Industrial Distribution Systems Research Articles

Protecting against micropollutants in water storage tanks using in-situ TiO2 coated quartz optical fibers

Photocatalyst-coated optical fibers (P-OFs) using UV-A LEDs offer a highly promising solution for the degradation of micropollutants within municipal, reuse, industrial or home distribution systems, by integrating P-OFs into water storage tanks. P-OFs have photocatalysts attached to bundles of optical fibers, enabling their direct deployment within tanks. This eliminates the necessity for photocatalyst slurries, which would require additional membrane or separation systems. However, a current limitation of P-OFs is light management, specifically light oversaturation of the coated photocatalysts and short light transmission distances along fibers. This study overcomes this limitation and reveals strategies to improve the light dissipation uniformity along P-OFs, and demonstrates the performance of P-OFs on degrading a model micropollutant, carbamazepine (CBZ). Key tunable variables of fibers and light emission conditions, including photocatalyst coating patchiness (p), minimum light incident angles (θm), radiant flux launched to fibers (Φi), and fiber diameters (D), were modeled to establish their relationships with the light dissipation uniformity in TiO2-coated quartz optical fibers (TiO2-QOFs). We then validated modeling insights by conducting experiments to examine how these variables influence the generation of evanescent waves which are localized energy on fiber surfaces, leading to either photocatalyst activation or the recapture of unused light back into fibers. We observed substantial enhancements in evanescent waves generation by decreasing p and increasing θm, resulting in uniform light dissipation which reduces light oversaturation and improves light transmission distances. Moreover, these optimizations led to a remarkable three-fold improvement in CBZ degradation rates and a 65% reduction in energy consumption. Such improvement substantially reduces the capital and operational cost and enhances practicality of energy-efficient photocatalysis without additional chemical oxidants for micropollutant degradation in water storage tanks.

Optimal Operation of Cogeneration Power Plant Integrated with Solar Photovoltaics Using DLS-WMA and ANN

Focusing on mitigating global challenges arising from hydrocarbon-based sources, the integration of cogeneration power plants with solar photovoltaics offers a viable solution. The intermittent nature of renewable resources presents a challenge to the consistent performance of cogeneration systems. To address these issues, this work introduces a novel framework for integrating cogeneration power plants (CGPPs) with solar photovoltaic systems. The key innovation of this research lies in its dual-algorithm approach that seamlessly blends cogeneration power plants with solar photovoltaic. This study proposed an integrated approach, employing the Derivative Log Sigmoid-Woodpecker Mating Algorithm (DLS-WMA) and Optimized Artificial Neural Networks (O-ANN), to combine cogeneration power plants with solar photovoltaics in industrial distribution systems. The methodology is aimed at achieving a cost-effective, efficient system design, enhancing the efficiency of cogeneration power plants, and introducing energy storage batteries for uninterrupted power generation under diverse atmospheric conditions and loads. Additionally, the proposed system includes rechargeable batteries for energy storage to support critical services when the solar plant is offline and the CGPP cannot meet the power demand. The industrial system’s photovoltaic component is tuned using the DLS-WMA for cost minimization and O-ANN for solar irradiance prediction, ensuring continuous power flow by optimizing both the photovoltaic system and the cogeneration power plant (CGPP) system. Real-time datasets are used to compare the results obtained by this new approach with those of the previous state-of-the-art algorithms. The error with O-ANN prediction is 1.2%, compared to 4.1% with the existing WMA-ANN technique, while the cost-benefit with DLS-WMA shows a 9% improvement over the WMA-ANN technique. The experimental outcomes demonstrate the efficiency of this new approach. Collaboration with industry stakeholders and policymakers is crucial for the large-scale deployment of this system, facilitating the adoption of sustainable energy practices in industrial distribution systems.

