Industrial Dump Site Research Articles

Assessment of Industrial Waste on Soil Pollution in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria

The study evaluated the effect of industrial waste on soil pollution in Asaba, Delta State. The procedure adopted the ex post facto research model comprising a comprehensive range of simultaneous measures of industrial waste collection and soil quality in the selected industrial areas in Asaba. Industries in Asaba were selected based on the nature and type of industrial waste generated at random. Six existing industrial locations in Asaba were selected. The collected soil samples were used to investigate the soil pH, Zinc, Lead, Chromium, Silver and Copper concentration levels of the soils. Multiple regression was used to ascertain the effect of industrial waste on the soil in Asaba. 188071 Kg of industrial waste containing flammable, corrosive and toxic substances were generated at industrial landfills in Asaba. The industrial waste generated exceeds WHO standards. This is an implication that the industrial waste generated in Asaba is hazardous. The study revealed that most soils in industrial dumpsites are acidic and this is a reflection of the industrial waste's corrosive ability. Soils in the industrial dump sites are very high in Zinc, lead and chromium contents. Asaba Expressway 2 industrial dump sites have the highest amount of zinc and lead content, while Summit Junction industrial dump site has the highest content of silver. At a P<0.05 significance level, the calculated F value is 3.11 while the critical table value is 41.95. Thus, the toxicity in the soils in Asaba is significantly dependent on the chemical (Zinc, lead and Chromium) properties of industrial waste generation. Furthermore, as Zinc, lead and Chromium properties in industrial waste increase, the toxicity of the soil increases as well. Thus polluting the soils in Asaba industrial areas. The results obtained from this study portrayed that the Zero waste approach would be the recommended choice for sustainable waste management.

Coupling of metataxonomics and culturing improves bacterial diversity characterization and identifies a novel Rhizorhapis sp. with metal resistance potential in a multi-contaminated waste sediment

Long-term contaminated environments have been recognized as potential hotspots for bacterial discovery in taxonomic and functional terms for bioremediation purposes. Here, bacterial diversity in waste sediment collected from a former industrial dumpsite and contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metals was investigated through the parallel application of culture-independent (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and -dependent (plate culturing followed by colony picking and identification of isolates by 16S rRNA gene Sanger sequencing) approaches. The bacterial diversities retrieved by both approaches greatly differed. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were dominant in the culture-independent community, while Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were the main culturable groups. Only 2.7% of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) in the culture-independent dataset were cultured. Most of the culturable OTUs were absent or in very low abundances in the culture-independent dataset, revealing that culturing is a useful tool to study the rare bacterial biosphere. One culturable OTUs (comprising only the isolate SPR117) was identified as a potential new species in the genus Rhizorhapis (class Alphaproteobacteria) and was selected for further characterization. Phytopathogenicity tests showed that Rhizorhapis sp. strain SPR117 (ATCC TSD-228) is not pathogenic to lettuce, despite the only described species in this genus, Rhizorhapis suberifaciens, is causal agent of the lettuce corky root disease. The genome of the strain SPR117 was sequenced, assembled in 256 contigs, with a length of 4,419,522 bp and a GC content of 59.9%, and its further annotation revealed the presence of genes related to the resistance to arsenic, copper, iron, and mercury, among other metals. Therefore, the coupling of metataxonomics and culturing is a useful tool to obtain not only an improved description of bacterial communities in contaminated environments, but also to isolate microorganisms with bioremediation potential.

Factors of Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in the Fine Roots of Plants in the Middle Urals

Abstract—Some factors influencing C and N contents in fine plant roots were studied in the Middle Urals. They included ecological (edaphic) features of habitats; type of root symbioses (the capability for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and formation of different mycorrhiza types); and ecological strategies of species. Samples of fine roots from woody and herbaceous plants and of the upper soil layer were collected in two industrial dump sites and in an area with natural communities. In each area, samples were taken from forest and meadow habitats. The content of C or N in the species from the sampling plot served as an observation unit. A total of 83 estimates were analyzed. As a result, differences were revealed between the key factors influencing the content of each element in fine roots: the C content is determined mainly by the type of mycorrhiza, while the determinant factor for the N content is the capability for symbiotic nitrogen fixation; ecological features of habitats and the type of plant ecological strategy are the second and third factors influencing the C and N contents. The patterns of N accumulation in the roots of plants with different ecological strategies and with different types of mycorrhizas do not fully replicate the patterns of N accumulation in their leaves.

