Industrial Air Conditioning Research Articles

A case study on optimizing industrial air conditioning with thermal solar energy in Egypt

This study investigates the feasibility of implementing a solar-assisted adsorption chiller in an industrial building at the Oriental Weavers International factory located in 10th of Ramadan City, Cairo, Egypt. The objective is to replace an inefficient split air conditioning system currently used to cool the Jacquard units during carpet manufacturing. The research begins by analyzing the performance of the existing cooling system to establish a baseline. It then explores the potential energy savings achievable by replacing the current system with a solar-assisted adsorption chiller. The existing oversized boiler will serve as an auxiliary heater for the new system. TRNSYS simulation tools are employed to model the building, simulate its thermal performance, and develop a solar-assisted cooling system. A parametric analysis investigates the impact of varying collector area and hot/cold-water storage tank volumes on key energy performance indicators. This analysis aims to determine the optimal component sizes needed for efficient system operation. Results indicate that a collector area of 90 m2 offers the optimal balance between performance and cost. There are minimal benefits to increasing the collector area beyond 100 m2. Larger hot water storage tanks demonstrate reduced outlet temperatures, reaching a maximum solar fraction at a capacity of 4 m³. The impact of cold-water storage tank volume on the system is minimal. The economic assessment reveals a payback period of 7.6 years, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 14.3 %, and a Return on Investment (ROI) of 34.5 % over a 10-year period, indicating the financial viability of the proposed system. Furthermore, the solar-assisted adsorption chiller system has the potential for substantial environmental benefits. The system has the capacity to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 7200 metric tons. This highlights not only the technical feasibility of the system but also its economic and environmental advantages.

Anomaly Detection in Industrial Air Conditioners in Hangars With Aircraft Spare Parts

Anomaly Detection in Industrial Air Conditioners in Hangars With Aircraft Spare Parts

Convective heat transfer of falling film around the horizontal half-oval tube with reverse airflow in an evaporative condenser

Horizontal falling-film evaporation is frequently used in industrial air conditioning system to improve its thermal performance. Transient heat transfer characteristics on the surface of a circular tube have been investigated, while the non-circular tube such as half-oval tube has been rarely reported. This study aims to investigate the thermal performance of liquid film around a half-oval tube by adopting transient simulations with laminar and SST k-ω models, respectively. Simulations consider varying wind velocity, liquid Reynolds number, heat flux and length-width ratio of the tube. Simulated results are quantitively validated by comparing with reported experimental results, and the average differences are below 9.5 %. Results indicate that the local convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) increases with wind and the average CHTC is at least 5.98 % higher than the case without wind. Although the influences of liquid Reynolds number and heat flux show slight differences, they still can improve the convective heat transfer. The local CHTC exhibits an escalating trend with length-width ratio of 1–5. Meanwhile, the average CHTC for the four tested half-oval tubes is at least 6.8 % higher than the values of the circular tube. An empirical correlation for predicating the average CHTC is established by regression fitting with a mean deviation of 4.6 %. These findings help to design the falling-film evaporation system by adopting the half-oval tube in industrial air conditioning system.

Air conditioning system analysis for two floors electronic industrial building size 40 X 25 X 10 meters at PT. CI. in Jakarta

<div><p>Air fresheners or AC (Air Conditioning) systems are increasingly becoming a necessity for urban communities and the industrial world in Jakarta. AC functions to cool industrial rooms, offices and homes. The PT CI Electronic Industry Building, has not yet installed an air conditioning system so that the production room is not comfortable for its employees. The purpose of installing air conditioning in the industrial building is to increase employee comfort and productivity. In installing an air conditioning (AC) system in the industrial building, design data and cooling load analysis are required. Therefore it is necessary to study the design of industrial air conditioners at PT CI by calculating the cooling load, calculating the required electrical power in order to determine the size and type of air conditioner needed. The research methodology starts from determining industrial building data, such as what tools and machines are in the room, the area of the room and the room wall materials, then analyzing the cooling load, determining the power of the cooling machine and determining the cooling system used. From the results of the cooling load analysis in the Electronics Industry building at PT CI, the total load on floors 1 and 2 was 709 kW, or 201,6 TR, including sensible load: 705.83 kW and Latin load: 3.03 kW. The refrigerant used by the AC R 134a engine. The compressor power is 356 HP. Medium large COP 2.8. The cooling system chosen is the central air conditioning system.</p></div>