Analysis of Power and Voltage Losses in Electric Submersible Pump Motor Installations

In area mining are quite extreme, where the level of safety from high temperatures and toxic gases which are explosive as well as well flow pressure is also high and can damage production equipment. Therefore, it is very necessary to install reliable electrical power, starting from analyzing the selection of cable types that used, voltage drop, power losses and transformer selection. The problems mentioned previously, this research carried out an analysis of improvements to voltage drops and power losses that occurred in the ESP motor installation system. The method used is to replace the type of cable used in three scenarios with three different types of cable. The installation system data obtained from this company was then processed using software which was then validated with theoretical calculation results. The result of voltage drops and power losses in ESP cables according to standards using scenario 3, replacing AWG 2/0 type with a voltage rating of 5 kV, diameter of 11.709 mm and has a KHA of up to 210 A. The voltage drop value after repairs are carried out based on theoretical calculation results has an average percentage index value of 4.5% and power losses of 4.6%. This shows that in the condition after repairs, both the results of simulation calculations and theoretical values have met the IEEE std 141-1993 standard which states that the value of voltage drop and power losses in industrial plan distribution systems must be below 5%.

A Cascaded Multilevel Battery Energy Storage Based Parallel Dynamic Voltage Compensator for Medium Voltage Industrial Distribution Systems

This paper proposes a cascaded multilevel battery energy storage based parallel dynamic voltage compensator (DVC) for medium voltage industrial distribution systems. In this parallel DVC, fast switch is series-connected for voltage sag detection, and cascaded multilevel battery energy storage is parallel-connected for voltage support during the voltage sag period. According to the grid-side voltage sags or not, corresponding circuits and three-layer control strategies are developed. While the feedforward proportional–integral (PI) control method is adopted in the outer layer to track the ideal compensation voltage when the grid-side voltage sags, the ideal compensation current when the grid-side voltage does not sag is obtained through battery charging current as well as reactive power, harmonics, and negative sequence load current components. In order to cope with parameter differences in cascaded multilevel battery energy storage, the middle layer interphase and the inner layer intermodular state of charge (SOC) equalization control are adopted in two scenarios. Furthermore, the parallel DVC is quantitatively compared with series DVC in the aspect of required battery capacity, and their advantages and disadvantages are systematically analyzed. Case studies are performed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology on voltage support.

Network impedance reconstruction method for high-frequency resonance mitigation in cabled distribution systems

The increasing proportion of cables and power electronic equipment leads to frequent high-frequency resonance in distribution systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes a network impedance reconstruction method for high-frequency resonance mitigation. The main contributions and improvements of this study include: (i) introducing a passive damping scheme from the network side to achieve resonance mitigation by reconstructing the utility impedance characteristics and disrupting the network parameter conditions, (ii) establishing multiple assessment criteria of the network side, such as the harmonic current amplification factor, Bode plot of the system function, and root locus, to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of resonance mitigation, and (iii) presenting several technical and economic indexes for the multi-objective optimization of passive damping parameters to promote the resonance mitigation effect. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is verified by a field case study of an industrial park distribution system. The results demonstrate that the proposed method enables the resonance frequency shift and resonance peak reduction, thereby effectively mitigating high-frequency resonance.

Economic analysis of annual load loss due to voltage sags in industrial distribution networks with distributed PVs

In an industry, analysis of load disconnection indices is essential to determine the annual economic loss because of the high cost of load interruptions. With the interconnection of PVs in modern industrial networks, this analysis gets more complicated due to controls associated with PV inverters for reactive power support. Hence, the paper proposes a unique method for such analysis that relies on dynamic simulation to calculate load disconnections. The dynamic simulation allows the integration of the voltage tolerance curve of loads and controls associated with PVs making the scenarios more realistic. The indices are determined by employing statistical experiments which account for annual variability of daily solar and load profiles with the least possible runs of dynamic simulation. The proposed method is applied to calculate load disconnection indices for an IEEE 399-1997 industrial distribution system. A comparative analysis of the cost of disconnection under a variety of solar penetration and operation scenarios is presented. Network planners and reliability engineers can potentially utilize the proposed method to identify PV inverter controls, placement, and size effects on the annual load disconnection indices due to voltage sags.

PageRank vs. ANP: A Comparative Analysis for Prioritizing Maintenance Activities in Industrial Water Distribution Systems

This paper proposes the implementation of the PageRank algorithm as an alternative to the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for prioritizing maintenance activities in water distribution systems. We demonstrate the comparable performance of the PageRank algorithm to the ANP by comparing the results obtained from a previous conference paper that utilized the ANP for decision-making in sustainability-related problems involving water distribution systems feeding manufacturing industries. The ANP is commonly used for decision-making in complex systems, but has limitations such as subjective weighting and handling large datasets. In contrast, the PageRank algorithm, originally designed for web page ranking, offers a scalable and objective approach for analyzing complex systems. To showcase the effectiveness of the PageRank algorithm, we compare the results obtained from the ANP in our previous conference paper with the PageRank algorithm. Our findings reveal that the PageRank algorithm yields identical results to the ANP, while addressing its limitations. The results of this study demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the PageRank algorithm in achieving identical outcomes as the ANP, with potential advantages in scalability and objectivity. The proposed implementation of the PageRank algorithm as an alternative to the ANP offers a promising approach for prioritizing maintenance activities in water distribution systems, as similar considerations can be extended to any sector of activity.

