Indoxacarb Residues Research Articles

Effect of vine leaves processing on Azoxystrobin, Fenazaquin and Indoxacarb residues dissipation: processing factors and consumer safety assessment

The effect of vine leaves processing techniques on Azoxystrobin, Fenazaquin, and Indoxacarb residues was investigated. Residue extraction following field application of pesticides and leaf processing was carried out using the QuEChERS method, with analysis conducted by LC-MS/MS. In dry conservation, Azoxystrobin's half-life was estimated to exceed a year, Fenazaquin's was 18 days, and Indoxacarb's was 142 days. Azoxystrobin had a half-life of 261 days, Fenazaquin had a half-life of 9 days, and Indoxacarb's half-life exceeded a year in brine conservation. It is recommended to use dry conservation because it results in an average 60 % reduction in residue levels for the three pesticides. Boiling water significantly reduced pesticide residues (Azoxystrobin −40.3 %, Indoxacarb –22.4 %, and Fenazaquin −28.8 %). It is recommended to use boiling water for washing, as it shows an average removal rate of approximately 30 %. The health risk assessment indicated that consuming vine leaves posed no health risk for consumers, but overall exposure to residues must be considered.

Optimization of an Analytical Method for Indoxacarb Residues in Fourteen Medicinal Herbs Using GC–μECD, GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS

Pesticide residue analysis in medicinal herbs is a challenging task because of the matrix effect and its influence on quantitative analysis despite the continuous development of several new analytical methods and instrumentations. In this study, a modified QuEChERS method was developed for the analysis of indoxacarb residue in medicinal herbs by using the conventional instrument, gas chromatography micro-electron-capture-detector (GC–μECD), and comparing it with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified using an NH2 cartridge. The optimized method efficiently removes the co-extractives and offered a limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg−1. The GC–μECD analysis results of indoxacarb in seven medicinal herbs out of fourteen species at a fortification level of 0.01 mg kg−1 showed a recovery range of 79.7–117.6%, while the rest showed recovery > 120%. Similarly, the recovery of indoxacarb by GC and LC–MS/SM were 74.1–105.9 and 73.0–99.0%, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of <20%. Matrix effects for the majority of medicinal herbs analyzed by GC–MS/MS were >±20%. Whereas the results for LC–MS/MS were <20%, which was within the acceptable range according to the SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines. Considering the performance of the method and alignment with the regulatory guidelines, LC–MS/MS is recommended for the analysis of indoxacarb in selected medicinal herbs.

Persistence and Exposure Assessment of Insecticide Indoxacarb Residues in Vegetables.

Indoxacarb, a promising new generation insecticide, is gaining popularity among vegetable growers in West Bengal, India, for controlling a large number of insects. However, it may simultaneously also increase the risk of contamination in the edible portions of the vegetables. This study was planned to analyze the persistence behavior of indoxacarb in cabbages, tomatoes, and soil. Moreover, indoxacarb residue contents were estimated to assess both the dietary and soil ecological risks associated with the application of the same. The experimental location was important because West Bengal is the leading vegetables producing state in India. Indoxacarb was found to dissipate quickly with a half-life ranging between 1.55 and 2.76 days, irrespective of the vegetable, dose, and season, and the safe waiting period was very less. The findings indicate that both vegetables can be safely consumed 1 day after the final spray. However, the risk to soil algae is predicted to be unacceptably high, which needs to be studied extensively.

Estimation of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam residues in chilli

ABSTRACT Supervised field trials were conducted for two consecutive years to estimate the dissipation and persistence of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam residues in chilliafter two foliar applications of Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 55 and 110 g a.i. ha−1 and seed treatment of Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 2.1 and 4.2 g a.i. ha−1. The chilli fruit samples that were collected at different time intervals were processed by QuEChERS methodology, and residues of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam were determined by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The average initial deposits of indoxacarb on green chilli fruits were found to be 2.75 and 5.93 mg kg−1 at single dose while 2.56 and 5.68 mg kg−1 at double dose, respectively, in years 2019 and 2020. These residues reached below the limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg−1) after 25 and 35 days, respectively, at both the doses. The mean residues of thiamethoxam in seedlings, green chilli fruits and red chilli fruits were observed to be below its limit of quantification (0.05 mg kg−1) while, in nursery soil, the residues remained detectable till 10 and 15 days after single and double doses. The half-life value of indoxacarb in green chilli was calculated to be 3.46–4.77 and 3.58–3.76 days while in soil, it was calculated to be 3.85 and 4.93 days, respectively, at single and double recommended doses.

