Induced Phase Separation Process Research Articles

Exploring of novel reverse thermally induced phase separation process based on preparation and characterization of polysulfate ultrafiltration membranes with bicontinuous structure

AbstractContaminated water sources from various industries pose severe environmental challenges due to their complex compositions, high toxicity, and fluctuating qualities. This study introduces a groundbreaking strategy for fabricating advanced polysulfate (PSE) ultrafiltration membranes using a novel reverse thermally induced phase separation (RTIPS) process. By manipulating the cloud point through the DMAc/DEG solvent/nonsolvent system, our work innovatively controls membrane microstructure, overcoming limitations of conventional nonsolvent‐induced phase separation (NIPS). Our findings reveal that RTIPS, when employed above the cloud point, yields PSE membranes with a unique bicontinuous sponge‐like structure, significantly improving upon conventional NIPS products. Specifically, the optimized RTIPS membranes exhibit enhanced pure water flux (916.23 vs. 336.23 LMH), larger pore sizes (0.083 vs. 0.054 μm), increased tensile strength (1.32 vs. 0.84 MPa), and improved fouling resistance (FRR 65.5% vs. 55.2%). This research pioneers a facile yet potent method for tailoring membrane properties, achieving a balance between permeability, mechanical stability, and filtration efficacy. The demonstrated success of RTIPS in enhancing PSE membrane performance not only contributes to the development of high‐performance water treatment technologies but also charts a new course in membrane science, offering a promising avenue for sustainable wastewater management solutions.

Enhanced anti-biochemical fouling properties of the polyacrylonitrile membranes assisted by the d-amino acid surface-modified halloysite nanotubes

Membrane fouling has always been one of the key problems to be solved in the liquid–liquid separation process of biomacromolecules, proteins, bacteria, etc. Here, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) surface-modified with D-Amino acid (D-Aa) is synthesized in one step and introduced into the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane matrix to obtain a PAN mixed matrix membrane (MMM). D-Aas with three different R groups are selected to modify the HNTs. The results show that the carboxyl and amino groups of the D-Aa molecules interact with the surface of HNTs through hydrogen bonds, while the R groups are oriented towards the outside of the tube, thereby becoming the main factor affecting the surface chemical structure of the HNTs. Therefore, due to the low polarity of isobutyl and the good affinity with PAN and DMAc molecules, D-leucine-modified halloysite nanotubes (D-Leu@HNTs) can be evenly dispersed in the PAN membrane matrix and segregate to the membrane top-surface and pore wall during the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process with the solvent exchange between water and DMAc, thereby significantly improving the pore structure and hydrophilicity of the polyacrylonitrile membrane, and ultimately giving the PAN/D-Leu membrane ultra-high pure water permeability (PWP) of 1334 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1, rejection of 100 %, and excellent anti-biochemical fouling performances. The prepared PAN/D-Leu membrane maintains stable and efficient filtration performances in the 300-hour cross-flow experiment, and the membrane after testing still has excellent anti-biofilm fouling performance, showing a promising industrial application prospect.

Influence of boron incorporated biphasic calcium phosphate on mechanical, thermal, and biological properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane scaffold

AbstractIn this paper, boron (B)‐doped biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane scaffolds were developed by the combination of non‐solvent induced phase separation and lyophilization processes. In addition, the effects of the synthesized B‐incorporated BCP powders on the properties of the fabricated scaffolds were investigated. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy. The physical properties were evaluated by surface wettability and swelling measurements, whereas the mechanical properties were investigated by tensile strength measurements. The thermal behavior was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, the β‐crystallization ratio was calculated by FTIR, and the β‐phase structure was characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The bioactivity was evaluated in the simulated body fluid, and the cytotoxicity of the scaffolds was also investigated by performing in vitro cell culture experiments. The results showed that the incorporation of B into the PVDF matrix improved the hydrophilicity while reducing the degree of swelling of the scaffolds. Tensile strength was slightly reduced by the powder content, but yet the strength of all scaffolds was mechanically compatible with native bone. Increasing the B content up to 0.5 and 1 wt.% was improved the thermal properties, the β‐crystalline phase fraction, and thus the piezoelectricity. Furthermore, B‐doped BCP/PVDF‐based scaffolds significantly promoted bioactivity, cell viability, and proliferation without cytotoxicity, compared to the PVDF scaffold, depending on the B content. In conclusion, our results indicate that the PVDF‐based composites in the form of membrane scaffolds that support bone growth have the potential to be highly sought‐after candidates in the field of biomedical applications.

