Industrial Oven Research Articles

Disassembly analysis of hot-melt adhesive in mechanical joints

The mechanical properties of a commercially available hot-melt adhesive (HMA) have been studied under different environmental and loading conditions. To date, disassembly analyses including triggering features, design parameters, and time have not been fully investigated in the literature. In this study, experimental parametric studies have been performed on single lap joints considering the geometric features of the joint and a combination of thermo-mechanical effects. Disassembly time has been assessed through experimental analysis, considering variations in geometry, the use of alternative heat sources and different load conditions. Use of a heat gun as the heat source was found to lead to the highest variation in disassembly time compared to a static climatic chamber (i.e., industrial oven). In relation to the joint geometry, the disassembly time was mostly affected by the overlap length rather than the type or thickness of the base material. The outcomes of this study will drive the design of adhesive joints in mechanical applications, providing design-for-disassembly guidelines for the development of reversible joints employing hot-melt adhesives.

Grey-box modelling and identification of the industrial oven of a shrink tunnel

This paper presents a lumped-parameter grey-box sampled-data state-space model for the industrial oven of a shrink tunnel. The model is derived following the thermal-electrical analogy. A novel discretization strategy is developed to take into account that the sampling time of the system is equal to the lowest period of the pulse-width-modulated voltage signals which drive the heat resistors of the industrial oven. The model parameters are estimated by means of an extensive experimental campaign. Experimental results show that the derived model outperforms state-of-the-art transfer-function models while depending on fewer parameters.

Continuous-time identification of grey-box and black-box models of an industrial oven

The design of temperature controllers is impaired by the limited accuracy of the models employed for thermal systems, which are commonly estimated from uninformative data, such as step responses, due to the restrictive experimental design connected to the long duration of the experiments. This paper focuses on modelling an industrial convection oven following different rationales. Three continuous-time models are proposed and compared: a grey-box parametric thermal network model, a black-box parametric first order lag plus time delay model, and a black-box non-parametric model based on reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. These are all estimated and validated on step response experimental data. Lastly, the pros and cons of each model are highlighted.

INTERACTION OF HEAT TRANSFER METHODS, STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND PACKAGING ATMOSPHERE ON QUALITY OF PROCESSED CHICKEN MEAT

This research investigated the combined effects of cooking methods (household griddle (C1), household conventional oven (C2), industrial oven (C3), storage temperature (refrigeration /freezing) and packaging system (aerobic and vacuum), on quality of chicken burgers. The results show that refrigeration storage favours the retention of moisture content and the juiciness of chicken burgers, but the application of vacuum (RV) was the best option to maintain the juiciness and moisture content (p < 0.05) of the samples prepared in an industrial oven with forced-air convection. The highest protein content was observed in the samples that were frozen in vacuum packaging (FV), and the lipid content was highest in the samples chilled in conventional packaging (RC) at 1 atm. Regardless of the cooking method used and the internal pressure of the packages (≤ 1 atm), refrigerated storage contributed to the best scores (p < 0.05) for color and flavor attributes. The treatments that presented the highest sensory acceptance index were the frozen samples in vacuum packaging prepared in the industrial oven, conventional oven, and grill (90%, 82.66%, and 74.33%, respectively).

Strategies to Reduce Purge Losses in Meat Products Stuffed in Plastic Casings

Two different meat emulsions were prepared with different physical stability: R1 with 6.28 ± 1.13% total expressible fluid and R2 with 17.7 ± 1.48%. The emulsions were placed in plastic casings at three different surface tensions (ST), expressed as contact angle, and three distinct overstuffing percentages (OS). The stuffed samples were cooked in an industrial oven. After cooling, purge losses (PL) and texture profile analysis (TPA) were measured. The reduced surface tension of the plastic casings significantly decreased the PL of both recipes. In the case of R2, a combination of high OS and low ST was necessary to reduce PL in a 60%. In the case of TPA, OS had a statistical influence on parameters like chewiness, cohesiveness, and hardness. Plastic casings with different surface tension (to increase adherence of meat emulsion to the casing) stuffed at different levels of overstuffing percentages (to reduce free space between meat emulsion and casing) represent a potential tool to reduce PL of products based on low stability meat emulsions.