Cadmium Tolerance and Phytoremediation Strategies of Selected Tropical plants Cultivated on Industrial Dump Site under the Influences of Two Mycobionts

This research was carried out on a waste disposal site of a paint industry in Ijebu- Ijesha, Osun State, Nigeria in an attempt to assess the cadmium toxicity tolerance and bioremediation strategies of selected tropical plants cultivated under the influence of two mycobionts. On the waste disposal site, two plots (Plot A and B) having size of about 9 m by 12 m each were prepared with a control plot (Plot C) which is a non-polluted site. The experimental design on the first plots (Plot A) was 4x2x3 in which viable seeds of the four selected weeds were grown and inoculated with two mycobionts (Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae) respectively in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. However, on the second (Plot B) and control plots, only the seeds of the weeds were grown without mycorrhiza treatment using the same experimental design of 4x3 respectively. After Twelve weeks of planting, each plant was harvested, separated into root and shoot tissues and analysed for Cd concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. The highest (18.51 mg/kg) concentrations of Cd were reported in Amaranthus spinosus with root and shoot bioconcentration factors; and transfer factors greater than 1.00. Out of the four plants, 75% act as cadmium phytostabilizers in the absence of inocula and were good candidates for the biomanagement of hazardous sites while all the plant displayed the characteristics of a cadmium phytoextractor under mycorrhizal inoculation with Amaranthus spinosus having the highest mobility indices of cadmium under the influence of Glomus intraradices. The study concluded that the four weeds are good Cd phytoextractors in the remediation and biomanagement of marginal lands under bioaugmentation.

Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of a Salt Tolerant α-Amylase Producing Isolate NH-25

Halophiles are considered as important sources of extremozymes that are not only salt tolerant but can catalyze reactions efficiently under harsh conditions of various industrial processes. Among industrially important enzymes alpha amylase is used in many industries such as starch, pharmaceutical, detergent, paper, food, and textile. Due to wide applications there is a continuous need for novel sources of the enzyme to be discovered. One of the new variant from various amylase producing isolates of marine samples of Arabian Sea, an industrial dumping site and a rich natural source, particularly for microbes, a salt tolerant α-amylase producer was studied. This isolate based on cultural characteristics, biochemical tests and molecular characterization inferred from 16s rDNA sequencing identified as Bacillus subtilis NH-25.

Mosquitoes Breeding Potentials of Dumpsites in Selected Location in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

A survey on Mosquitoe breeding potentials of dumpsites in selected locations in Uyo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was carried out between October and November, 2015. Samples were collected in both stagnant waterand containerof domestic dumping site, Dumping site in Mechanical village, and Industrial site. A total of 1648 specimen of mosquitoes larvae from three genuses (Anopheles, culex, and Aedes) were encountered. 1318 larvae found in stagnant water, while 330 recovered from container of water.In stagnant water, the following result were obtain; domestic dumping site; culex spp. 310 (44%) >Anopheles spp. 218 (30%)>Aedes Spp. 184(26%) Mechanical village dumping site: Anopheles 210 (44%)>Aedes 141 (30%)>Culex Spp.. 121 (26%0 and industrial dumping site; Culex 57 (43%)>Anopheles Spp. 42 (31%)>Aedes Spp. 35 (26). Induced container the following result was obtained, domestic dumping site; Culex spp. 95 (51%)> Anopheles pp. 69(37%)> Aedes spp. 22(12%), mechanic village dumping site: Anopheles spp. 57 (64%)> Culex Spp. 23 (26%)> Aedes Spp. 9 (10%) and industrial dumping site: culux spp. 40 (73%)> Anopheles Spp. 10(18%)>AedesSpp. 5 (9%). Culex Spp. was observed to be dominant in domestic and industrial dumping site, Anopheles Spp.was observed to be dominant in mechanic village dumping site while Aedes Spp. was observed to be the least dominant in the three selected sampling area. The ratio of male to female in the three sampling area was 1:2. In conclusion, the occurrence of Anopheles Spp, Aedes Spp. and culex Spp. in the study area indicates high risk of vector borne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever and filariasis.