Development of Energy Flexible and Sustainable Operation Strategies of Air Conditioning Systems for Industrial Production Environments

The increasing expansion of renewable energies and the shortage of fossil fuels lead to rising and increasingly fluctuating energy prices. To benefit from these significant fluctuations and to become less dependent on fossil energy sources, this paper shows how the electricity demand of cooling supply systems for industrial room air conditioning can be flexibly adapted to the volatile energy supply. For this purpose, an energy-flexible air-conditioned climate room with a smart chiller and thermal storage units was built as a demonstrator at the ETA research factory at the Technical University of Darmstadt. To determine the energy flexibilization potential and to develop flexible operating strategies, a thermal simulation model of the climate room was also created in the simulation environment Dymola and experimentally validated. In addition, an energy-flexible operation of the climate room was validated on the real system and the economic potential was determined as well as the impact on sustainability was derived. The demonstrator shows that in the application scenario of air conditioning of cold storage facilities 26.3 % of electricity costs and 20.6 % of CO2 emissions can be saved by the developed energy-flexible operating strategies. The findings can be transferred and scaled to different cooling supply systems for industrial air conditioning.

Optimized Energy-Flexible Operation Strategies of Air Conditioning Systems in Production Environments

Rising energy prices and regulatory requirements are forcing both large manufacturing companies and small and medium-sized enterprises to minimize costs and emissions associated with energy supply. To operate the considered systems more efficiently overall, numerous energy efficiency measures have already been successfully implemented in recent years. This is particularly the case for the cross-industry air conditioning systems that are the focus of this paper. However, due to the growing share of renewable energies and the resulting fluctuating electricity prices and CO2 emissions factors, energy flexibility measures are becoming increasingly relevant. In this context, flexibility measures allow industrial system operators to benefit from these fluctuations, primarily using energy storages and optimized operation strategies. However, the implementation of energy flexibility measures requires high data availability, a good understanding of the system, and flexibility in production planning. To be able to effectively use the existing energy flexibility potentials, air conditioning systems are examined, that contain widely used cross-section technologies. In this paper, a method to enable optimized energy-flexible operation of industrial air conditioning systems is presented. A common feature of manufacturing sites is a similar topology of the thermal supply infrastructure across industries. The complex overall system is divided into several subsystems, e.g., cooling supply system, ventilation system and the production hall. Production processes typically release waste heat into the indoor air of the production hall, which then must be cooled. By accounting for thermal and electrical output and optimizing the operation strategy using mathematical optimization, both operating costs and CO2 emissions associated with energy provision can be significantly reduced. The presented use case reveals that operational cost savings of up to 18 % and a reduction of CO2 emission associated with energy supply of up to 16 % can be realized by optimizing the cooling supply system on its own.

Electric heater mathematical model for cyber-physical systems

The article discusses the heat and mass transfer dynamic model for an electric heater with lumped parameters, which allows transient processes simulation for the main influences. The proposed model is recommended to be used in cyber-physical systems for forecasting and evaluating the effectiveness of control systems integrated into a single information management system. The developed model can be used by specialists for the analysis and synthesis of control systems for balanced ventilation systems or industrial air conditioners. As an example, a numerical simulation of transient processes along the action main channels for an electric heater HE 36/2 manufactured by VTS CLIMA was carried out. The significant advantage of the proposed model is the possibility for using it for the synthesis and analysis of multidimensional control systems.