Studies on Dissipations and Residues of Indoxacarb under Different Field and Environmental Conditions.

Indoxacarb is a broad-spectrum insecticide and widely used in agriculture. The dissipations and residues of indoxacarb were researched at three different field sites in Beijing, Hunan, and Zhejiang provinces in China. Analytical methods for determining the residue of indoxacarb in paddy water, paddy soil, rice straw, rice hull, and brown rice were described. Indoxacarb residues were extracted from samples, cleaned up by solid phase extraction, and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. The recoveries in paddy water, paddy soil, rice straw, rice hull, and brown rice matrices at three spiking levels ranged from 79.7% to 98.3%, respectively. The field and environmental conditions would affect the dissipations and residues of indoxacarb. The time to dissipate 50% of indoxacarb in paddy water, paddy soil, and rice straw was less than 9 days. The terminal residues obtained from Beijing at preharvest interval of 14 and 21 days were higher than the maximum limit of European Union. Therefore, a dosage of 24 g a. i. ha−1 at 28 days preharvest interval with 3 spraying times was recommended. Such accumulation of measured data is necessary to provide guidance for the proper and safe use of this pesticide.

Persistence, dietary and ecological risk assessment of indoxacarb residue in/on tomato and soil using GC–MS

An efficient single quadrupole gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of indoxacarb residues in tomato and soil. Residues were extracted from the samples using acetonitrile as extracting solvent and the extracts were purified through primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black. Recoveries were obtained in the range of 92.12–110.51% with the relative standard deviation of 1.32–4.32%. Indoxacarb dissipated with half-life of 3.12–3.21 and 1.24–1.35d for tomato and soil, respectively following doses of indoxacarb 14.5% SC at 60, 90 and 120 g.a.i./ha. Safe waiting periods were found to be 1-3d. The residues were removed from tomato fruit was in the range of 16.73 to 54.32% using simple decontamination approaches. The present study suggest that the use of indoxacarb in tomato at recommended dose, does not seem to pose any dietary risk to the consumers. The soil RQ values indicated low level of risk to earthworms and arthropods.

Fluopicolide, Indoxacarb, and Oxathiapiprolin Residues After Application to Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Pesticide residues found on cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) remain a large concern to the allied tobacco industry. To quantify maximum expected cured leaf residues, 3 active ingredients (fluopicolide, indoxacarb, and oxathiapiprolin) were applied to flue-cured tobacco grown in 6 North Carolina environments from 2016 to 2018. Fluopicolide residues were consistently among the highest documented in this evaluation (7.25 mg/kg maximum), which was most likely a result of the compound having the shortest preharvest interval (PHI; 7 days) among the products tested. The highest indoxacarb residue was 2.15 mg/kg, which was identified in lower-stalk-position samples collected from 1 environment in 2018. Additional data suggest that indoxacarb residues are likely to be <2.0 mg/kg. Oxathiapiprolin was below the limit of quantification (0.09 mg/kg) in 98.6% of the samples analyzed and averaged 0.10 mg/kg in the lower-stalk position of 1 environment in 2017. It is plausible that residues from commercial farming operations would be lower than those reported because of integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Further investigations are warranted to better identify residues resulting from applications delivered using recommendations put forth by Cooperative Extension Services in the southern United States.

Development and validation of gc-ms method for indoxacarb residues in vegetables and soil

Development and validation of gc-ms method for indoxacarb residues in vegetables and soil

Method Development and Validation for Determination of Indoxacarb Using LC-ESI-MS/MS and Its Dissipation Kinetics in Pigeonpea

