Indoxacarb Research Articles

Potential risks prompted from epicutaneous and intranasal exposure to indoxacarb in rats.

Concerns over health risks associated with mixed pesticide residues have led to a demand for rapid analytical methods. We present a portable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) device specifically designed for real-time monitoring of indoxacarb (INDX) and chlorfenapyr (CFP) in vegetable juice. This point-of-use sensor integrates silver nanoparticles with a metal-organic framework (Ag/MOF-808(Zr)) and employs a 19-well quartz plate alongside a portable Raman spectroscopy instrument, facilitating simultaneous adsorption, separation, and detection. Detection limits for INDX and CFP in ginger and spinach juices were 0.26–0.76 ppb. Notably, results closely matched those from liquid chromatography, and in-situ detection was achieved within 2 min without pre-treatment, significantly enhancing efficiency over conventional chromatographic methods. This innovative approach demonstrates substantial potential for detecting pesticide mixtures in non-laboratory settings, presenting a valuable option for point-of-use applications.

CaCO3-coated indoxacarb deep eutectic solvent complexed with diatomaceous earth improves insecticidal activity against the red imported fire ants.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles based on a dual environmental response corresponding to temperature and α-amylase for the control of Spodoptera litura

A 28 days pesticide degradation experiment was conducted for broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Planch) and pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) with three pesticides (chlorantraniliprole (CAP), haloxyfop-etotyl (HPM), and indoxacarb (IXB)) to explore the effects of biochar on pesticide environmental fate and rhizosphere soil diversity. Rice straw biochar (RB) was applied to soil at a 25.00 t ha−1 dosage under greenhouse conditions, and its effects on the degradation of three pesticides in vegetables and in soil were investigated individually. Overall, RB application effectively facilitated CAP and HPM degradation in broccoli by 13.51–39.42% and in broccoli soil by 23.80–74.10%, respectively. RB application slowed the degradation of CAP, HPM and IXB in pakchoi by 0.00–57.17% and slowed the degradation of CAP in pakchoi by 37.32–43.40%. The results showed that the effect of RB application on pesticide degradation in crops and soil was related to biochar properties, pesticide solubility, plant growth status, and soil characteristics. Rhizosphere soil microorganisms were also investigated, and the results showed that biochar application may be valuable for altering bacterial richness and diversity. The effect of biochar application on pesticide residues in crops and soil was influenced by the vegetable variety first, and the second was pesticide characteristics. RB applied to soil at a 25.00 t ha−1 dosage under greenhouse conditions is recommended for broccoli production to ensure food safety. Our results suggested that biochar application in soil could reduce pesticide non-point source pollution, especially for highly soluble pesticides, and could affect soil microorganisms.

The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the cytotoxic effect and biochemical alteration on exposure to the Indoxacarb (IDC) in the Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line and its amelioration by Ethanolic Bark Extract of Cassia fistula (EBECF). The MTT assay was used to study the cell viability and determine the IC50 value. The cells were further treated with IC25, IC12.5 and IC6.25 values of IDC alone and in combination with EBECF for 24, 48 and 72 hours. IDC-induced cytotoxicity was evident by cellular morphological changes such as rounding of cells, cellular swelling, blebs formation, nuclear degradation, intracytoplasmic changes and loss of intracytoplasmic contents. The biochemical alteration was observed as a significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) and cytotoxicity marker enzymes namely Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP), Acid Phosphatase (ACP) and Creatine Kinase (CK). These changes were dose-dependent in IDC-treated groups. EBECF intervention in IDC-treated cells ameliorated the toxicity against lower concentrations. Thus, the present study suggested that C. fistula bark has the potential to protect the cells from IDC-mediated toxicity to a limited extent.

Mesoporous silica-based pH/enzyme dual-response system: Nanoparticles for smart delivery of indoxacarb with improved insecticidal activity and biocompatibility

Preparation of Cu-CS@IN@MIL-100 (Fe) for controlled indoxacarb release and reduced non-target organism risks

Electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer sensor for ultrasensitive indoxacarb detection by tin disulfide quantum dots/carbon nitride/multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a nanocomposite