Research on Energy Consumption Prediction Based on Machine Learning

Energy conservation and emission reduction is an important part of enterprise management. Energy costs directly affect the economic benefits of enterprises. Energy control of industrial air conditioning has long been the focus of the attention of enterprises. At present, enterprises often adopt fixed pre-cooling and pre-heating time for air conditioning start-up strategy, and there is no unified and scientific standard. By collecting and cleaning the historical data (climate, capacity) of air conditioning operation of enterprises, this paper establishes a scientific model of air conditioning energy consumption and a prediction model of air conditioning starting time. In addition, the theory and technology proposed in this paper are applied in practice to design and implement the air-conditioning energy control system of smart factory, and to predict the starting time of the air-conditioning in the production workshop of enterprises. The results show that the system can help enterprises achieve the goal of intelligent energy management and control.

Оценка терморадиационного режима рабочего места крановщика в целях обоснованного выбора климатической системы кабины металлургического крана

The tendency of increasing of radiation sources power in metallurgy leads to an increase in the level of thermal radiation at the crane operator workplaces. The state of their health is characterized by a decrease in physical performance, the occurrence of colds, and occupational diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the thermal radiation regime of the crane operator workplace for further justification of the choice of the method and means of thermal protection. To assess the thermal irradiation of the metallurgical crane cabin, along with the method of building the thermal irradiation plot, the finite element method was used which was integrated into the automated software package ANSYS, into its plug-in Fluid Flow (Fluent) designed to build models of convective energy transfer by a liquid or gas flow. Flow turbulence is described by the Shear Stress Transport (SST) model. The article examines the thermal radiation situation in the steelmaking shop, which determines the choice of means to ensure an optimal microclimate at the crane operator workplace. It was revealed that the thermal radiation and the temperature of the railings of the metallurgical crane cabin significantly exceed the maximum permissible level, as a result of which it became impossible to choose a climate system that provides for a comfortable air temperature inside the cabin. To reduce the thermal load on the designed climate system, thermal protection elements are introduced into the design of the metallurgical crane cabin, such as a heat-reflecting screen of the floor and side wall and double glazing of the front wall. Then a high-temperature industrial air conditioner was selected, the efficiency of which was confirmed by the results of computer simulation. Thus, for a reasonable choice of the climate system of a metallurgical crane cabin, it is required to have rational combination of the methods and means of thermal protection used at the equipment design stage.

Methodology of software development for artificial microclimate control systems

The specificity of accelerated software development for microcontrollers is considered. The software development technique for a program-logic controller is presented on the example of an algorithm for controlling the industrial premises microclimate. The method of “dew point” for the control system of industrial air conditioning. The analysis of the functioning of the control system of industrial air conditioning according to the “dew point” method has been carried out and a block diagram of the control system of an artificial microclimate has been proposed. Structurally, the mathematical description of an artificial microclimate system is presented, which takes into account the nonlinearity of mass-exchange processes of air preparation. It can be used by specialists to implement computer-integrated technologies and to analyze and adjust the parameters of the control system of industrial air conditioners.

Enhancing the Efficiency of Industrial Air-conditioning System using Nano Particle

Enhancing the Efficiency of Industrial Air-conditioning System using Nano Particle

Multidimensional control system synthesis for a precision air-conditioner

The article considers the synthesis procedure for multidimensional digital controller embedded into industrial artificial microclimate systems. The methodology is proposed for constructing the complex dynamic mathematical model for industrial air conditioners represented in the state space of a combined multidimensional controlled system. An analysis of possible control system optimization criteria is performed. Also, the synthesis procedure for an optimal multidimensional digital linear quadratic controller is given. The feedback matrix is synthesized that determines the control vector optimal trajectory using controlled system states by minimizing the quadratic quality criterion. The proposed multidimensional linear digital controller has a feature of logical selection for elements of industrial equipment for performing the optimal control of a microclimate conditioner. The proposed approach allows for reconfiguring the synthesis procedure for the industrial conditioners automatic control system on the basis of delimiting the mutual influence of control parameters.