The Application and Analysis on Iterative Earthing in TN-S System

Iterative earthing is a important measure in low-voltage distribution system, and necessary in industrial power distribution system or civil power supply system. This paper introduces the definition, effects and specific technical requirements of iterative earthing, and illustrates its significance through the analysis on iterative earthing of TN-S system.

Detection of Legionella pneumophila in the Water Samples of Food Industries and Hospitals in Bangladesh

Background: The human pathogen Legionella pneumophila causes a serious pneumonia-like respiratory disease called Legionnaires' disease, mainly in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This pathogen can be found in the water distribution systems of large constructions with cooling towers which is a common phenomenon at present in Bangladesh due to its rapid economic growth. But there is a dearth of information on the incidence of Legionella in Bangladesh. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the presence of Legionella pneumophila in hospital and industrial water distribution systems in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 114 water samples collected from two hospitals and five food industries were inoculated on the Legionella-specific medium Buffer Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE) agar medium before and after the treatment with acid, heat, or a combination of both. Samples producing Legionella-like colonies on BCYE agar medium were screened by Legionella Latex Test Kit, and the metagenomic DNAs obtained from these samples were analyzed by PCR using L. pneumophila-specific 16S rRNA primers. Results: Among 114 samples, Legionella-like colonies were observed in 30 water samples which demonstrated no agglutination in the Latex agglutination test. PCR analysis showed the presence of L. pneumophila in seven water samples, four in the potable water, chiller water, and cooling tower water of two different food industries, and three in ICU tap water, cooling tower water, and Fan Coil Units of two different hospitals. Sequence analysis of amplicons revealed that all seven sequences had 100% similarity with L. pneumophila. Conclusion: The presence of L. pneumophila in the water samples of local hospitals and food industries indicates that these habitats might serve as a potential site for Legionnaires' infection in Bangladesh. The results also showed that PCR, contrary to the conventional culture methods, could be more efficient and rapid in the identification of L. pneumophila.

Α Reliability Study of Renewable Energy Resources and their Integration with Utility Grids

Reliability analysis is considered an impressive approach for investigating the planning and design processes of industrial and commercial electrical power distribution systems. Reliability analysis is mainly concerned with the analysis of devices and systems whose individual components are prone to failure risk. The demand for renewable energy resources that work in parallel or replace traditional energy resources is significantly increasing. The current research presents the reliability analysis of the IEEE 40-bus system integrated with large-scale PV and wind systems. Reliability parameters evaluation of power distribution systems will be performed using the zone branch methodology to divide the power system layout into several sections (protected zones). The compensating capacitors will be addressed to clarify their impacts on the system reliability indices. The 40-bus system, known as the IEEE Standard 493-1997, integrated with large-scale PV and wind is simulated using ETAP software. The simulation results reveal that the integration of renewable energy resources with the utility grids can improve the reliability indices. These simulation results are consistent with similar works found in literature and some standards in the field of reliability analysis. The integration of power distribution systems with renewable energy resources improves the reliability indices of the distribution grids.

False alarm moderation for performance monitoring in industrial water distribution systems

While considerable attention has been given to data driven methods that analyse and control energy systems in buildings, the same cannot be said for building water systems. As a result, approaches which support enhanced efficiency in building water consumption are somewhat underdeveloped, particularly in industrial settings. Water consumption in industrial systems features non-stationarity (i.e., variations in statistical properties over time), making it challenging to distinguish between routine and non-routine water uses. In such scenarios, fault detection and diagnosis methods that leverage multivariate statistical process control with, for example, principal component analysis and detection indices (Hotelling T2-statistics and Q-statistics), can be successfully used to identify system alarms. However, even with these approaches there can be a high prevalence of false alarms leading to low industry uptake of fault detection and diagnosis systems, or where in place, alarms can be ignored. To efficiently detect and diagnose water distribution system faults, false alarms should be controlled through false alarm moderation approaches so that building managers/operators only need to focus on critical system alarms or system alarms with high risk levels. This paper utilises two statistical non-parametric false alarm moderation approaches (window-based, and trial-based) that generate a second control limit for T2-statistics and Q-statistics. The implementation of these false alarm moderation approaches was combined with principal component analysis to detect faults with real water time series data from two case-study sites. Using both approaches false alarms were reduced, and the overall performance and reliability of the fault detection and diagnosis approach was improved. The principal component analysis model with the window-based approach was shown to be particularly effective.

