Indonesian Seaweed Research Articles

Sensory and chemical characteristics of nori from Indonesian seaweed added with breadfruit leaf extract and grass jelly

Nori is an authentic Japanese food made from Porphyra seaweed. However, Porphyra is difficult to cultivate in Indonesia because it generally grows in subtropical areas. The demand for nori continues to increase with the development of Japanese, Korean, and Chinese fast-food restaurants in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to make nori using seaweed easily cultivated in Indonesia, namely Eucheuma cottonii and Ulva lactuca. This research aimed to study the sensory and chemical characteristics of nori from Indonesian seaweed added with breadfruit leaf extract and grass jelly. Dried Eucheuma cottonii was obtained from LIPI Oceanography, while dried Ulva lactuca was obtained from waters in Sidoarjo. Dried breadfruit leaf used in this study were obtained from processing fresh breadfruit leaf from the yards of residents of the Babakan Penghulu Village, Cinambo District. Green grass jelly leaf were obtained from Andir. Three nori formulas were made, namely the addition of breadfruit leaf extract (200 ml), a combination of breadfruit leaf and grass jelly (100:100 ml), and the addition of grass jelly (200 ml). The sensory test is carried out using the hedonic test method with 30 untrained panelists. Panellists were asked for their responses regarding color, taste, texture, aroma, and total acceptance on a scale of 1-5, from very dislike to very like. Chemical testing includes water, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber, and antioxidant activity. The results show that the best formula is the one with the addition of breadfruit leaf extract, which gave an overall acceptance score of 3.37, water content of 5.26%, ash content of 2.41 %, fat content of 2.06%, protein content of 22.24%, starch content of 59.97%, and crude fiber of 6.65%, and antioxidant activity of 702.75 ppm. Nori using local Indonesian seaweed with the addition of breadfruit leaf extract can be an alternative to commercial nori.

Calorific values and characteristics of boba pearls with partial formulation from Indonesian seaweed Gracilaria sp. agar powder

Calorific values and characteristics of boba pearls with partial formulation from Indonesian seaweed Gracilaria sp. agar powder

Seaweed Marketing Efficiency in Takalar Regency

Punaga Village is one of the seaweed industrial areas in South Sulawesi whose seaweed development is spread throughout the sub-districts. With total production according to the KKP in 2020, Indonesian seaweed production is 11.55 million tons and one of the largest contributors is in Takalar Regency. This encourages an increase in the income of seaweed farmers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the profits of cultivators and the marketing of seaweed. This research was conducted from June to July 2021. The method used was quantitative and qualitative descriptive using a questionnaire. The sampling method used is the cluster sampling method with a total sample of 25 people consisting of 23 cultivators and 2 traders. Analysis of the data used is profit analysis and marketing analysis. The results showed that the profit for wet type seaweed cultivators was Rp. 875,334. per month and dry type of seaweed Rp. 26,271,048 per month with revenue for wet type seaweed Rp. 3,206,786 per month and the dry type is Rp. 28,602,500 per month, the total cost is Rp. 2,331,452 per month. The highest marketing margin is found in the marketing agency of collectors with the type of wet grass of Rp. 1,000/Kg and dry type Rp. 6,000/Kg. There are 2 marketing channels in the seaweed marketing chain in Punaga Village. The most efficient marketing institutions are traders with a value of 0.23% for wet seaweed and 0.01% for dry seaweed.

Technology adoption by smallholder farmers: the case of drying technology in the Indonesian seaweed industry

PurposePoor post-harvest handling practices by seaweed farmers are a key issue in seaweed value chains, contributing to low-quality seaweed being supplied to processors. To address this, a range of advanced drying technologies and methods have been developed, yet uptake by farmers remains low. This study examines factors affecting drying technology uptake by seaweed farmers to identify opportunities to incentivise improved drying practices.Design/methodology/approachThis study draws on a quantitative survey of 273 seaweed farmers in two villages in South Sulawesi, 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork and 166 semi-structured interviews.FindingsFarmers engage in limited adoption of improved drying technologies and practices as they don't receive higher prices for higher quality products, instead aiming to meet only the minimum acceptable standards to avoid a price discount or rejection of their product. Technologies and techniques that have been adopted are often used in ways that differ from their original purpose, such as to reduce drying times and labour input, rather than to produce products of low moisture and dirt contents. Similarly, local traders mix high- and low-quality seaweed in order to supply warehouses with seaweed which on average meets minimum quality standards.Originality/valueThis study reveals that improved drying practices are unlikely to be adopted unless incentivised by more targeted price-grade differentials.