A simple, sensitive and reproducible analytical method for quantitative determination of indoxacarb residues in pigeonpea green pod, pigeonpea dry grain and soil was developed and validated using LC-MS/MS. The developed methodology was linear having correlation coefficients (R2) value of 0.999. The LOD and LOQ were 0.0015 and 0.005 μg g−1, respectively. QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) technique involved for extraction of indoxacarb residues with 1% ethyl acetate in acetonitrile provided acceptable recoveries in the range of 83.80–99.01% at 0.005, 0.025 and 0.050 μg g−1 spiking level with precision RSD of less than 1.20 %. Initial deposit on green pods following two application (15 days interval between application) of indoxacarb 14.5% SC at 60 and 120 g a.i.ha−1 was 0.583 and 1.342 μg g−1 and dissipated to 0.005 and 0.006 μg g−1 on 7 and 10 days after application, respectively. Half-life and safe waiting period (SWP) were ranged from 1.13 to 1.23 days and 3.23 to 5.03 days for the dose 60 and 120 g a.i.ha−1 in pigeonpea green pods, respectively. Hazard index (HI) value was more than 1 in green pods drawn on 5th and 7th day after application in recommended (60 g a.i.ha−1) and double the recommended dose (120 g a.i.ha−1), respectively.

Determination of imidacloprid and indoxacarb residues in apple and it’s processed products

Tarım ürünlerinde ve bunların işlenmiş ürünlerinde pestisit kalıntıları önemlidir. Bu çalışmada "Golden Delicious" çeşidi elmalar imidacloprid ve indoxacarb etkili maddeli bitki koruma ürünleri ile ilaçlanmıştır. QuEChERS metodu ve LC-MS/MS ile kalıntı analizleri yapılmıştır. Elmalarda imidacloprid ve indoxacarb kalıntıları (pestisit uygulamasından 3 gün sonra ve 14 gün sonra hasat edilen örneklerin ortalaması), sırasıyla, 170.60 ve 490.77 µg/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Imidacloprid kalıntıları iki hasat döneminin ortalaması olarak elma kabuklarında 791.14 µg/kg, meyve etinde 104.17 µg/kg, ilk sıkım meyve suyunda 44.60 µg/kg, tam proses meyve suyunda 47.41 µg/kg ve posada 262.57 µg/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Indoxacarb için bu kalıntılar kabukta 2195.07 µg/kg, meyve etinde 197.84 µg/kg, ilk sıkım meyve suyunda 82.26 µg/kg ve posada 597.17 olarak bulunmuştur. İşleme faktörleri (İf) azalma ya da konsantrasyon faktörü olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kabuk ve posada imidacloprid kalıntıları elmaya göre sırasıyla, ortalama 4.67 ve 1.55 katı daha fazla bulunmuştur. Kabuksuz meyve eti, ilk sıkım meyve suyu ve tam proses meyve suyu kalıntıları, elmaya göre ortalama olarak, sırasıyla, %39.75, %73.54 ve %70.62 oranında azalmıştır. Indoxacarb için ise kabuk ve posada kalıntı, sırasıyla, ortalama olarak 4.46 ve 1.21 kat artmıştır. Ortalama azalma oranları meyve etinde %59.84, ilk sıkım meyve suyunda %83.35 olarak bulunmuştur. Kabuksuz meyve, ilk sıkım ve tam proses elma suyunda, kalıntı azalma oranları arasındaki fark ile tam proses meyve suyunda hasat dönemleri arasındaki azalma oranları arasındaki fark %1 düzeyinde önemlidir. İşlenmiş elmalarda İf’ye bağlı olarak yapılan hesaplamalarda bulunan kalıntı değerleri her iki insektisit için MRL’nin (500 µg/kg) altında bulunmuştur. Hasat dönemine ve pestisite bağlı olmaksızın kabukta ve elma posasında kalıntılar artmıştır.

Residue analysis of tebufenozide and indoxacarb in chicken muscle, milk, egg and aquatic animal products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

We developed an analytical method using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect and quantify tebufenozide (TEB) and indoxacarb (IND) residues in animal and aquatic products (chicken muscle, milk, egg, eel, flatfish, and shrimp). The target compounds were extracted using 1% acetic acid (0.1% acetic acid for egg only) in acetonitrile and purified using n-hexane. The analytes were separated on a Gemini-NX C18 column using (a) distilled water with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mm ammonium acetate and (b) methanol with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. All six-point matrix-matched calibration curves showed good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2 ) ≥0.9864 over a concentration range of 5-50 μg/kg. Intra- and inter-day accuracy was expressed as the recovery rate at three spiking levels and ranged between 73.22 and 114.93% in all matrices, with a relative standard deviation (RSD, corresponding to precision) ≤13.87%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of all target analytes ranged from 2 to 20 μg/kg, which were substantially lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) specified by the regulatory agencies of different countries. All samples were collected from different markets in Seoul, Republic of Korea, and tested negative for tebufenozide and indoxacarb residues. These results show that the method developed is robust and may be a promising tool to detect trace levels of the target analytes in animal products.