On the occurrence and origin of anthropogenic radionuclides found in a fragment of the Chelyabinsk (LL5) meteorite

A piece of the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteorite was investigated for its content of anthropogenic radionuclides. In addition to traces of cesium-137 that had been previously reported for this particular fragment, we found an unusually high amount of strontium-90, which indicates that the source of this contamination was the Kyshtym accident (1957). A high Sr-90/Cs-137 activity ratio is characteristic for Kyshtym-derived contaminations. Based on the cesium-137 content in the soil from the finding site, it is estimated that the fragment was contaminated with soil particles in the milligram range upon impact. Investigation of the soil revealed very unusual ferromagnetic characteristics and an iron-rich chemical composition. Mössbauer spectroscopy indicated the presence of steel components in this soil, suggesting that the investigated meteorite fragment was found in an industrial dumping site rather than natural soil.

Pentachlorophenol remediation by Enterobacter sp. SG1 isolated from industrial dump site.

Chlorophenols contamination is serious concern to the environment due toxicity to all forms of life. Among all the chlorophenols, pentachlorophenol (PCP) is more detrimental to the environment. Pentachlorophenol used as pesticide, herbicide, antifungal agent and wood preservative which causes environmental pollution. In the present research a PCP degrading bacterium was isolated and characterized from industrial dump site. This isolate used PCP as its sole source of carbon and energy and was capable of degrading this compound, as indicated by stoichiometric release of chloride, ring cleavage activity and biomass formation. Based on morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis this strain was identified as Enterobacter sp. SG1. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis revealed that this strain was able to degrade PCP up to a concentration of 2 mM. This study showed that the removal efficiency of PCP by SG1 was found to be very effective and can be used in degradation of PCP contaminated site or waste in the environment.

Analysis of Heavy Metals and Some Physicochemical Parameters in Soil of Major Industrial Dumpsites in Akure Township, Ondo State of South Western Nigeria

Heavy metals and soil physicochemical parameters were identified as environmental pollutants in some major industrial dumpsites in Akure city of Ondo-State. The pH of the industrial dumpsites ranged from 4.87 to 6.74 with a mean value of 6.34. The organic carbon for the industrial dumpsites ranged from 0.07% to 0.97%, while the organic matter was between 0.13% and 1.68%. The concentration of Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr in µg/g in all the industrial dumpsites A, B, C ranged between 237.60 – 486.00, 174.40 – 499.20, 18.00 – 114.00, 20.60 – 249.20, 1.06 – 2.65, 30.26 – 70.58, and 30.50 – 68.08 respectively. Also the contamination/pollution index of Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr all the industrial dumpsites. A, B, C ranged between 1.69-3.47, not detected, 0.50-3.17, 0.24-2.53, 1.33-3.23, 0.86-2.01, and 0.31-0.68 respectively Pearson Correlation indicated that Fe, Zn, Ni and Pb were highly significant (p < 0.01).

Assessments of natural radioactivity and determination of heavy metals in soil around industrial dumpsites in Sango-Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria

The activity concentration of natural radionuclides in soil samples from industrial dumpsites in Sango-Ota were determined using gamma-ray spectrometry with NaI(Tl) detector. The mean activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K was 3.0 ± 1.2, 33.3 ± 9.8 and 122.1 ± 20.6 Bqkg−1, respectively. Radium equivalent activities were calculated to assess the hazards arising from the use of the soil sample in agriculture. All the calculated values were lower than the world average. The mean concentration of heavy metals in the soil samples were 33.6, 2.9, 3.8, 2.7, 48.9, 1,5, 34.5 and 0.8 mg l-1 for Cu, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb were higher than the natural permissible range in soil. Therefore, the government should discourage the use of the soil around dumpsites for planting because of the presence of heavy metals in the sites.

Catalytic gasification of tars from a dumping site

The work deals with catalytic gasification, pyrolysis and non-catalytic gasification of tar from an industrial dumping site. All experiments were carried out in a vertical stainless steel gasification reactor at 800 °C. Crushed calcined dolomite was used as the gasification catalyst. Parameters such as addition of water and air, and the influence of the catalyst in regard to the composition of the process gas were investigated. The catalytic gasification experiment in the steady state produced process gas with the composition: 56 % of H2, 9 % of CO, 11 % of CH4 and 12 % of CO2 (mol.%). Concentration of the C2 fraction was lower than 1 mol.%. Volume flow of air was later changed from 120 to 230 ml min−1 reducing the amount of hydrogen to 51 mol.% and that of methane to 10 mol.%. Process gas created in a non-catalytic gasification process contained 26–30 mol.% of methane, 13–15 mol.% of carbon monoxide and 15–17 mol.% of the C2 fraction and lower amounts of hydrogen (20 mol.%) and carbon dioxide (2–3 mol.%). The highest apparent conversion of tar was reached in the catalytic gasification processes. A higher rate of catalyst deactivation can be observed when water or air is not added.