Study of Actinotrichia fragilis Indonesian Red Seaweed as Raw Material for Healthy Salt

Healthy seaweed salt is low sodium salt from seaweed that offers health benefits for hypertension patients. Indonesian seaweed has the potential to produce healthy seaweed salt. Research to date still focuses on green and brown seaweed but there is still no report for red seaweed. Actinotrichia fragilis is one of red seaweed species that has been discovered in Indonesia’s seawater and has not yet been utilized. Thus, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of A. fragilis flour and the optimum ratio for producing seaweed salt with a high yield, optimum %NaCl, Na/K ratio, and antioxidant activity. Seaweed salt production treatment was the ratio of seaweed flour and distilled water 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 (w/v), extracted at 40°C for 10 minutes. The mixture was filtered, then dried at 60°C for 30 hours. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance. The raw material for dried A. fragilis seaweed has a high ash and low-lipid content. Then the ethanol extract had a total phenolic content value of 84.34 mg GAE/g and an antioxidant activity value of 98.22 mg/L. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract was 60.15 mmol ascorbic acid/g and 552.21 mmol Fe2+/g. The best treatment for producing A. fragilis salt is 1:10 with yield of 12.76±0.13%, %NaCl 47.22±1.38%, Na/K ratio 3.32±0.18, IC50 with DPPH and ABTS method 113 mg/L and 87.27 mg/L, total antioxidant capacity 38.21 mg/mL ascorbic acid/g, and 304.32 mmol Fe2+/g. Furthermore, A. fragilis can be used for the production of healthy seaweed salt.

Study of Actinotrichia fragilis Indonesian Red Seaweed as Raw Material for Healthy Salt

Healthy seaweed salt is low sodium salt from seaweed that offers health benefits for hypertension patients. Indonesian seaweed has the potential to produce healthy seaweed salt. Research to date still focuses on green and brownseaweed but there is still no report for red seaweed. Actinotrichia fragilis isone of red seaweed species that has been discovered in Indonesia’s seawaterand has not yet been utilized. Thus, this study aimed to determine the chemicalcomposition and antioxidant activity of A. fragilis flour and the optimum ratiofor producing seaweed salt with a high yield, optimum %NaCl, Na/K ratio, andantioxidant activity. Seaweed salt production treatment was the ratio of seaweed flour and distilled water 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 (w/v), extracted at 40°C for 10minutes. The mixture was filtered, then dried at 60°C for 30 hours. Data analysiswas performed by analysis of variance. The raw material for dried A. fragilisseaweed has a high ash and low-lipid content. Then the ethanol extract had atotal phenolic content value of 84.34 mg GAE/g and an antioxidant activityvalue of 98.22 mg/L. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract was 60.15 nmol ascorbic acid/g and 552.21 n mol Fe2+/g. The best treatmentfor producing A. fragilis salt is 1:10 with yield of 12.76±0.13%, %NaCl47.22±1.38%, Na/K ratio 3.32±0.18, IC50 with DPPH and ABTS method 113 mg/Land 87.27 mg/L, total antioxidant capacity 38.21 n g/mL ascorbic acid/g, and304.32 n mol Fe2+/g. Furthermore, A. fragilis can be used for the production ofhealthy seaweed salt.

COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIAN NON-HUMAN CONSUMPTION SEAWEED IN THE CHINA MARKET

China is the largest importer of seaweed globally, and Indonesia is one of the countries that exports seaweed to China. Other exporting countries such as Chile and Peru also supply seaweed to China. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian seaweed (HS 121229) in comparison to seaweed from other exporting countries and to investigate the demand for Indonesian seaweed and other seaweed-exporting countries in the Chinese market. The study utilized export data from exporting countries that supplied China's seaweed requirements between 2012 and 2021. Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that Indonesian seaweed (HS 121229) has a comparative advantage in the Chinese market. However, Indonesian seaweed's comparative advantage is still lower than its competitors. The demand for Indonesian seaweed in the Chinese market is inelastic. Therefore, to increase Indonesian seaweed's export income, exports should be increased rather than lowering prices. To reinforce Indonesia's position in the Chinese seaweed market, Indonesia should collaborate with other exporting countries that complement Indonesia's efforts, such as Chile.

