Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey Research Articles

Multilevel modelling of the determinants of low birth weight in frontier, outermost and underdeveloped regions: Evidence from the Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (2019–2021)

BackgroundThe prevalence of low-birthweight infants is increasing in Indonesia. A low birth weight can have a negative effect on a child's development. Understanding the factors influencing low birth weight may enable preventative actions. AimTo analyse the determinant factors of low-birthweight infants in frontier, outermost and underdeveloped regions in Indonesia. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a secondary dataset from the Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey, 2019–2021. The sample included 27,678 inhabitants aged 16–64 years. The Indonesian regions of Nusa Tenggara Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Gorontalo, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Papua and Papua Barat were included. A multilevel logistic regression was conducted to determine the relationship between variables. p < 0.05 was considered to indicate significance in the fixed-effects model findings. FindingsWomen who lived in a rural area [OR 1.176, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.088–0.235] and had never used contraception (OR 1.227, 95 % CI 0.096–0.313) were more likely to have low-birthweight infants. In contrast, water resources, social assistance/welfare, maternal age and gross domestic product per capita had no significant effect on the prevalence of low-birthweight infants. Discussion and conclusionLiving in a rural area and lifetime non-use of contraception were found to be significant risk factors for low birth weight in frontier, outermost and underdeveloped regions in Indonesia. Increasing health facilities in rural areas and establishing programmes on the use of contraception may be positive strategies to reduce the prevalence of low-birthweight infants.

The Role of Root and Tuber Crops on Food Diversification Facing the Climate Change in East Java Indonesia

Root and tuber crops consisting of cassava, sweet potato, potato, taro and others root and tubers have the important roles as the source of food, nutrition and cash income for many farmers in Indonesia. These crops also as a source of carbohydrates beside rice, corn, cereals, wheat etc. Root and tuber crops are the second most important group of crop plants after the cereals. The government of Indonesia accelerate food diversification based on local food resources, especially facing the climate change. The objective of this study was to estimate the role of root and tuber crops on food diversification and to estimate the household root and tuber crops demand in East Java Indonesia. The research used SUSENAS (Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey) 2020 data with 31.990 household respondents in East Java Indonesia. Demand for food was estimated by AIDS (Almost Ideal Demand System) model. The results show that the average consumption for root and tuber crops was 0,69 kg/household/week (11,23% from carbohydrates foods), whereas rice consumption amount 4,86 kg/household/week (79,68 %), maize amount 0,25 kg/household/week (4,13%) and cereals amount 0,3 kg/household/week (4,96%). The expenditure elasticity of root and tuber crops was 1,36, while the expenditure elasticity of rice amount 0,78 (normal food), maize (1,41) and cereals (1,27). The expenditure elasticity more than 1 means that root and tuber crops as a superior food, also for maize and cereals. People no longer considers that root and tuber crops to be an inferior food. The root and tuber crops consumptions have the highest proportion after rice. It can be mean that root and tuber crops have the important role on food diversification in East Java Indonesia. Facing the climate change, root and tuber crops development be a right decision, moreover, root and tuber crops can be planted on dry land which is still widely available in Indonesia.

Demographic and economic correlates of health security in West Sumatra province - Indonesia

Objectives: Access to health insurances could indicate the degree of health security among communities. Indonesia made a commitment to attain universal health insurance coverage by the end of 2019. However, until today it has not reached the goal of 100% coverage. Therefore, there is a need to portray the demographic and economic correlates of health insurance coverage in an area to improve health security achievement. Methods: This secondary analysis was based on the 2017 Indonesian national socio-economic survey conducted in the West Sumatra province. Multivariable models using logistic regression were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) for being uninsured. Results: The results showed that health security, in terms of insurance coverage, was influenced by demographic and economic factors. Young and middle-aged individuals were more likely to be uninsured than older ones (OR = 1.49 and OR = 1.21, respectively). People from a lower educated family, or with lower consumption per capita have higher risk of being uninsured (OR = 3.00 and OR = 1.26, respectively). Conclusion: Insurance coverage was influenced by demographic and economic factors. Policymakers should consider demographic and economic factors related to the implementation of universal health coverage. Campaign about the importance of universal health coverage should reach all citizens.