Persistence and efficacy of indoxacarb against three stored product insect species on wheat and maize

In the present study, we investigated the insecticidal efficacy of indoxacarb on wheat and maize, against adults of three major stored-grain species, the rice weevil, Sitophilius oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and the confused flour beetle, Tribollium confusum Jacquelin Du Val (Coleoptera). For this purpose, bioassays were carried out with indoxacarb at the doses 0.1, 1 and 10 ppm. Moreover, the treated grains were left at the laboratory for a period of six months, in order to examine the residual effect of indoxacarb, by conducting bioassays at monthly intervals. For S. oryzae and R. dominica, adults were exposed in the treated grains for 7 and 14 d, while for T. confusum adults were exposed for 14 and 21 d, in order to estimate the mortality level. After the termination of this interval, the treated samples were left for an additional period of 65 days, on which progeny production was recorded. R. dominica was by far more susceptible than S. oryzae, given that mortality, in many cases, reached 100% even after 7 d of exposure, even at the lowest dose rate of 0.1 ppm. At the same time, for this species, progeny production was low. For S. oryzae, mortality was low at 0.1 ppm, with high levels of progeny production. T. confusum was the least susceptible of the species tested. Generally, during the experimental period, the efficacy of indoxacarb was decreased, but mortality was higher on wheat than on maize. Indoxacarb residues determination by GC-ECD indicated that after 6 months 33% of the insecticide remains in grains at 0.1 ppm dose, about 40–50% at 1 ppm and about 40–60% at 10 ppm dose. Based on the results of the present work, indoxacarb is an effective grain protectant, at least in the case of R. dominica and S. oryzae.

Simultaneous and enantioselective determination of cis-epoxiconazole and indoxacarb residues in various teas, tea infusion and soil samples by chiral high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A novel and sensitive method for simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of two pesticides—cis-epoxiconazole and indoxacarb—in various teas, black tea infusion, and soil samples has been developed. The samples were initially subjected to acetonitrile extraction followed by cleanup using lab-made florisil/graphitized carbon black mixed solid phase extraction (SPE) column (for the different teas and soil samples) and a BondElut C18-SPE column (for the black tea infusion samples). Separation of the analytes was performed on a chiral stationary phase using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under a reversed-phase isocratic elution mode followed by tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS) detection. The mobile phase components, mobile phase ratios, flow rates, column temperatures, and MS parameters were all optimized to reach high sensitivity and selectivity, good peak shape, and satisfactory resolution. The performance of the method was evaluated based on the sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and matrix effects. Under optimal conditions, for the various teas (green tea, black tea, and puer tea), fresh tea leaf, soil and black tea infusion samples spiked at low, medium, and high levels, the mean recoveries for the four enantiomers ranged from 61.0% to 129.7% with most relative standard deviations (RSDs) being 17.1% or below. Good linearity can be achieved with regression coefficients (R) of 0.9915 or above for all target enantiomers, and matrix-matched calibration concentration ranging from 5.0 to 1000μg/L. The limits of detection (LODs) for all four target enantiomers were 1.4μg/kg or below in the different teas and soil samples and 0.05μg/kg or below in the black tea infusion, whereas the limits of quantification (LOQs) for those did not exceed 5.0μg/kg and 0.2μg/L, respectively. The proposed method is convenient and reliable and has been applied to real tea samples screening. It has also been extended for studies on the degradation kinetics and environmental behaviors in the field trials, providing additional information for reliable risk assessment of these chiral pesticides.

Abatement of spinosad and indoxacarb residues in pure water by photocatalytic treatment using binary and ternary oxides of Zn and Ti.

The photodegradation of indoxacarb, a broad spectrum foliar insecticide and spinosad, a natural insecticide containing two active ingredients, spinosyn A (major component) and spinosyn D (minor component), was studied in aqueous suspensions of binary (ZnO and TiO2) and ternary (Zn2TiO4 and ZnTiO3) oxides under artificial light (300-460 nm) irradiation. As expected, the influence of the semiconductor materials on the degradation of both was very significant in all cases. Photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of semiconductors in tandem with Na2S2O8 as electron acceptor strongly improved the removal of indoxacarb and spinosad in water compared with the photolytic tests. The reaction rates significantly increased, especially for the ZnO/Na2S2O8 and TiO2/Na2S2O8 systems. The first-order equation (monophasic model) satisfactorily explained the disappearance process, although it offered no explanation for the small concentrations remaining in the process.