Design and construction of an industrial ship conditioning system

This project is based on the design and construction of an industrial air conditioning system for the improvement of the working thermal comfort of workers that for various reasons there is the trend of the increase in body temperature are these by machines, equipment or the same work activities, which affects the productive performance and possible health risks. During development, the selection of mechanical equipment such as the fan, water pump, ventilation transport ducts is studied with high rates of energy efficiency. In the light of the above, the environmental economic partner alternative is chosen to implement the evaporative conditioning system, conducive to working in open places to lower the temperature by labor and technology installed in the production areas, as well as the extraction of fumes derived from production processes. The importance of the evaporative conditioning system is to derive the appropriate mechanisms to take advantage of the surface heat transfer of a panel and copper and aluminum coil using water, and thus take advantage of its temperature differential reaching 25oC, with an average humidity of 66% and energy consumption of 0.29 KW/h.

Reverse logistics optimization of an industrial air conditioner manufacturing company for designing sustainable supply chain: a fuzzy hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach

Magnified resource consumption and depletion of natural resources calls for non-flexible or strict regulations and penalties on industrial operations, increased rate of processing and reuse of waste material as a substitute for raw material and political and legal interventions at global scale. Product recovery involves reuse, repair, refurbishing, remanufacturing and materials recycling, requires an efficient network design known as reverse logistic network and offers economical benefits in terms of fewer procurement of raw material, inventory management and less disposal. In current study, a mixed integer linear programming model designed on a multi-stage reverse logistics network for product recovery is proposed which considers different recovery options-product remanufacturing, component reprocessing and material recycling for sustainable outcomes. The model is designed to find optimal solutions for fulfilling demand and revenue needs by focusing on strategic locations for collection centers, reprocessing centers, remanufacturing plants and transportation options and simultaneously achieving sustainability goals. The model is applied on an Indian based manufacturing unit of a Saudi Arabian Industrial Air conditioner manufacturing organization and the case is presented here. The model is converted into a multi-objective programming model in accordance with the importance of each objective suiting the business needs. All relevant objective functions are evaluated using BWM, AHP and FAHP methods to obtain weights for integration into a fuzzy linear programming model which eventually provides three separate results. The model applied has originality and uniqueness for applications to solve multi-objective problems under uncertain environment and tends to strike a balance between economic and environmental objectives. The study provides for a base for further scope covering uncertainty about the amount and quality of returned products and even can be implemented by practitioners and academics for making a significant contribution in improving the efficiency of supply chains.

Microclimate control system integrating into the automated enterprise management system

Modern automation systems are integrated and they include control subsystems interconnected by functions and levels. The integration method of the automatic control system for industrial complexes of artificial microclimate in automated production management systems is proposed. Developed by the authors algorithms for automated air conditioning control and multifunctional mathematical models of climatic equipment in the class of multidimensional systems are proposed to use at the average level of the integrated automated enterprise management system in the support and decision-making system. This increases the efficiency of the artificial microclimate systems functioning during operating conditions changing. The operational management methods for optimization of the artificial microclimate system and operational management on the adaptation of the artificial microclimate system are considered. As a result of the analysis, multifunctional mathematical and algorithmic support for the control systems integrating by industrial airconditioners into computer-integrated production management systems is proposed. The developed models, methods and algorithms are recommended at the stage of designing, debugging, and operating at the middle level of production operational management. The offered mathematical models, methods and algorithms of airconditioners control have been brought to practical realization. The industrial applications results confirmed the high efficiency of automatic control systems for industrial airconditioners, which are designed on the basis of the application of conceptually integrated systems.

Methods for improving energy efficiency of air handling unit using factor analysis of data

The article is devoted to ways of increasing industrial air conditioners efficiency. The current problem of increasing the energy efficiency of the supply and installation is considered in the article. A comparative analysis of the energy saving installation with and without a recuperator for the assembly hall was carried out. Installations of this type can be used for productions of various types, including at enterprises of the energy sector and mineral and raw materials complex. Ways to improve the existing equipment are considered. The possibilities of using factor analysis in determining the location of the installation and selecting the number and type of air conditioners are shown. The coolants properties are different depending on the required room temperature and the type of production. The issue of application expediency of trigeneration schemes for micro-gas turbine and gas-piston power units is also considered.

Research on the cooling method of the payload ground test for a communication satellite

In view of the problem of the excessive heat consumption in the process of ground test of a communication satellite, a cooling system solution is set up by using industrial air conditioner for cooling the satellite payload, and the thermal simulation analysis of the test conditions for the satellite. Through the thermal simulation analysis, the air supply mode of the cooling system, the technical parameters of the cold air blower, and the appropriate air supply temperature, wind speed, air volume and other parameters are given to ensure the normal working temperature level of the equipment during the ground test of the satellite payload.

Optimization of adsorption isotherm types for desiccant air-conditioning applications

Abstract The present study investigates five kinds of adsorbents for desiccant air-conditioning (DAC) applications. Each adsorbent yield distinctive water vapor adsorption isotherm that can be categorized as type-I, type-II, type-III, type-V, and type-linear on the basis of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) classification. Ideal DAC cycle is evaluated for the air-conditioning (AC) applications, and steady-state moisture cycled (MCSS) is estimated by means of adsorption isobars. Results showed that the adsorbent enabling type-linear adsorption isotherm gives maximum MCSS for industrial AC processes of matches manufacturing/drying/storage, rubber dipped goods storage and photo studio drying room. However, adsorbent enabling type-V adsorption isotherm is found the optimum adsorbent for tobacco stemming/stripping/softening and optical lenses grinding. For industrial AC process of dipped surgical articles; adsorbents enabling type-II, type-linear, and type-I adsorption isotherms are found the optimum choice at low ( 87 °C) regeneration temperatures, respectively.

The dynamic model of heat exchange for the aquatic heater in state space

For the synthesis of automatic control system of industrial conditioner within the framework of the single computer-integrated complex it is necessary to take into account technological connections between a climatic equipment. It provides for, that the complex dynamic model of industrial conditioner in state space can be got from the present mathematical models of climatic equipment of conditioner. Mathematical modelling of dynamic processes heat exchange for the aquatic heater, which is used in systems of an artificial microclimate, is observed. On the basis of the equations thermal balance equivalent models: in the form of systems of differential equations and in state space, which allow to spend modelling of transients for the aquatic heater on the basic channels of influence, are gained.Sampling of dynamic model is defined by methods of a control system synthesis of the industrial air conditioner and tastes of researcher. For raise of accuracy of mathematical calculations in paper experimental definition of factors heat exchange, which allows to adapt dynamic model for concrete operating conditions for the aquatic heater, is offered.The offered mathematical dependences are conveniently realised in the environment of Matlab. The instance of modelling of transients for the aquatic heater of industrial air conditioner CV-P 2L N-63B/F-N, which is manufactured by company VTS CLIMA, is resulted. The gained transients have aperiodic character without delay.The transients of heater have an identical order of inertance with the sensor of temperature and executing mechanism, that is why the inertance of these facilities of automation must be taken into account at the synthesis of control system. By the nature of the got transients for a management an aquatic heater it is possible to recommend PI-regulator.The dynamic model for the aquatic heater can be used by specialists on automation for the analysis and adjustment of parametres of control systems of industrial air conditioners.

Creating an automatic control system for industrial air conditioners

The study suggests an automatic temperature control system for more than one industrial air conditioner since industrial equipment is much more complicated than household one and often requires working out individual projects. The mathematical modelling of a water cooler of an industrial air conditioner is based on transfer functions that allow an accurate description of the object of control. This mathematical model reflects the real nature of changes in air parameters and can be used in the development of other temperature control devices. The devised scheme simulates the behaviour of control systems for industrial air conditioners. The scheme of the control system is implemented in the Simulink package, MATLAB. It includes two air conditioners and operates in three modes that are determined by temperature ranges. The research reveals the operational features of the automatic control system for two industrial air conditioners, reflecting the nature of changes in the air temperature and experimental values of the system operation time. The versatile nature of the new system distinguishes it among other automatic control systems and makes it valuable for further research in this area. The possibility of adjustment to air conditioning peculiarities allows creating an improved control system that would resolve the problem and ensure an effective control of air conditioners. The research findings can be used in further individual projects of air conditioning of industrial buildings, which is likely to provide high-quality automatic air temperature control modes.