Implementation of PoF-powered IoT Sensing Systems for Industry 4.0

We propose and experimentally investigate two distinct power-over-Fiber (PoF) approaches, aiming to remotely power Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensing systems for Industry 4.0 environments. The first proof-of-concept is focused on demonstrating a 1-W optical power transmission through a 50-m-fiber-optic link for powering an Arduino Uno, a temperature sensor (DS1820B), and a 433-MHz transceiver (FS1000A). The designed PoF link is able to provide up to 280 mW with power transmission efficiency (PTE) of 28.9%. The second implementation is based on a 100-m PoF link capable of transmitting over 0.6-W optical power and delivering 140-mW electrical power with PTE of 23%. In this scheme, an Arduino Pro Mini, another temperature sensor (LM35), and a 2.4-GHz transceiver (nRF24L01+) are employed. A voltage stability analysis enables to demonstrate that our PoF system is capable of delivering stable output voltage at 8.5 V and 5 V, with only 0.6% and 0.2% voltage fluctuations. In addition, an industrial oven is employed to evaluate the sensor performance considering temperature measurements from both sensing systems. The obtained results demonstrate that PoF might be considered as a potential technology to optically-power IoT wireless sensing systems for Industry 4.0 scenarios.

Modeling and simulation through multi-criteria approach for customized conveyor-type industrial oven handling wide variety of metal structures

Modern ovens are utilized from large span of time for completing different heat treatment cycles like baking, curing, annealing, aging, drying, and so on. There are numerous sorts of industrial ovens namely batch, relieving, drying, baking, reflow, clean room, conveyor types, and so on. Conveyor oven helps to perform the heat treatment cycle in an uninterrupted flow, including the heating of the objects followed by the cooling down of the same object. A multipurpose conveyor-type industrial oven is designed using analytical approach for heat treatment process on various objects. This article presents the modeling and CFD analysis of conveyor-type continuous ovens. Simulation of the entire model of conveyor-type industrial oven is carried out in Solidworks Flow package. Since the boundary conditions of an actual industrial oven is open at both entry and exit points, same condition is maintained in the CFD analysis. With the help of the simulation model, researchers can study and observe the temperature distribution throughout the oven.

Efficient Simulation of Convective Ovens in Automotive Paintshops

Abstract Heat transfer modeling of large industrial ovens such as those used in automotive paintshops is difficult due to the large and multiple scales and long curing times. The flow inside a convective oven is turbulent, and the process includes large temperature gradients. An efficient simulation requires a simplified and localized model of the heat transfer coupling. We present a novel method with three ingredients: localization using local Nusselt numbers of the oven nozzles, projection of Nusselt number profiles onto the target, and efficient conduction modeling on a coarse background mesh. The approach, which was developed in a research project together with the Swedish automotive industry, makes it possible to accurately simulate a curing oven with close to real-time performance. The simulation results are demonstrated to be in close agreement with measurements from automotive production.

Consequences of Thermal Induced Radiation from Ovens on the Physiology of Bakery Workers in Calabar, Cross Rivers State, Nigeria

Consequences of thermal induced radiation from ovens on the physiology of Bakery workers in Calabar, was investigated. An in-situ measurement approach to estimate the impact of thermal radiation on human physiological changes. The relationships between the measured temperature parameters were correlated with a questionnaire inventory. Statistical analysis of the questionnaires based on the relevant hypotheses was carried out. The results show that, the P-values of 0.005; 0.001; 0.006; 0.001 and 0.001 less than 0.05 in all cases and was prevalent. The statistical result implies that there is a significant effect of thermal radiation emanating from bakery ovens on the physiology of workers as this was used to establish the wellbeing of workers in the perceived heat stressed environment. It also was found out that the exposure of workers to thermal radiation in all the bakeries under study exceeded the WHO (20oC- 29oC) exposure limit for comfort. All the bakeries visited during this study used firewood industrial oven.