Efficiency of lipopeptide biosurfactants in removal of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals from contaminated soil

This study describes the potential application of lipopeptide biosurfactants in removal of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals from the soil samples collected from industrial dumping site. High concentrations of heavy metals (like iron, lead, nickel, cadmium, copper, cobalt and zinc) and petroleum hydrocarbons were present in the contaminated soil samples. Lipopeptide biosurfactant, consisting of surfactin and fengycin was obtained from Bacillus subtilis A21. Soil washing with biosurfactant solution removed significant amount of petroleum hydrocarbon (64.5 %) and metals namely cadmium (44.2 %), cobalt (35.4 %), lead (40.3 %), nickel (32.2 %), copper (26.2 %) and zinc (32.07 %). Parameters like surfactant concentration, temperature, agitation condition and pH of the washing solution influenced the pollutant removing ability of biosurfactant mixture. Biosurfactant exhibited substantial hydrocarbon solubility above its critical micelle concentration. During washing, 50 % of biosurfactant was sorbed to the soil particles decreasing effective concentration during washing process. Biosurfactant washed soil exhibited 100 % mustard seed germination contradictory to water washed soil where no germination was observed. The results indicate that the soil washing with mixture of lipopeptide biosurfactants at concentrations above its critical micelle concentration can be an efficient and environment friendly approach for removing pollutants (petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metals) from contaminated soil.

Bioremediation 2,4,6,-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) by Shigella sp. S2 Isolated from Industrial Dumpsite

ABSTRACT A bacterium that utilizes 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) as a sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from an industrial dumpsite, the bacterium designated as strain S2. Degradation was routinely monitored by observing growth analysis, chloride release assay, and ring cleavage activity and was further confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The bacterium was found to degrade up to 90% of 2,4,6-TCP at 1.5 mM concentration. The bacteria were characterized morphologically, biochemically, and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which showed 99% sequence similarity with Shigella sp. This is the first report that Shigella sp. was able to degrade 2,4,6-TCP. This strain was found to be novel and a potential 2,4,6-TCP degrader. Further, this strain may be used for bioremediation of 2,4,6-TCP–containing waste in the environment.

Landfill mining from a deposit of the chlorine/organochlorine industry as source of dioxin contamination of animal feed and assessment of the responsible processes

In 1997, the Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxin (PCDD)/Polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) concentrations in dairy products in Germany and other European countries increased. The PCDD/PCDF source was contaminated lime used in Brazilian citrus pulp pellets. The contaminated lime was mined from an industrial dump site. However, the detailed origin of the PCDD/PCDFs in the lime was not revealed. This paper investigates the contamination origin and describes the link between lime milk from the dumpsite of a chlorine/organochlorine industry and the contaminated lime. The contaminated lime stem from mining at the corporate landfill of Solvay Indupa in Sao Paulo. The landfill was used for 40 years for deposition of production residues and closed in 1996. The factory operated/operates at least two processes with potentially high PCDD/PCDFs releases namely the oxychlorination process for production of ethylene dichloride (EDC) and the chlor-alkali process. The main landfilled waste was lime milk (1.4 million tons) from the vinyl chloride monomer production (via the acetylene process) along with residues from other processes. The PCDD/PCDF fingerprint revealed that most samples from the chemical landfill showed an EDC PCDD/PCDF pattern with a characteristic octachlorodibenzofuran dominance. The PCDD/PCDF pattern of a Rio Grande sediment samples downstream the facility showed a chlor-alkali pattern with a minor impact of the EDC pattern. The case highlights that PCDD/PCDF- and persistent organic pollutants-contaminated sites need to be identified in a comprehensive manner as required by the Stockholm Convention (article 6) and controlled for their impact on the environment and human health. Landfill mining and reuse of materials from contaminated deposits should be prohibited.