Formation of Polyimide Membranes via Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to investigate the formation of P84 polyimide membranes through the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process, considering two scenarios: one using a conventional organic solvent like n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and the other a greener alternative, γ-butyrolactone (GBL), with water serving as the non-solvent. Different compositions of polymer solutions were established along the binodal boundaries of the respective systems, derived from experimental cloud point data on the ternary phase diagram. The resulting polymer membranes were analyzed and compared in terms of their morphology. The wettability of their surfaces was notably affected by the polymer content in the initial casting solution and demonstrated a correlation with the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) specific surface area of the associated polymer nanostructures. The GBL solvent systems produced porous polymers qualitatively similar to those obtained with NMP, albeit with slightly narrower pore size distributions.

Multifunctional Nanofibrous Hollow Microspheres for Enhanced Periodontal Bone Regeneration.

Destructive periodontitis destroys alveolar bone and eventually leads to tooth loss. While guided bone regeneration, which is based on creating a physical barrier to hinder the infiltration of epithelial and connective tissues into defect sites, has been widely used for alveolar bone regeneration, its outcomes remain variable. In this work, a multifunctional nanofibrous hollow microsphere (NFHMS) is developed for enhanced alveolar bone regeneration. The NFHMS is first prepared via combining a double emulsification and a thermally induced phase separation process. Next, E7, a short peptide with high specific affinity to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), is conjugated onto the surface of NFHMS. After that, bone forming peptide (BFP), a short peptide derived from bone morphology protein 7 isloaded in calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles, which are further encapsulated in the hollow space of the NFHMS-E7 to form NFHMS-E7-CaP/BFP. The NFHMS-E7-CaP/BFP selectively promoted the adhesion of BMSCs and expelled the adhesion of fibroblasts and epithelial cells. In addition, the BFP is sustainedly released from the NFHMS-E7-CaP/BFP to enhance the osteogenesis of BMSCs. A rat challenging fenestration defect model showed that the NFHMS-E7-CaP/BFP significantly enhanced alveolar bone tissue regeneration. This work provides a novel bioengineering approach for guided bone regeneration.

Facile Lithium Densification Kinetics by Hyperporous/Hybrid Conductor for High-Energy-Density Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium metal anode (LMA) emerges as a promising candidate for lithium (Li)-based battery chemistries with high-energy-density. However, inhomogeneous charge distribution from the unbalanced ion/electron transport causes dendritic Li deposition, leading to "dead Li" and parasitic reactions, particularly at high Li utilization ratios (low negative/positive ratios in full cells). Herein, an innovative LMA structural model deploying a hyperporous/hybrid conductive architecture is proposed on single-walled carbon nanotube film (HCA/C), fabricated through a nonsolvent induced phase separation process. This design integrates ionic polymers with conductive carbon, offering a substantial improvement over traditional metal current collectors by reducing the weight of LMA and enabling high-energy-density batteries. The HCA/C promotes uniform lithium deposition even under rapid charging (up to 5mA cm-2) owing to its efficient mixed ion/electron conduction pathways. Thus, the HCA/C demonstrates stable cycling for 200 cycles with a low negative/positive ratio of 1.0 when paired with a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode (areal capacity of 5.0mAhcm-2). Furthermore, a stacked pouch-type full cell using HCA/C realizes a high energy density of 344Whkg-1 cell/951WhL-1 cell based on the total mass of the cell, exceeding previously reported pouch-type full cells. This work paves the way for LMA development in high-energy-density Li metal batteries.