Machine vision based intelligent oven for baking inspection of cupcake: Design and implementation

In industrial ovens, the cooking process is controlled by adjusting cooking temperature and time. However, for having high-quality product, variations in parameters like inconsistency in raw materials, baking powder level, batter thickness and batter moisture should be taken into consideration. To handle these variations and produce high-quality products, an intelligent oven based on image processing was designed to scrutinize color and texture of cupcakes while baking. In this regard, a digital camera was used to take digital images from inside the oven, continuously. Subsequently, color and texture features were extracted from the set of cupcake images while baking. To maximize classification accuracy, a search algorithm along with a rank key feature using t-test class separability criteria method was implemented to find an optimum set of feature combinations. According to the feature selection algorithm, G (RGB color space) and b (Lab color space) as well as kurtosis of a (Lab color space) and energy were the most significant feature combinations. Then, the data classification was carried out using the support vector machine (SVM). The classifier accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and Kappa coefficient obtained for G and b combination were 98.6, 100, 92.3 and 95.2%, respectively; and for kurtosis of a and energy combination were 97.9, 98.3, 95.6 and 92.2% for, respectively. Pursuant to the result, an adaptive automatic control could be conducted by real-time monitoring of color and texture features of baking goods. Through this image analysis method, baking process could dynamically regulate and optimize cooking time, energy consumption as well as quality of product.

Cavity Backed Slot Antenna Fed by a Stripline with SIW Structure and Vertical Coaxial Transition for Microwave Solid-State Heating Applications

This paper presents a new approach to feed multimode cavities used as microwave applicators for industrial and domestic microwave ovens using solid-state sources operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band (commonly used for industrial microwave applications). The feeding structure consists of a slot on the top side of the applicator cavity. The slot is fed by a shielded asymmetric stripline with a Substrate Integrated Waveguide structure (to preserve the stripline Transversal Electro-Magnetic (TEM) operation within the shield) and is N-connectorized. A first design of the antenna was obtained using state-of-the-art antenna theory assuming free-space radiation. Then, it was refined using a commercial simulation tool based on the Finite Element Method in the frequency domain to achieve VSWR values lower than 1.5 in the source bandwidth (from 2.42 to 2.48 GHz) when the antenna radiates into the applicator cavity. The design parameters of all the components making up this feeding structure are discussed throughout the paper. A prototype was built and measured in the laboratory. The experimental results are presented at the end of the paper along with the simulated ones, showing a very good agreement.

Cellulose nanofiber networked bamboo particle‐based biocomposites

AbstractThis paper deals with preparation and characterization of cellulose nano fibers (CNF) extracted from the bamboo pulp using TEMPO (2,2,6,6,‐Tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy) oxidization method. The CNF was used as a binder to prepare biocomposites (particleboards) from bamboo particles. The specimens were fabricated using an industrial oven and further hot pressing. Morphological analysis of bamboo pulp and CNF was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM), confirming fiber formation in nanoscale. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of the pure CNF film shows storage modulus of 121.58 GPa. Composite specimens prepared were subjected to tensile and flexural tests to characterize the mechanical properties. The tensile strength was found to be 0.19 MPa for oven‐dried (OD) samples and 0.661 MPa for hot‐pressed (HP) samples. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) for OD samples was 121.8 and 1065.5 MPa for HP samples, respectively. Modulus of rupture (MOR) was found to be 0.77 and 3.25 MPa, for OD and HP samples, respectively. The present study results show that the CNF extracted from the bamboo pulp can be used as a sole binder in making biocomposites.

Thermal treatment process of PET bottles filaments using industrial design of experiments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the application of Design of Experiments techniques for the analysis of operating parameters of an industrial oven for the heat treatment process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle filaments.Design/methodology/approachThe focus is on evaluating new ways of operating the transformation process. The main issue is to raise what are the variables interfering with the performance of the oven. The complete 2k factorial for three factors of control was used to analyze the behavior of these variables and their relationships in the specific response parameter for the process.FindingsThe results presented in this work allow the company to have greater knowledge about the operation of the equipment. The study showed possibilities of 14.8% energy reduction.Research limitations/implicationsThe heat treatment activity was characterized as a critical point in the production process, and techniques with empirical approaches, based on statistical techniques, was an opportunity that the company has to improve the execution of activities without major investments for the quality of the final product. The application of statistical quality techniques showed to be very promising.Originality/valueThe fact that the study was conducted using subjective quality performance makes this work different from others presented in the literature, showing the possibility to apply Design of Experiments using main control factors based on the opinion of experienced personnel involved in the process analyzed.