Draft Genome Sequence of Legionella Species Isolated from Drinking Water in an Italian Industry.

ABSTRACTWe report the draft genome sequences of an environmental Legionella strain isolated from an industrial water distribution system in Italy. Macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) and β-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) genes were used to perform the species identification. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) identified the isolate as belonging to a presumptive novel Legionella species, with a genome length of 3,281,851 bp.

Impact assessment of simultaneous operation of photovoltaic and cogeneration power plants on industrial distribution system

<p>Industries with co-generation plants face unprecedented problems due to penetration of renewable energy systems such as solar power on their existing distribution networks. These problems are caused by intermittent solar power. To this end, this paper provides a detailed investigation of the effects due to sudden changes in solar power on an existing industrial distribution network connected to co-generation plants. Moreover, the case studies in this work consider simultaneous operation of a large industry having co-generation captive power plant and large scale solar photovoltaic power plant. The real-time field data for the past three years are used to check the performance of solar photovoltaic power plant, load management, power quality and other concerning issues on the distribution network. In addition to the real-time data, the simulations were performed for the solar power output under different solar irradiance conditions. Moreover, these simulations are used to assess photovoltaic integration effects on a distribution system having a co-generation captive power plant. Finally, this paper put forward photovoltaic integration guidelines to industries and policymakers interested to carry out the integration studies in the future.</p>

Energy Storage: Improving system reliability, deferring network upgrading, taking advantage of markets, and beyond

In this article, we discuss how energy storage (behind the meter or otherwise) improves the performance of industrial and public distribution systems in various ways. We focus on large industrial or commercial electricity consumers and the corresponding supplying utility. Note that this article does not represent any guidance, policy, or preference from any specific electric utility [i.e., American Electric Power (AEP)].

A multi-criteria water quality evaluation for human consumption, irrigation and industrial purposes in Umunya area, southeastern Nigeria

ABSTRACT In developing regions that engage in agricultural and industrial activities, access to high-quality water for drinking, domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes is limited. In this study, comprehensive water quality assessment has been carried out to unravel the suitability of water supplies in Umunya suburb for human consumption, industrial and irrigation purposes. Water samples from spring, streams, and boreholes were analysed for physicochemical properties and heavy metals pollution. Pollution index of groundwater (PIG) was used to assess the drinking suitability of the waters whereas several indexical methods were integrated to unravel their suitability for irrigation and industrial purposes. The pH (4.61–6.53) revealed that majority of the samples are acidic. All the chemical ions were within their respective standard allowable limits, except for Fe, Pb and Ni. Generally, these heavy metals significantly impacted the water quality of the area. The PIG evaluation of the waters for drinking purpose revealed that 40% of the samples are unsuitable. However, most of the indices used for the irrigation water quality evaluation showed that majority of the samples are suitable for irrigation uses. The industrial water quality assessment indicated that the natural waters have more corrosive tendency than scaling tendency. Corrosivity and scaling indices, such as Langelier index, Larson-Skold index, chloride-sulphate mass ratio, aggressive index, Ryznar stability index, and Puckorius scaling index, unveiled that the natural waters are severely corrosive, having the tendency to damage domestic, irrigational, and industrial water distribution systems. This paper provides significant information necessary for the management and sustainability of water resources in Umunya suburb.