Vapor-induced phase-separation-enabled versatile direct ink writing

Versatile printing of polymers, metals, and composites always calls for simple, economic approaches. Here we present an approach to three-dimensional (3D) printing of polymeric, metallic, and composite materials at room conditions, based on the polymeric vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) process. During VIPS 3D printing (VIPS-3DP), a dissolved polymer-based ink is deposited in an environment where nebulized non-solvent is present, inducing the low-volatility solvent to be extracted from the filament in a controllable manner due to its higher chemical affinity with the non-solvent used. The polymeric phase is hardened in situ as a result of the induced phase separation process. The low volatility of the solvent enables its reclamation after the printing process, significantly reducing its environmental footprint. We first demonstrate the use of VIPS-3DP for polymer printing, showcasing its potential in printing intricate structures. We further extend VIPS-3DP to the deposition of polymer-based metallic inks or composite powder-laden polymeric inks, which become metallic parts or composites after a thermal cycle is applied. Furthermore, spatially tunable porous structures and functionally graded parts are printed by using the printing path to set the inter-filament porosity as well as an inorganic space-holder as an intra-filament porogen.

Development and characterization of ceramic-polymeric hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration: incorporating of bioactive glass BG-58S into PDLLA matrix

In recent years, there has been a notable surge of interest in hybrid materials within the biomedical field, particularly for applications in bone repair and regeneration. Ceramic-polymeric hybrid scaffolds have shown promising outcomes. This study aimed to synthesize bioactive glass (BG-58S) for integration into a bioresorbable polymeric matrix based on PDLLA, aiming to create a bioactive scaffold featuring stable pH levels. The synthesis involved a thermally induced phase separation process followed by lyophilization to ensure an appropriate porous structure. BG-58S characterization revealed vitreous, bioactive, and mesoporous structural properties. The scaffolds were analyzed for morphology, interconnectivity, chemical groups, porosity and pore size distribution, zeta potential, pH, in vitro degradation, as well as cell viability tests, total protein content and mineralization nodule production. The PDLLA scaffold displayed a homogeneous morphology with interconnected macropores, while the hybrid scaffold exhibited a heterogeneous morphology with smaller diameter pores due to BG-58S filling. The hybrid scaffold also demonstrated a pH buffering effect on the polymer surface. In addition to structural characteristics, degradation tests indicated that by incorporating BG-58S modified the acidic degradation of the polymer, allowing for increased total protein production and the formation of mineralization nodules, indicating a positive influence on cell culture.

Incorporating amphiphilic modifier into PVDF membrane through in-situ electrostatic crosslinking for efficient oil-water separation

Constructing stable amphiphilic membrane surfaces in a facile and controlled way is highly desired for fabrication of antifouling water purification membranes. Herein, inspired by adhesives of sandcastle worms, we proposed an in-situ electrostatic crosslinking method to incorporate amphiphilic modifiers into poly (vinylidene fluoride) membranes. Pluronic F127 grafted with positively charged quaternary ammonium groups are added into the casting solution, while perfluorosulfonic acid bearing negatively charged sulfonic acid groups and perfluorocarbon chains are dissolved in the coagulation bath. During non-solvent induced phase separation process, electrostatic crosslinking between quaternary ammonium and sulfonic acid led to the in-situ formation of amphiphilic modifiers on membrane surfaces and pore walls. The resulting membrane exhibits high water permeance up to 625 Lm−2h−1 bar−1 and superior antifouling performance with total flux decline ratio of 2 % and flux recovery ratio of 99.3 % for oil-water separation. Besides, the membrane displays excellent structural stability and self-cleaning properties against highly viscous crude oils.

Defect free pervaporation mixed matrix membranes fabricated on ZIF-8 surface segregation substrates

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), which incorporate porous particles into polymer matrix, were a promising approach to overcome the inherent trade-off effect of polymeric membranes. Controllable and easily scalable membrane fabrication strategies remained a challenge for the development of defect-free pervaporation MMMs. In this work, to avoid defects formed by particle exposure in MMMs, forced surface segregation of ZIF-8 on a substrate was achieved by vapor-assisted non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. Subsequently, ZIF-8 ‘islands’ on the substrate surface were sealed with PVA solution and defect-free dense MMMs were successfully prepared. The surface segregation of ZIF-8 was proved by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The prepared MMMs showed an increase in flux of 162% and an increase in separation factor of 299% compared to the pristine membranes. It was expected that this strategy of inducing particles to undergo forced surface segregation could be extended to the preparation of other membranes.