Utilization of Indonesian seaweed in polyethylene-based composite with coconut husk powder as bio-compatibilizer

The addition bio-based materials into plastic is expected to produce composites that can be decompose in a shorter time compared to petroleum-based plastics. Combining hydrophobic-high density polyethylene (HDPE), with a hydrophilic-biobased material, is challenging and requires a compatibilizer agent to produce good performance bio-composite. In this study, Halymenia sp. or Gracilaria sp. seaweed was utilized as filler in HDPE based composite by 20% of total weight, and coconut husk powder that varied at 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% was used as bio-compatibilizer. The materials were mixed in the rheomixer (rotor rotating speed of 80 rpm, at 140 °C for 5 min). The addition of 1% coconut husk powder can improve the modulus of elasticity of HDPE-Halymenia extract and HDPE-Gracilaria residue by 21.43% and 55.71%, respectively, compare to pure HDPE. Furthermore, the crystallinity index of Halymenia extract with the addition of 1% coconut husk powder was the highest (50.40%) among other HDPE-Halymenia extract composites in this study.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKSPOR RUMPUT LAUT INDONESIA KE EROPA

This study examined the effect of price, exchange rate, and production on Indonesian seaweed exports to Europe. The reason is that in 2016 the price of seaweed was lower than the previous year, but there was a decline in exports. The data analysis method used was panel data analysis because the data used was a combination of cross-section and time series data. The results partially indicated that the price and exchange rate positively and significantly affected Indonesian seaweed exports, while the exchange rate negatively and insignificantly affect Indonesian seaweed exports. Simultaneously, the exchange rate and seaweed production positively and significantly affected Indonesian seaweed exports.

Diversification Strategies of Indonesian Seaweed Commodities to Strengthen Markets, Competitiveness, and Economic Resilience of Coastal Communities

Background: This paper aims to study the potential, opportunities, problems, and strategies for diversifying seaweed commodities to strengthen markets, competitiveness, and economic resilience of coastal communities. Seaweed is an aquaculture product that can improve the people’s economic welfare, deploy many laborers, and even increase the country's foreign exchange.
 Aim: The potential for seaweed distribution in Indonesia is wide open for those naturally grown and cultivated in the sea.
 Method: There are good opportunities for the seaweed industry related to the potential for cultivation land, availability of raw materials, and demands for processed products. However, there are problems and challenges to the nation’s ability to export and compete for world market share to meet the world's seaweed needs.
 Findings: They include low quality and continuity of raw materials, provided capital, weak human and institutional resources, and seaweed products marketing strategies. There must be appropriate strategies for the diversification of Indonesian seaweed commodities for market strengthening, competitiveness, and economic resilience of coastal communities

Diversification Strategies of Indonesian Seaweed Commodities to Strengthen Markets, Competitiveness, and Economic Resilience of Coastal Communities

Background: This paper aims to study the potential, opportunities, problems, and strategies for diversifying seaweed commodities to strengthen markets, competitiveness, and economic resilience of coastal communities. Seaweed is an aquaculture product that can improve the people’s economic welfare, deploy many laborers, and even increase the country's foreign exchange.
 Aim: The potential for seaweed distribution in Indonesia is wide open for those naturally grown and cultivated in the sea.
 Method: There are good opportunities for the seaweed industry related to the potential for cultivation land, availability of raw materials, and demands for processed products. However, there are problems and challenges to the nation’s ability to export and compete for world market share to meet the world's seaweed needs.
 Findings: They include low quality and continuity of raw materials, provided capital, weak human and institutional resources, and seaweed products marketing strategies. There must be appropriate strategies for the diversification of Indonesian seaweed commodities for market strengthening, competitiveness, and economic resilience of coastal communities

Indonesia’s Seaweed in Global Market

Seaweed is one of Indonesia’s superior commodities in the global market. The potential for seaweed production itself can be used to gain a competitive position in the global market. The purpose of this research is to analyse the comparative advantage and competitive advantage of Indonesian seaweed in the international market and analyzed the market structure of seaweed in the international market. Indonesia’s seaweed is in the rising star position marked by China and Spain, which means both countries are the potential market to develop. The falling star position is marked by France, South Korea, Chile, and Vietnam, which are unwanted positions but still available for market share improvement. The last opportunity position is marked by the Philippines and USA, which means that there was declining export activity and affected decreased competitiveness. The retreat position is marked in Japan and UK, which is an unwanted market position. The world seaweed market structure is the oligopoly market.