Power factor correction in power delivery systems with mutipulse nonlinear loads

THE PURPOSE. Мutipulse rectifiers are widely used as a nonlinear loads in industrial distribution systems. The advantage of mutipulse rectifiers is low harmonic emission and high power factor. However input currents of mutipulse rectifiers have a wide spectrum including characteristic and noncharacteristic harmonics. This has a negative impact on the power quality. Shunt capacitors are the simplest form of reactive power compensation in industrial power distribution systems. However power systems with nonlinear loads suffer from severe harmonic distortion due to the parallel resonance between capacitors and system inductance. Special compensating devices for reactive power compensation and correction of power system frequency response for resonances damping are necessary. METHODS. In this paper shunt compensating devices for power delivery systems with multipulse nonlinear loads are considered. Proposed devices are composed of 3-5 order parallel connected passive broadband filters. They provide power factor correction, voltage and current harmonics mitigation and resonance modes damping. A general broadband filter design procedure based on frequency and reactive power scaling of normalized filter parameters is developed. RESULTS. Characteristics of different compensating devices configurations using broadband passive filters are discussed. It is shown that broadband filtering devices enable compensation of fundamental frequency reactive power as well as mitigation of voltage harmonic level to values determined by Russian and international standards. Proposed devices have lower fundamental power losses in c omparing with known solutions. CONCLUSION. Proposed analytical design method is applicable to broadband filters of different orders.

Practical Challenges of Inverse and Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection Coordination in Modern Industrial and Commercial Power Distribution System

The characteristics of an overcurrent relay (OCR) in protection coordination are determined by adjusting the current and time delay function. This characteristic is adjusted once, fixed, and expected to overcome any disturbances in the system, which raises the risk of incorrect operation of the protection system, such as an overlapping trip or the incapability to limit the current exposure in the protected equipment. This article summarizes different efforts to overcome the modern challenges of overcurrent protection coordination (OCPC) in low or medium voltage industrial and commercial distribution systems. A brief background is introduced from a general perspective and then specifically describes in detail the problem of equipment coordination with a thorough link among mathematical concepts and fundamentals in practice. The operation challenges and ideas to avoid incorrect performance, under normal operation, are discussed. Finally, the article proposes a new optimization method based on the combination of the firefly algorithm and target remedy to overcome such challenges. The optimization considers the combination of inverse-time (ANSI 51) and definite-time (ANSI 50) function in OCR. The method is described and validated in the IEEE 242.2001 to meet the existing regulation of protection coordination. By assessing the critical cases, this article is expected to enhance the OCPC under different fault scenarios with complex coordination of time-current curves.

Cost optimization of intermodal freight transportation in the transport network

Intermodal freight transport is an alternative to trucking to distribute large volumes of goods. The article presents the solution of the problem of tactical planning and choice of transportation options. When using railway freight consignors take into account the traffic capacity. Trucking is used for short distances for transportation to intermodal terminals or direct supplies to customers. The study provides an analysis of trucking and intermodal transport in relation to cargo consolidation and cost of services on a model basis. The approach is applied to the industrial distribution system of the region.

Evaluation of corrosive behaviour and scaling potential of shallow water aquifer using corrosion indices and geospatial approaches in regions of the Yamuna river basin

The research was conducted in the district of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India, and samples were obtained and analysed from 65 locations in different parts of the Mathura region in June 2016. Using the obtained water quality parameters of the study area, different types of indices including Ryznar index (RI), Langelier saturation index (LSI), Aggressive index (AI), Larson–Skold index (LS), Puckorius index (PI) and chloride sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) has been assessed and compared. The spatial distribution maps were prepared using the Inverse Distance Weight method and reveal that more than 75% of the total samples lie in the category of LI < 0, while 23% of samples indicate the water to be supersaturated with scaling forming tendency. However, 83% of the total samples point towards moderate corrosive behavior and the Ryznar index of these samples lies between limit of 6.8–8.5. The Ryznar index value of 11% of the total samples is found to be more than 8.5 thus indicating a rigorous corrosive tendency towards the water. The Puckorius index value of less than 6 has been assessed in 20% of the total samples thus conforming to the tendency of water towards scaling. The Puckorius index value between 6 and 7 has been observed in 46% of the total samples analyzed in the present study, thus indicating the water to be little corrosive in nature. The chloride sulfate mass ratio value is found to be greater than 0.5, which is observed in more than 90% of the samples of the study area, thus conforming to the corrosiveness of water towards the distribution system. Most of the indexes show that the corrosion trends in water samples are very high, so that domestic and industrial water quality and distribution systems may have more deteriorated in the future.

Power quality analysis and performance evaluation of industrial distribution system

Power quality analysis and performance evaluation of industrial distribution system