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS FOR BUILDING INSULATION SYSTEMS WITH ACTUAL MATERIALS USING REAL SOLAR RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE DATA

Thermal insulation is present in several engineering areas, such as in civilconstruction, in industrial ovens, in satellites and launch vehicles and even indomestic applications, such as refrigerators. This work aims to presentmultilayer insulation for civil construction, thus reducing electrical energyexpenditure on air conditioning the environment and increasing thermalcomfort. To determine the heat flow through the wall, it was necessary tosolve the heat diffusion equation in rectangular Cartesian coordinates for eachinsulation layer, and the boundary conditions of each differential equationdepend on the neighboring layers, thus forming a system of equations. TheWolfram Mathematica computational software was used to solve themathematical equations. The heat flow was determined for the four seasonsof the year throughout the day for different configurations of thermalinsulation, varying the insulating material and its thickness. After analyzingthe results, it was possible to observe the great efficiency of the models withthermal insulation compared to traditional walls, making the internal wall'stemperature profile more constant throughout the day.

L'impatto dell'esposizione occupazionale ad amianto sul tumore del polmone in Italia.

to perform a meta-analysis of cohort studies on lung cancer mortality in occupational sectors exposed to asbestos, particularly in the construction sector, and to use data from Italian cohorts exposed to asbestos to estimate the number of lung cancer cases attributable to asbestos in Italy. systematic literature review and estimation of lung cancer deaths and cases attributable to asbestos in Italian cohorts and from the Italian National Register of Malignant Mesothelioma (ReNaM). the literature search was conducted in Medline and Embase (Ovid), including papers published from 1999 to May 2019. The following sectors were considered most exposed to asbestos: asbestos-cement, rolling-stock, shipyards, dockyards, glass workers, insulators, asphalt roll production workers, industrial ovens, miners. Moreover, the construction sector was included. the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was estimated from the meta-analysis of the literature review. The ratio lung cancer to mesothelioma attributable cases was estimated by occupational sector from the Italian cohorts. For the construction sector, the ratio lung cancer to mesothelioma cases was estimated within the exposed workers estimated by CAREX (1990-1993). The ratios were applied to the mesothelioma cases registered at the ReNaM for the 2010-2015 period, to obtain a national estimate of lung cancer cases attributable to occupational exposure to asbestos. the meta-analytical SMR for lung cancer in men varied between 1.05 (asphalt roll) and 2.36 (insulation). The mean risk for all sectors was 1.37 in men and 1.60 in women. It increased in cohorts with latency higher than 20 years. Significant risks were observed in asbestos-cement (both genders), construction, and mining sectors. There was a mean of 1.1, 2.7, and 2.8 lung cancer deaths per mesothelioma death in the cement-asbestos, harbour, and construction sectors, respectively. The impact in terms of lung cancer cases estimated at the national level was equal to 3,814 cases between 2010 and 2015. to provide an overall assessment of the impact of the occupational asbestos exposure, it is important to consider lung cancer cases, in addition to malignant mesotheliomas. This study was able to estimate the impact of asbestos on lung cancer in Italy 25 years after the ban of this occupational carcinogen, with the largest contribution in terms of attributable cases coming from the construction sector. It is urgent to implement adequate information and prevention strategies, health surveillance of workers, and the appropriate legal framework for insurance purposes.

Effects of Drying Methods and Onion Bulb Variety on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Onion Powder

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a rich source of constituents that are beneficial to human health. However, the short shelf life of these vegetables are a major cause of postharvest losses during peak harvesting season. Drying is one of the most convenient technologies for shelf stable food products production. This study is aimed at assessing the effects of three drying methods (industrial oven, electric dryer and sun drying) on physicochemical (moisture content, ash content, pH, titratable acidity, total polyphenol contents) and functional properties (water solubility and particle sizes) of onion powders of two onion varieties (white and violet of galmi). From the results obtained, physicochemical and functional components are affected significantly (P<0.05) by drying process but not titratable acidity (to the order of 36 mEq/100g DM). In addition, the moisture content of onion powders were below 13.66±0.115, 14.73±0.115, 14.60±0.305 g/100g WM for industrial oven, electric dryer and sun drying respectively with pH between 3.29 and 5.16. In addition, these powders showed a small particle size (under 400 μm) and high solubility as 93.33±2.3, 72±0.5, 62.66±2.3 g/100 g DM for Electric dryer (ED), Industrial oven (IO) and Sun drying (SD) respectively. Furthermore, polyphenol content was almost different in all the different drying process with values between 721.32 to 962.26 mg GAE/100g DM. Moreover, all properties were varied significantly (P<0.05) between white and violet of galmi powders. The preferred drying method and onion variety were industrial oven and violet of galmi. Finally, these results could be a valorization way to promote an industrialization of onion powders.