BackgroundThis study evaluated the effects of chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs) on indoxacarb (INDOX)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in in vivo and in vitro models. In in vivo studies, 40 male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats/group): Group 1, normal control; Group 2, INDOX (600 mg/kg b.w.); Group 3, Ch-NPs (2 mg/kg b.w.); and Group 4, Ch-NPs + INDOX. Characterization of Ch-NPs was done measuring dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and antioxidant activity studies after various Ch-NPs treatments. From in vitro studies, the impact of Ch-NPs on A549 lung carcinoma cell proliferation was also examined.ResultsOur data indicated that INDOX provoked considerable lung damage as indicated by decreased antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, increased production of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde serum levels, elevated myeloperoxidase activity, increased hydroxyproline and cytokeratin-19 serum levels, and significantly upregulated matrix metallopeptidase-9 and microRNA-101 gene expression levels when compared with controls. Furthermore, histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations of cyclooxygenase-2 in the lung tissue revealed marked inflammation, severe fibrosis, and neutrophil infiltration. Critically, Ch-NPs treatment significantly reversed INDOX-induced changes in lung biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical outcomes.ConclusionTherefore, Ch-NPs may function as potential therapeutic drugs for lung fibrosis owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities with neutrophil infiltration.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a global pest that brings about great disasters to crops. Conventional pesticide formulations often suffer from poor water solubility, low stability, burst release, weak leaf adhesion, and low efficiency. To improve the insecticidal activity of pesticides, a stimuli-responsive controlled release pesticide delivery system (PDS) has attracted extensive attention in recent years. This paper reports a temperature-responsive controlled release PDS based on poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm)-modified indoxacarb (IDC)-loaded UiO-66-(COOH)2 (IDC@UiO-66-(COOH)2-PNIPAm) and studies its insecticidal activities against S. frugiperda. The UiO-66-(COOH)2 nanocarrier has an excellent pesticide loading performance, and the loading rate for IDC is 78.69%. The as-prepared PDS has good stability, temperature-responsive controllable release performance, and enhanced leaf affinity, so it can effectively improve the utilization rate of IDC. The insecticidal experiment indicates that the PDS has an enhanced control effect against S. frugiperda. In addition, biosafety analysis further verifies that the PDS exhibits no obvious negative effects on the germination of maize seeds and the growth of maize seedlings. In view of this, we believe that this PDS will have a broad application in the field of pesticide formulation innovation, pest management, and sustainable agricultural development.

Abstract In this study, through high‐speed emulsification and ultrasonic dispersion technology, indoxacarb‐fatty acid starch ester nano‐formulations (IN‐SE) are prepared using fatty acid corn starch esters as a matrix to encapsulate nonsystemic pesticide indoxacarb (IN). The structure and morphology of the nano‐formulations are characterized by IR, UV, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, and leaf contact angle. The nano‐formulation's sustained release, antiphotolysis capabilities, and systemic translocation are further investigated, and the results show that IN‐SE formulations have better release‐controlled and UV‐shielding capabilities. At the same time, the IN‐SE nano‐formulation is endowed with systemic translocation in plants due to the mediating of starch ester. Finally, using Spodoptera litura as the test target, the toxicity and insecticidal duration of the nano‐formulation are evaluated in greenhouse. The results showed that after 7 days of application, the lethality rate of IN‐SE to S. litura is 9.2% higher than that of ordinary suspension concentrate (IN‐SC).

Binary and ternary toxicological interactions of clothianidin and eight commonly used pesticides on honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Carboxylated β-cyclodextrin anchored hollow mesoporous silica enhances insecticidal activity and reduces the toxicity of indoxacarb

Field trials were conducted for three years during kharif season of 2014, 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the integrated pest management (IPM) module against pinworm (Tuta Absoluta) in tomato in comparison with farmer’s practice. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that population increased gradually from September and touched its peak during December (28.00 adults/trap). The insect was found to be higher at the fruit maturity stage and infestation found decreased with increase in temperature. IPM module reduced the cost of cultivation by Rs. 9615.66 ha-1 and the net returns were increased by Rs. 53282.00 per hectare. The average benefit cost ratio was improved with 2.39 in treatment compared to farmers practice 1.92. The results based on pooled data showed that reduction in the fruit damage by Tuta absoluta and good yields is due to the integrated management strategy taken up by installing pheromone traps 2 weeks after transplanting by which awareness on timely spraying of Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/lt or combination of Azadirachtin with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.3 ml or Flubendiamide 480 SC @0.3ml or Indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 1.75ml carried in practicing farmers field based on ETL level of adult catches and burning of infested plants and remnants of the crop immediately after the fruits have been harvested also found effective in managing the pest.

Development of an eco-friendly fluorescence nanosensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer on silica-carbon quantum dot for the rapid indoxacarb detection

We developed an analytical method using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect and quantify tebufenozide (TEB) and indoxacarb (IND) residues in animal and aquatic products (chicken muscle, milk, egg, eel, flatfish, and shrimp). The target compounds were extracted using 1% acetic acid (0.1% acetic acid for egg only) in acetonitrile and purified using n-hexane. The analytes were separated on a Gemini-NX C18 column using (a) distilled water with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mm ammonium acetate and (b) methanol with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. All six-point matrix-matched calibration curves showed good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2 ) ≥0.9864 over a concentration range of 5-50 μg/kg. Intra- and inter-day accuracy was expressed as the recovery rate at three spiking levels and ranged between 73.22 and 114.93% in all matrices, with a relative standard deviation (RSD, corresponding to precision) ≤13.87%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of all target analytes ranged from 2 to 20 μg/kg, which were substantially lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) specified by the regulatory agencies of different countries. All samples were collected from different markets in Seoul, Republic of Korea, and tested negative for tebufenozide and indoxacarb residues. These results show that the method developed is robust and may be a promising tool to detect trace levels of the target analytes in animal products.