Facile synthesis of ZIF-8 modified PES beads with improved sorption characteristics for elimination of Congo red from aquatic stream

The adsorption is a well know mass transfer operation that was employed for more than decades in water industry. Predominately carbon based, inorganic materials and MOF etc. have been widely employed as an adsorbent. In contrast in the present study polymeric nano beads incorporated with MOF were synthesized for efficient adsorption performances. The polymeric beads were obtained from Polyethersulfone (PES) and was incorporated with ZIF-8. In the inception phase, ZIF-8 incorporated PES polymeric beads were prepared through non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process to discern the factors governing the adsorption mechanism. The zeta potential analysis showed that adding ZIF-8 into the PES matrix changed the charge from negative to positive. The ZIF-8@PES showed a maximum adsorption efficiency of 99.7% for CR dye removal compared to 14% of unmodified PES. The enhanced CR removal due to ZIF-8 addition was specifically due to π-π interactions between the linker and CR molecules, open Zn metal sites and electrostatic attraction. The sorption followed the Langmuir isotherm and Elovich kinetic model. The performance and regeneration studies showed that the modified beads were 91.1% efficient up to 4 cycles.

Insight into polydopamine coating on microfiltration membrane with controlled surface pore size for enhanced membrane rejection

Membrane modification with polydopamine (PDA) is a common practice to enhance membrane selectivity and improve membrane compatibility with nanoparticles or thin films. Depending on the membrane surface properties, dopamine can deposit or penetrate into microporous membranes, leading to alteration in the membrane's physicochemical properties and consequently its performance. In this study, microfiltration (MF) polyethersulfone membranes with varying surface pore sizes were fabricated by manipulating the precasting time (solvent evaporation time of 3s, 15s, 30s and 60s) prior to non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. Notably, the coating of PDA slightly reduced the membrane's surface pore size and membrane's porosity. M60 membrane which possessed the smallest mean surface pores (∼300 nm), exhibited PDA clusters predominantly formed on top of the membrane surface. With an increase in surface pore size, dopamine can penetrate the porous structure of the MF membrane, leading to the polymerization of dopamine into PDA aggregates on both the membrane surface and inner pores. The M30 membrane had the largest surface pore size (∼500 nm), showing the formation of large PDA globules in the finger-like pores. The membrane (M30P) experienced significant narrowing of the inner pores, resulting in reduced water permeability. Overall, all PDA-coated membranes exhibited improved sucrose rejection (85–95%) compared to the uncoated ones (64–83%). These finding provides insight into the polymerization mechanism of dopamine on porous membranes prior to the incorporation of nanomaterials or thin film coating.

Ternary phase field model and characterization of water/NMP/polysulfone membrane prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation

A ternary phase field model is developed for water/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP)/polysulfone system to simulate the non-solvent induced phase separation process. Our model succeeds to predict detailed asymmetric membrane structures, with dense skin layer and porous sublayer constructed from polymer network. It is found that the pore distribution and connectivity of polymer network change with the initial composition of casting solution and coagulation bath. Tortuosity and maximum pore size along the direction of thickness are calculated, with a typical trade-off relation found between them. Electrochemical separation performance was evaluated and found to have a notable correlation with structural characteristics.

The Influence of Physical Properties on the Membrane Morphology Formation during the Nonisothermal Thermally Induced Phase Separation Process.