Analisis Daya Saing Ekspor Rumput Laut Olahan Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the main exporters of seaweed in the world market. Seaweed traded consists of raw products and processed products. Processed seaweed products are in the form of gelatin with HS code 130231 and carrageenan with HS code 130239. The high demand and value of processed seaweed products is an opportunity for Indonesia. The total world demand for agar in 2018 was 275,188,000. US$ increased 4.9 percent from the previous year, while carrageenan in 2018 had total world demand amounted to 1,131,820,000 US$, an increase of 8.4 percent from the previous year (ITC, 2019). This research aimed to analyze the competitiveness of processed seaweed and determine policies to increase Indonesian processed seaweed exports in the world market. The data in this study used secondary data. The competitiveness of processed Indonesian seaweed products is measured using Revealed Comparative Analysis (RCA) and Export Product Dynamic (EPD). The results of the analysis showed that processed Indonesian seaweed in the form of carrageenan and agar has comparative competitiveness in the world market. The position of competitiveness in the main destination countries with rising star status has strong competitiveness, but the increasing demand for processed seaweed in the world has caused Indonesia to lose the opportunity to optimize its profits. Indonesia needs to increase the quantity of processed seaweed exports in the form of carrageenan and agar by encouraging domestic investment to develop the seaweed processing industry sector.

DETERMINANT ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN SEAWEED TRADE

Seaweed is a cultivated fishery commodity that has contributed to Indonesia’s national economy. Indonesia contributes 40% of the world's seaweed export volume. Export volume has increased, meanwhile, the domestic market has difficulty in obtaining raw materials. The aim of this research is to analyze the factors affecting the trade of Indonesian seaweed to seven destination countries (China, South Korea, France, Chile, Philippines, USA, and Japan). The analytical method used in this research is panel data with the Gravity Model approach with periods covering 2000 until 2019. The dependent variable is trading volume. The result of estimated factors affecting trade is real GDP per capita of Indonesia, real GDP per capita of destination countries, exchange rates, and economic distance, which significantly influence trading volume. Improvement of supporting facilities, protection for domestic industry to obtain quality raw materials, and improvement of technology to improve the quality of seaweed.

STRATEGI PENETAPAN BEA KELUAR EKSPOR RUMPUT LAUT SEBAGAI UPAYA OPTIMALISASI INDUSTRI KARAGINAN DALAM NEGERI

Indonesia is one of the best seaweed producers in Asia. With this, Indonesia should be able to optimize various kinds of seaweed processing industries, one of which is the carrageenan industry. Carrageenan is a derivative product of seaweed which in the international market the price can be much higher than the commodity of seaweed without any added value. Continuing to increase the volume of primary seaweed exports makes the domestic carrageenan processing industry experience difficulties in raw materials, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. So in this study, panel data analysis was used with a gravity model to analyze what factors affect the demand for Indonesian seaweed exports to export destinations of China, the Philippines, Vietnam, the Republic of Korea, Chile, United Kingdom, USA, Hong Kong, Germany and France. .To find out the amount of Seaweed Export Duty that can be applied in an effort to reduce the export of seaweed commodities. The results showed that the factors that affect the volume of seaweed exports to destination countries include export prices that have a negative and significant effect, real GDP has a positive and significant effect, and economic distance has a negative and significant effect. The determination of export duty for seaweed raw materials by up to 18 percent can reduce export demand from the top ten export destinations for seaweed raw materials.

Competitiveness analysis of Indonesian seaweeds in global market

Comparative advantage is an indicator of competitive level of a country in global market. Indonesia has an abundant seaweed production that has been exported to international market. This study aims to estimate the competitiveness of Indonesian seaweed in global market. This study employs secondary data from UN Comtrade, BPS, and fisheries statistics of Indonesia. Data were analyzed by Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to examine index of competitiveness, export product dynamics (EPD) to describe potential market destination in global market. The findings indicate that competitiveness of Indonesian seaweeds was mostly strong in some destination countries in global market. Furthermore, Indonesian seaweeds had the best benefit (rising star) in global market and also acquired falling star, lost opportunity and retreat market shares. Some destination countries were potential to be developed and some were optimistic. Therefore, Indonesia needs to strengthen collaboration with some countries that have a potential market on seaweed products including China, Japan, Rep of Korea and Singapore. Furthermore, Indonesia needs to expand export market to some African countries since Indonesia had only few market destinations in Indonesia.