Objective: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus, Malavaceae) production faces pest and disease attacks that leads to use of chemical pesticides. This study was performed to compare effectiveness of the bioinsecticide Levo 2.4 SL (Oxymatrin 2% and Prosular 0.4%) to the chemical pesticides Abalone 18 EC (Abamectin 18g/l) and Viper 46 EC (Acetamiprid 16g/l and Indoxacarb 30g/l) against okra insect pests in Cote d'Ivoire. Methodology and Results: So a field experiment was carried out at Bonoua (05°16'17N; 03°35'40 W) in the South East of Cote d’Ivoire, in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and four treatments; Levo 2.4 SL, Abalone 18 EC, Viper 46 EC and the Control. Insect communities, damages and yield profit rate were assessed and analyzed with Statistica 7.1 at 5%. The inventory of insect allowed the identification of 28 species distributed into 19 families and 10 orders. The main pest insects observed were Hemiptera; Aphis gossypii (41.59%), Bemisia tabaci (39.11%), Jacobiasca sp (1.26%) and Dysdercus wolkerii (1.44%), Coleoptera; Podagrica decolorata (9.03%) and caterpillars of Lepidoptera; Syllepte derogate (1.36%). Then control plots presented no healthy plants (0%), while the bioinsecticide (Levo 2.4 SL), and the chemical insecticides; Abalone 18 EC and Viper 46 EC presented respectively 60%, 77.5% and 90% of healthy plants (index 0). Overall, the effectiveness of the bioinsecticide to control insect pests appeared similar to those of the chemical pesticides. However, Levo 2.4 SL seems to be less effective against Aphis gossypii and Dysdercus wolkerii populations. Highest fruit yield of okra was recorded in treated plot with Viper 46 EC (12.55±0.98 t/ha), followed by Abalone 18 EC (12.2±0.8 t/ha) and Levo 2.4 SL (11.15±1.09 t/ha). Whereas, the lowest yield obtained from control plots was 6.84±0.15 t/ha. The yield profit rates were 62.82; 78.18 and 83.28% respectively for Levo 2.4 SL, Abalone 18 EC and Viper 46 EC when compared to the control. The control of insect pests by the bioinsecticide and the chemical insecticides increased significantly the okra yield. Conclusion and application of Results: Therefore, the bioinsecticide can be eco-friendly alternative to control insect pest of okra in Cote d’Ivoire. Then, the bioinsecticide Levo 2.4 SL can be proposed to limit damages caused by chemicals on the environment and human health.Keywords: Bioinsecticide, Levo 2.4 SL, Abelmoschus esculentus, insect pests, Cote d’Ivoire.

The toxic effects of indoxacarb on the reproductive organ of cockerel and protective effect of Gandhpalasi ( Hedychium spicatum ) were evaluated in this study. The dose of indoxacarb was selected on the basis of LD 50 in cockerels (250mg/kg). The experimental birds were kept in deep litter system of housing and maintained on grower ration. Birds were sacrificedafter completion of 16 weeks feeding trial. The semen were collected for estimation of mass motility, sperm count and % dead sperm. The antioxidant biomarkers in testis were also estimated. Finally the microscopic and ultrastructure of the testes were seen comparatively in both indoxacarb intoxicated and HSRP treated cockerels. The significant (P<0.05) reduction in sperm count and mass motility in indoxacarb group II and simultaneous treatment with HSRP in group VI and VII showed significant (P<0.05) improvement which was at par with the control. The % dead sperm were increased significantly (P<0.05) in indoxacarb treated group II whereas in HSRP treated group VI and VII showed significant decline in dose dependent manner. The antioxidant biomarker were significantly (P<0.05) changes by indoxacarb intoxication but treatment HSRP produced significant (P<0.05) amelioration. At the time of microscopic and ultrastructure examination of testes showed changes in indoxacarb treated group II and in HSRP treated group VI and VII showed mild to moderate changes. It is concluded from the present study that the HSRP produced protective effect in indoxacarb induced reproductive toxicity and its amelioration by HSRP treatment.

Synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, are used in a variety of ways in the agricultural industry. Anthropogenic chemicals pose a unique challenge to organisms because of the lack of evolutionary history between the chemical and the organism. However, research has shown that some organisms have a resistance to these synthetic chemicals due to their evolved resistance to a natural compound with a similar structure or mode of action. Indoxacarb (INDOX) is a relatively new pesticide with a similar mode of action to that of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is a naturally occurring toxin that is used as an antipredator defense in the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa). Some populations of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) have developed a resistance to tetrodotoxin. Here, we investigated the correlation between TTX and INDOX resistance in snakes. We hypothesized that INDOX would induce a much higher stress response than the naturally occurring TTX. We injected each snake with tetrodotoxin (1 mass-adjusted mouse unit). We did the same with mass-adjusted units of INDOX. We measured corticosterone, testosterone, and bactericidal ability. Our results show an acute stress response to INDOX, but not TTX through an elevate corticosterone and innate immune response, although there was no difference in testosterone concentration. These results suggest that, although INDOX may have a similar mechanism of action, garter snakes do not react in a similar manner as to TTX. This research gives a physiological perspective on the differences between naturally occurring compounds and synthetic compounds.