Determination of seven pesticide residues in bamboo shoots by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with solid-phase extraction

A simple and efficient method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of butylene fipronil, chlorpyrifos, chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and phoxim residues in bamboo shoots. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified by a primary secondary amine (PSA) solid-phase extraction cartridge. The detection of targets was performed by HPLC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. All the seven pesticides were completely separated in 15 min with an excellent linear relationship. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification for the seven pesticides were 0.02-0.5 microg/kg and 0.08-1.5 microg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the seven pesticides spiked in a bamboo shoot sample at the levels of 4, 8, 32 microg/kg were in the range from 76.0% to 102.6% (the RSD < or = 11.0%, n = 3). The method was successfully applied to the real bamboo shoot samples. The method has high accuracy and sensitivity, and is simple and quick. It can meet the requirement of the simultaneous determination of the seven pesticides in bamboo shoots.

Rapid Analysis of Indoxacarb Residues in Vegetable by QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS

Rapid Analysis of Indoxacarb Residues in Vegetable by QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS

Estimation of Indoxacarb Residues by QuEChERS Technique and Its Degradation Pattern in Cabbage

Indoxacarb residues were estimated by employing standardized QuEChERS technique in cabbage following three applications of Avant(R) 14.8 EC @ 52.2 and 104.4 g a.i. ha(-1). The average recoveries of indoxacarb on cabbage for fortification levels of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg(-1) were observed to be 83.93, 89.86 and 95.40%, respectively, with relative standard deviation of 1.21, 1.53 and 2.23. The method was also validated with respect to parameters of linearity, precision and limit of quantification (LOQ). The LOQ for cabbage was found to be 0.01 mg kg(-1). The average initial deposits of indoxacarb on cabbage were observed to be 0.18 and 0.39 mg kg(-1), respectively, at single and double the application rate. These indoxacarb residues dissipated below its LOQ of 0.01 mg kg(-1)after 7 and 10 days, respectively, at single and double dosages. Half-life of indoxacarb was observed to be 2.88 and 1.92 days, respectively, at recommended and double the recommended dosages.

Toxicity of a formulation of the insecticide indoxacarb to the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), and the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae).

Indoxacarb is a new oxadiazine insecticide that has shown outstanding field insecticidal activity. The toxicity of a 145 g litre-1 indoxacarb SC formulation (Steward) was studied on the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris and the big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes. Both insect species responded very similarly to indoxacarb in topical, tarsal contact and plant feeding toxicity studies. The topical LD50 of the formulation was c 35 ng AI per insect for both species. Prolonged tarsal contact with dry indoxacarb residues did not result in mortality for either insect species. However, both species were susceptible to feeding through dried residues of indoxacarb after spraying on young cotton plants. Feeding on water-washed plants resulted in lower mortality than that observed with unwashed plants, and toxicity declined even more dramatically after a, detergent rinse, indicating that much of the indoxacarb probably resides on the cotton leaf surface or in the waxy cuticle. These results were corroborated by HPLC-mass spectrometry measurements of indoxacarb residues on the plants. Greater mortality for both species was observed in a higher relative humidity environment. Higher levels of accumulated indoxacarb and its active metabolite were detected in dead G punctipes than in L lineolaris after feeding on sprayed, unwashed plants. When female G punctipes ate indoxacarb-treated Heliothis zea eggs, there was significant toxicity. However, only c 15% of the females consumed indoxacarb-treated eggs, and the rest of the females showed a significant diminution of feeding in response to the insecticide. Cotton field studies have shown that indoxacarb treatments at labelled rates lead to a dramatic decline in L lineolaris, with negligible declines in beneficial populations. A major route of intoxication of L lineolaris in indoxacarb-treated cotton fields thus appears to be via oral, and not cuticular, uptake of residues from treated cotton plants. The mechanisms for selectivity/safety for G punctipes are currently under investigation and may be a combination of differential feeding behavior and diminution of feeding by females exposed to indoxacarb-treated eggs.