Modelling growth of, and removal of Zn and Hg by a wild microalgal consortium

Microorganisms isolated from sites contaminated with heavy metals usually possess a higher removal capacity than strains from regular cultures. Heavy metal-containing soil samples from an industrial dumpsite in Northern Portugal were accordingly collected; following enrichment under metal stress, a consortium of wild microalgae was obtained. Their ability to grow in the presence of, and their capacity to recover heavy metals was comprehensively studied; the datasets thus generated were fitted to by a combined model of biomass growth and metal uptake, derived from first principles. After exposure to 15 and 25 mg/L Zn(2+) for 6 days, the microalgal consortium reached similar, or higher cell density than the control; however, under 50 and 65 mg/L Zn(2+), 71% to 84% inhibition was observed. Growth in the presence of Hg(2+) was significantly inhibited, even at a concentration as low as 25 μg/L, and 90% inhibition was observed above 100 μg/L. The maximum amount of Zn(2+) removed was 21.3 mg/L, upon exposure to 25 mg/L for 6 day, whereas the maximum removal of Hg(2+) was 335 μg/L, upon 6 day in the presence of 350 μg/L. The aforementioned mechanistic model was built upon Monod assumptions (including heavy metal inhibition), coupled with Leudeking-Piret relationships between the rates of biomass growth and metal removal. The overall fits were good under all experimental conditions tested, thus conveying a useful tool for rational optimisation of microalga-mediated bioremediation.

IMPAIRED LAND AND APPROACH TO REFURBISHMENT OF TECHNOGENIC FORMATIONS AND LAND

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Technogenic land presents impaired land surface occurring during the process of exploitation of minerals or those occurring at the place industrial dumpsites for waste materials. The largest impairments are caused by surface exploitation of coal, rock, gravel and ore. Specific technogenic creations are also the scoria-sites of power plants, settling basins for various silts and dump sites for various production-related waste. The existing laws do not properly regulate the obligatory recultivation and refurbishment of the given areas. The project documentations often do not comply with the principle of the integral approach to the environmental protection and eco-efficiency of the given solutions. In addition, there is the issue of jurisdiction, competence and coordination of the interested parties, which causes absence of satisfactory results in the field. The study was founded on many years of author&amp;#039;s experience in this sphere.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of some derivatives of tri-, tetra- and pentachlorophenols

The methane negative ion gas chromatographic (GC)—mass spectrometric and electron capture (GC) behaviour of tri-, tetra- and pentachlorophenols have been investigated as their pentafluorobenzyl ethers, pentafluorobenzoate esters, heptafluorobutyrate esters, trifluoroacetate, acetate and 2,4-dinitrophenyl ether derivatives. The derivatives of choice for optimum detection of chlorophenols are the pentafluorobenzyl ether and pentafluorobenzoate ester because of the strong negative ion signal which is derived from the chlorinated phenol, rather than reagent moieties, in each instance. Using this procedure the chlorophenols present in an industrial starch adhesive and in water collected near an industrial dumping site were determined.

The Nature and Source of Arsenic in Northeastern Ohio Ground Watera

ABSTRACTElevated arsenic concentrations were found in ground water near Canal Fulton, Ohio. The hydrologie and chemical properties of the area were studied to determine the source of the arsenic and evaluate the possibility of a similar problem occurring elsewhere. Two major aquifer systems exist within the study area: the Sharon Sandstone of the upland areas; and the outwash sand and gravel deposits of the buried valleys. Ground‐water flow is generally from the north, but local variations are caused by the Tuscarawas River valley on the south and west of the study area. Within the study area, there is no evidence for an anthropogenic source of arsenic to the ground water. Agricultural soils, abandoned underground coal mines, industrial impoundments to the north, and an abandoned industrial dump site within the study area were all eliminated as possible sources for the arsenic. The arsenic in Canal Fulton ground water is entirely inorganic, consisting of about equal parts of arsenate and arsenite. Reduction‐oxidation (redox) considerations suggest that arsenic is controlled by an adsorption equilibrium with ferric hydroxides, and that the reduction of the ferric hydroxides by a recent lowering of Eh and/or pH in the aquifer has liberated both iron and arsenic to solution. A high correlation between ferrous iron and total dissolved arsenic supports this model. It is hypothesized that Eh conditions have been lowered in the aquifer by either the recent introduction of methane gas or the deposition of a thick layer of till during the last glacial retreat. The methane gas could be leaking from deep underground storage at the site and reducing oxidized compounds. The deposition of till would have eliminated local recharge of oxygenated waters.