The physical properties of a polymer solution that are composition- and/or temperature-dependent are among the most influential parameters to impact the dynamics and thermodynamics of the phase separation process and, as a result, the morphology formation. In this study, the impact of composition- and temperature-dependent density, heat capacity, and heat conductivity on the membrane structure formation during the thermally induced phase separation process of a high-viscosity polymer solution was investigated via coupling the Cahn-Hilliard equation for phase separation with the Fourier heat transfer equation. The variations of each physical property were also investigated in terms of different boundary conditions and initial solvent volume fractions. It was determined that the physical properties of the polymer solution have a noteworthy impact on the membrane morphology in terms of shorter phase separation time and droplet size. In addition, the influence of enthalpy of demixing in this case is critical because each physical property showed a nonhomogeneous pattern owing to the heat generation during phase separation, which in turn influenced the membrane morphology. Accordingly, it was determined that investigating spinodal decomposition without including heat transfer and the impact of physical properties on the morphology formation would lead to an inadequate understanding of the process, specifically in high-viscosity polymer solutions.

Thermo‐Responsive Ultrafiltration Block Copolymer Membranes Based on Polystyrene‐block‐poly(diethyl acrylamide)

AbstractWithin the present work, a thermo‐responsive ultrafiltration membrane is manufactured based on a polystyrene‐block‐poly(diethyl acrylamide) block copolymer (BCP). The poly(diethyl acrylamide) block segment features a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water, similar to the well‐known poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), but having increased biocompatibility and without exhibiting a hysteresis of the thermally induced switching behavior. The BCP is synthesized via sequential “living” anionic polymerization protocols and analyzed by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The resulting morphology in the bulk state is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) revealing the intended hexagonal cylindrical morphology. The BCPs form micelles in a binary mixture of tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide, where BCP composition and solvent affinities are discussed in light of the expected structure of these micelles and the resulting BCP membrane formation. The membranes are manufactured using the non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process and are characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water permeation measurements. The latter are carried out at room temperature and at 50 °C revealing up to a 23‐fold increase of the permeance, when crossing the LCST of the poly(diethyl acrylamide) block segment in water.

Design of Silicon Rubber/BN Film with High Through-plane Thermal Conductivity and Ultra-low Contact Resistance

Polymer-hexagonal boron nitride (BN) composite has become an ideal thermal interface material (TIM) for electronic devices because of its high thermal conductivity and superior electronic insulation. However, owing to the 2D shape and chemical inertness of BN filler, the vertical alignment of BN and the huge thermal resistance are current challenges, which hinder the efficient heat transfer of polymer/BN composites. Herein, by a novel non-solvent induced phase separation process combined “in-situ welding” strategy, we present the fabrication of silicone rubber film with finger-like continuous BN-welded filler skeleton, which reveals a high through-plane thermal conductivity of 15.4 W m−1K−1 at only ∼ 15 wt% BN. Finite element simulation and nonlinear model analyses theoretically confirm that the filler-to-filler interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) is halved after in-situ welding process. In addition, thanks to the excellent compressibility and conformability of silicon rubber matrix, the contact thermal resistance (<70 Kmm2W−1) of this composite film is much lower than that of the commercial thermal pad under different pressure. The proposed strategy opens up a novel and high-throughput preparation strategy for the high-performance TIM for modern electronic devices.

High Porosity Poly(ether ketone ketone): Influence of Solvents on Foam Properties

AbstractPoly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) is a semicrystalline high‐performance polymer with exceptional mechanical properties, high continuous operation temperature, and is insoluble in most common solvents. Porous PEKK, desired for biomedical applications, is produced by a high‐temperature thermally induced phase separation process using PEKK solutions in two high boiling aprotic solvents, 4‐phenylphenol and 9‐fluorenone, with concentrations up to 20 wt.%. It is demonstrated that the solvent choice has a pronounced influence on the phase separation behavior, which determines the foam morphology, physical and mechanical properties of PEKK foams. Porous PEKK with porosities ranging from 70% to 90%, specific surface areas up to 194 m2 g−1 and elastic moduli ranging from 35 to 100 MPa are produced.