Alfred Fletcher’s campaign for black smoke abatement, 1864–96: Anticipating the 1956 Clean Air Act

Many smog episodes occurred during the nineteenth century because of the steadily rising consumption of coal for industrial furnaces, commercial ovens and domestic hearths, but the few legislative efforts to abate black smoke proved ineffectual. It was only in 1956, and following the major London smog episode of 1952, that the government was finally forced into action and parliament approved the Clean Air Act. But two important elements of the 1956 legislation were key parts of an earlier campaign conducted by Alfred Fletcher between 1864 and 1896 and while he was working for the Alkali Inspectorate. The Inspectorate had expected black smoke to be added to the list of regulated noxious vapours but governments and parliament resisted. Access to Fletcher’s private diaries reveal how he remained a leading advocate for abatement of black smoke, and used his position as Chief Inspector from 1884 to conduct a multi-pronged campaign both inside and outside the Inspectorate that included promoting gas as a fuel and the technical evaluation of cleaner appliances.

Vibrational spectroscopy and analysis of galvanoplasty retention capacity in ceramic matrices

The process of adsorption of toxic metals from the use of clays as adsorbents has been investigated in numerous studies. Clays are in fact good adsorbents of metal ions in solution. A challenge that this type of process brings would be the use of clays after the adsorption of metal ions in their structures. This work aimed to evaluate the crystalline structures of ceramics produced with clays contaminated with galvanic sludge and with liquid effluents from jewelry factories that use electroplating. The manufacturing process for ceramic composites followed the protocols used in the manufacture of bricks and tiles. For that, controlled quantities of galvanic sludge and liquid effluents were added to the clay masses used in the manufacture of ceramic pieces and later burning in an industrial oven. It is observed by the results of X-ray fluorescence that the metallic ions Zn (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) are incorporated into the structure of the ceramics when using galvanic sludge. However, this was not observed when using liquid effluent. The use of X-ray diffraction techniques, Raman spectroscopy and FT-IR, shows that from the structural point of view the analyzed samples did not undergo significant changes, only a progressive decrease in the intensity of the kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz peaks.

Electrical production cost of young coconut waste pellet by using mini pellet mill-a feasibility study

<span>Biomass from plants, which have lignocellulosic structure have low bulk density of 30 kg/m3, is suitable to be pelletized to increase its specific density (gravity) for easy and inexpensive handling and storage. A new biomass waste material has evolved in interest due to abundant young coconut waste produced from famous young coconut drink and shake business in Melaka, Malaysia. The young coconut pelletization feasibility needs to be verified by firstly assessing its electrical production cost. Therefore, this paper aims to measure the electrical production cost for process involved in young coconut pelletization and analyze its competitiveness against other biomass material from other countries. This is executed by assessing the electrical production cost of three main process in pelletization; crushing, drying and pelleting. The equipments used are coconut crusher, lab-scaled industrial oven and mini pellet mill. The result demonstrates a significantly high electrical production cost, which is MYR141,430/tonne, while other material’s production cost only amounts to couple of Malaysian hundreds. Processes’ efficiency need to be massively improved by using drum drying method and by adding blender after crusher to increase the desired grain size to avoid raw material wastage. Electrical tariff must also be switched from commercial to industrial tariff. </span>

In-line and non-destructive monitoring of core temperature in sausages during industrial heat treatment by NIR interaction spectroscopy

During industrial heat treatment of food products, the core temperature is a critical control parameter with respect to food quality and in particular food safety. This paper presents a novel prototype system based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) that enables continuous in-line and non-contact monitoring of core temperature in sausages during heat treatment in an industrial oven. NIRS interaction measurements in the 761–1081 nm region were used to probe the interior of the sausages. NIRS calibrations for the estimation of core temperature were developed for three different sausage types in the temperature range 60–90 °C. The best accuracy obtained for core temperature with NIRS was about ±1.0 °C. Results indicate that calibrations for core temperature can be transferred between different sausage types, which will ease implementation of such a method. The method was successfully tested in a modern sausage production plant.