The development of Indonesian seaweed based on innovation cluster model

In 2018, Indonesian production of the seaweeds Eucheuma cottonii and Gracilaria sp. reached 11.08 million tons and 1.55 million tons, respectively. However, the economic value obtained is low, as 85% of the production is still exported as a raw material. The remainder is exported as semi-refined materials, i.e. ATC chips and semi refined carrageenan (SRC), with very little refined carrageenan. There are no companies processing seaweed into end products where seaweed is the main raw material, such as in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. The supply chain from upstream (aquaculture) to intermediate (intermediate products) and downstream industries is not efficient in Indonesia, because almost all intermediate and downstream industries are concentrated in big cities like Jakarta and Surabaya while the bulk of the upstream industry is spread across large expanses of eastern Indonesia. As a result, the bargaining position for upstream products produced by farmers is weak. All of these problems are expected to be minimized by referring to a holistic work plan through Seaweed Innovation Clusters, enhancing communication and collaborative collaboration of Quadruple-Helix ABGC (Academic, Business, Government and Community) and other supporting elements as the main pillar of the innovation cluster. With this synergy, added value, and business continuity, the role of seaweed in raising regional competitiveness can be improved.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Study on Seaweed Industry for Strengthening Regional Competitiveness in Indonesia

The Indonesian seaweed industry is currently experiencing a paradox that comparatively superior in the view of local production but inferior in the global market. Moreover, the strategic geographical location with the longest coastline the meeting of the world's largest coral triangle is not contributing to increase the local production. This work aims to develop the landscape of study on seaweed industry using bibliometric analysis. While historical of seaweed production in Indonesia is reflected to develop the required pre-condition in strengthening seaweed-based nation competitiveness.Research shows the biological study on this field that still in prevalent attention based on 500 article and less attention on the study on the upstream. The research on carrageenan as the raw material of seaweed have been developed widely. The actor of research and regulator in Indonesia needs to recognize more upstream strategy to strengthen the capacity of each actor in the supply chain. Keywords: bibliometric, competitiveness, supply chain, seaweed, technology diffusion, upstream DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-6-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

Monitoring the COVID-19-affected Indonesian seaweed industry using remote sensing data

The Indonesian seaweed industry has rapidly expanded over the last twenty years and now contributes to the livelihoods of 267,000 coastal households. Policy makers need accurate information from which to base policy that improves the livelihoods of smallholder farmers without further straining natural resource limits. The sustained growth of the sector necessitates means for reporting and monitoring the sector, particularly in the context of COVID-19. This paper uses newly available, high resolution, high frequency satellite data from April 2017 to December 2020 to identify seaweed farming plots and to map the seasonal changes in the industry. This is overlaid with data on environmental factors, prices, and official production statistics to reveal a range of insights into the industry which are obscured by official annual data, such as the seasonality of production and the change in activity since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper evaluates the usefulness of this data for monitoring the industry and informing strategic policy decisions.

Improving Margins of the Indonesian Seaweed Supply Chain Upstream Players: The application of the Kaizen Approach

The margin obtained at the upstream in the Indonesian commercial seaweed supply chain is generally small and makes the motivation for business development low. The research aimed to identify the opportunities to overcome these problems. The research conducted with the Kaizen analysis approach that seven upstream business nodes were chosen at three locations: two Gracilaria sp. farmers and one Gracilaria sp. trader in Brebes, one Eucheumatoid farmer and one intermediary trader in Serang, also two Eucheumatoid farmers in Sumenep. The results show some inefficiency in several loci in the business lines of intermediate farmers and traders. These include a gap on moisture content (Gracilaria of 2 % and Eucheumatoid of 4 %), productivity of Gracilaria pond 0.6 t ha–1 yr–1 and its by-product is 50 %, while the productivity of Eucheumatoids was 10 %. The quality of dry Gracilaria is one grade only. All result loss of potential margin. Root problem analysis found several external factors outside the Kaizen domain and other internal aspects can be corrected through intervention. The Kaizen analysis determined some simple interventions including improvement of cultivation embankments and extension of maintenance periods, use of monofilament net to dry seaweed, optimization of cultivation spacing, and use of moisture checker.