Square arrays of vertically aligned nanoporous cylinders from a linear ABC triblock terpolymer

AbstractVertically oriented nanoporous cylinders, demonstrating an unprecedented alignment persistence, were produced within freestanding poly(1,1‐dimethyl silacyclobutane)‐block‐polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinyl pyridine) (PDMSB‐b‐PS‐b‐P2VP) layers (~15 μm thick) blended with short PS‐b‐P2VP chains by combining the non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process with a solvent vapor annealing (SVA) treatment. Here, the NIPS step allowed for the formation of an asymmetric and porous PDMSB‐b‐PS‐b‐P2VP film having a top surface exhibiting poorly‐defined nanopores while the subsequent SVA treatment enabled to produce a symmetric layer that possesses highly‐ordered cylindrical nanodomains arranged into a 27 nm period square array. As the unblended NIPS/SVA‐made PDMSB‐b‐PS‐b‐P2VP monoliths exhibited a mixed orientation of parallel and perpendicular cylinders, a blending strategy was used to achieve tetragonally‐packed PDMSB and P2VP nanodomains having an exceptional vertical alignment persistence. Such solvent‐annealed (3 h, CHCl3) PDMSB‐b‐PS‐b‐P2VP monoliths blended with 20 wt% of PS‐b‐P2VP chains showed a water permeance close to the value measured through their parent NIPS‐made terpolymer films having poorly‐ordered nanopores.

Novel multiscale simulations on the membrane formation via hybrid induced phase separation process based on dissipative particle dynamics

A novel simulation methodology, that was based on dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) combined with information from molecular dynamics (MD) and calculations of an extended Maxwell-Stefan (MS) equations, was established to obtain multiscale analysis on the dynamics of hybrid induced phase separation (HIPS), taking polyvinylidene fluoride-diphenyl carbonate/water–ethanol (PVDF-DPC/water–ethanol) system as an example. Firstly, MS equations were derived to describe the heat transfer across the interface between the casting solution and coagulation to get the temperature profiles of the casting solution. Secondly, MD simulations for the PVDF-DPC solution were conducted to acquire bond and angle distributions of the PVDF chains. And compared to the DPD particle distributions, a novel DPD force field to describe the real flexibility of PVDF chains and a coarse-graining mapping between the MD and DPD were developed. Thirdly, based on the quenching time calculated by the MS equations and the DPD time scale, DPD simulations were carried out to demonstrate the dynamics of phase separation and membrane formation for different parts of the polymer solution via HIPS and compared to that via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). The simulation results indicated that the mass transfer had a decisive effect on the phase separation of polymer solution near the interface and resulted in a highly asymmetric structure with a denser polymer top layer and porous sublayer, and this effect was together decided by the quenching rate and polymer solidification. For the inner parts of the polymer solution, a mainly isotropic structure was formed due to heat transfer. Based on experimental verification and simulation results, it can be known that the multiscale simulation was much closer to reality and can provide deep insights into the membrane formation prepared via the HIPS process.

Polyimide and polystyrene‐based activated carbon nanofibers with tubular structure for supercapacitor

AbstractPolyimide (PI) and polystyrene (PS) blend electrospun fibers are prepared by electrospinning method. PI and PS are not completely compatible due to the difference of solubility and surface energy in electrospinning precursor, so PI/PS electrospun fibers have some phase separations along the electric field direction under the high‐voltage electrostatic force. PI with high carbon conversion served as carbon nanofibers, PS with low carbon conversion served as porogenic sacrificial agent, so PI/PS‐based activated carbon nanofibers derived from PI/PS electrospun fibers with well‐controlled opening tubular structure are obtained via thermally induced phase separation process. The morphology and electrochemical performance of activated carbon nanofibers are investigated by structural analysis and electrochemical measurements. The relationships among pores structure, electrolyte character and electrochemical performance of activated carbon fibers are extensively evaluated. Activated carbon nanofibers derived from PI/PS (mass ratio = 1:2) electrospun fibers with nano scale opening tube wall structure show a small charge transfer resistance and the short electric double layers forming time, but also suitable average pore diameter (3.74 nm), high BET specific surface area (952.5 m2 g−1) and average pore volume (0.532 cm3 g−1). Then, a comprehensive electrochemical performance can also be achieved in organic electrolyte: high energy density (31.80 Wh kg−1), good power density (3094.05 W kg−1) and low internal resistance (1.24 Ω). The findings reveal a guideline for the preparation of polymer‐based hierachical porous and opening tubular structure activated carbon nanofibers for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices.