, organic matter and divalent ions in order to make the water dischargeable or reusable (direct disposal or reuse as process water in the ceramic industry and the enhanced oil recovery reinjection in the oil and gas industry in which the water is conditioned in order to increase the oil production yield). Three pilot plants were designed and built according to strict safety standards and were operated on industrial manufacturing sites in Germany in 2019. Two innovative optical fine particle measuring techniques (inline and online) have been specially adapted for the project and integrated into the pilot plants. The results show promising technical potential for the use of ceramic membranes in the above-mentioned applications.

Creating functional group alternatives in integrated industrial wastewater recycling system: A case study of Toos Industrial Park (Iran)

Integrated industrial wastewater recycling has become an important issue in recent years especially in developing countries, which can be obtained by comprising three aspects of collection system, treatment processes, and reuse target, jointly called “functional group”. The main aim of this study is proposing a framework for creating industrial wastewater recycling functional groups as the alternatives for future sustainability assessment, especially for developing countries. For this purpose, SWOT method (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), PESTEL method (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors), and decision tree tool are combined with expert ideas and their scoring, and then the methodology is applied to a real case in Iran (Toos Industrial Park, Khorasan Razavi Province). The proposed methodology tries to tackle challenges such as lack of exact data and insufficient experience, which are required to create possible options by other complex tools, such as multi-criteria decision-making processes or optimization procedures.

Evaluating urban water management using a water metabolism framework: A comparative analysis of three regions in Korea

As climatic and societal changes increase the prominence of water insecurity, sustainable urban water management focusing on water efficiency and reuse is an increasingly significant issue in Korea and elsewhere. This study uses the urban water metabolism framework to examine patterns of water flows in urbanized areas and evaluate water management performance in three Korean regions: Seoul (a metropolitan city), Ulsan (an industrial city), and Jeju (an urbanized agricultural province). Constructed water metabolism models showed distinct water use patterns and performance across each region in 2015. Seoul largely relied on surface water, while the residential sector’s dominant use of water implies high greywater use and wastewater recycling potential. Ulsan relied on abstracting river water, with lower water availability of the river making Ulsan’s water system less self-sustaining and more vulnerable to climatic risks than Seoul’s. Facing higher water use intensity due to high industrial demand, Ulsan actively promotes industrial wastewater recycling. Jeju showed the highest water use intensity because of the presence of intensive agricultural activities. Nonetheless, Jeju sourced 76% of its water from internal sources, with its water system considered to be the most self-sustaining. These results suggest that the water metabolism framework helps facilitate more holistic understandings and evaluations of the water performance of cities.

Zero Liquid Discharge and Recycling of Paper Mill Industrial Wastewater via Chemical Treatment and Solar Energy in Egypt

Integrated treatment for recycling of industrial wastewater has become an urgent necessity at the present time. Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) in combination with solar energy become urgently needed not only to compensate water shortage but also to preserve the recent water resources from pollution. In this work where the waste-paper was collected to be recycled; an integrated system has been applied for wastewater treatment to reuse in process, while the rest is being comply with the regulatory standards to be discharged from the paper factory. Treatment including a lot of coagulants such as alum, ferric chloride, lime and cationic polymer these coagulant used separate or combined .The removal efficiencies of Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) were 84%, 83.5%, 75% and 79.4%, respectively. Consequently Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal efficiencies were 99.5%, 99.6%, 97.5% and 98.9%. All treated industrial wastewater can be recycled to fulfill the phenomenon of ZLD. On the other hand, the negative impact of produced chemical sludge was diminished via non-conventional technique as a clean post treatment, where an effective design of a solar dryer was used to obtain dry sludge cake and to collect a highly purified water to be recycled in industrial process. Solar energy showed good potential in drying the sludge paper with competitive cost and clean environment. It is found that each square meter of drying surface area can dry 9 kg of wetted sludge paper per day. The presented trapezoidal shape solar dryer can dry daily up to 540 kg of wetted sludge paper. Based on the required sludge paper water demand, a large scale solar dryer can be sized accordingly.

Sequential treatment of paper and pulp industrial wastewater: Prediction of water quality parameters by Mamdani Fuzzy Logic model and phytotoxicity assessment

Recycling of industrial wastewater meeting quality standards for agricultural and industrial demands is a viable option. In this study, paper and pulp industrial wastewater were treated with three biological treatments viz. aerobic, anaerobic and sequential (i.e. 20 days of anaerobic followed by 20 days of aerobic cycle), associated with simulation modeling by Mamdani Fuzzy Logic (MFL) model of some selected parameters. Electric air diffuser and minimal salt medium in sealed plastic bottles at control temperature were used for aerobic and anaerobic treatments, respectively. The significant reduction in chemical (COD: 81%) and biological oxygen demand (BOD: 71%), total suspended (TSS: 65%), dissolved solids (TDS: 60%) and turbidity (68%) was recorded during sequential treatment. The treated water was irrigated to determine its phytotoxic effects on seed germination, vigor and seedling growth of mustard (Brassica campestris). Sequential treatment greatly reduced phytotoxicity of wastewater and showed the highest germination percentage (90%) compared to aerobic (60%), anaerobic (70%) treatments and untreated wastewater (30%). Regression analysis also endorsed these findings (R2 = 0.76–0.95 between seed germination, seedling growth and vigor). MFL technique was adopted to simulate sequential treatment process. The results support higher performance of MFL model to predict TDS, TSS, COD, and BOD based on the physico-chemical water quality parameters of raw wastewater, time of treatment and treatment type variation. Based on these findings, we conclude that the sequential treatment could be a more effective strategy for treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater with efficiency to be used for agricultural industry without toxic effects.