Quantifying the contribution of mangroves to local fish consumption in Indonesia: a cross-sectional spatial analysis

Indonesia has lost more mangroves than any other country. The importance of mangroves for carbon storage and biodiversity is well recognised, but much less is known about what they contribute to the communities living near them who are called on to protect them. Malnutrition in Indonesia is high, with more than a third of children stunted, partly due to poor diets. Fish are nutrient-rich and are the most widely consumed animal source food in Indonesia, making the relationship between mangroves and fish consumption of great importance. Aquaculture is also tremendously important for fish production in Indonesia and has replaced large areas of mangroves over the last two decades. We performed a cross-sectional, spatial analysis in this study. We combined data on fish consumption for rural Indonesian coastal households from the Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey with spatial data on mangrove forest and aquaculture area from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry to create a cross-sectional spatial dataset. Using a mixed-effects regression model, we estimated to what extent living in proximity to different densities of mangroves and aquaculture was associated with fresh fish consumption for rural coastal households. Our sample included 6741 villages with 107 486 households in 2008. The results showed that rural coastal households residing near high-density mangroves consumed 28% (134/477) more fresh fish and other aquatic animals, and those residing near medium-density mangroves consumed 19% (90/477) more fresh fish and other aquatic animals, than coastal households who did not live near mangroves. Coastal households that lived near high-density aquaculture consumed 2% (9/536) more fresh fish, and those that lived near medium-density aquaculture consumed 1% (3/536) less, than other rural coastal households. Mangroves contribute substantially to the food security and nutrition of coastal communities in Indonesia. This finding means that the conservation of mangroves is important not only for carbon storage and biodiversity, but also for the communities living near them. Aquaculture does not appear to offer similar food security benefits. Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and Environment, United States Agency for International Development.

Estimating Household Price and Income Elasticities for Animal-Sourced Food: The Case of Bengkulu Province, Indonesia

Bengkulu is one of the provinces in Indonesia where household protein consumption is still below the national protein recommended allowance. This paper examines the effect of price, income and socio-demographic factors on household demand using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model and data from the Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) in March 2021, which includes 5,079 households. The QUADS parameters were estimated using the Iterated Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression technique with theoretical restrictions imposed. The estimated parameters from the model were utilized to derive price and income elasticities for animal-derived foods. Empirically, it was found that fish is the most elastic animal-sourced food with a demand elasticity of 4.44%, followed by beef (2.78%), milk (1.94%), poultry (1.54%), and eggs (0.82%). Fish substitutes for beef, chicken, and eggs when prices increase but is complementary to milk. Four animal-sourced food groups, namely fish, beef, milk, and poultry, are luxury items, with income elasticities of 2.57%, 2.39%, 2.22%, and 1.36%, respectively. In contrast, eggs were found to be a normal good with an income elasticity of 0.53%. Fish and beef are very elastic; thus, the government can use pricing strategies and implement policy to increase poultry and eggs production so that daily protein requirements of 57 grams per capita per day are reached in Bengkulu province.

Strengths and limitations of relative wealth indices derived from big data in Indonesia.

Accurate relative wealth estimates in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICS) are crucial to help policymakers address socio-demographic inequalities under the guidance of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations. Survey-based approaches have traditionally been employed to collect highly granular data about income, consumption, or household material goods to create index-based poverty estimates. However, these methods are only capture persons in households (i.e., in the household sample framework) and they do not include migrant populations or unhoused citizens. Novel approaches combining frontier data, computer vision, and machine learning have been proposed to complement these existing approaches. However, the strengths and limitations of these big-data-derived indices have yet to be sufficiently studied. In this paper, we focus on the case of Indonesia and examine one frontier-data derived Relative Wealth Index (RWI), created by the Facebook Data for Good initiative, that utilizes connectivity data from the Facebook Platform and satellite imagery data to produce a high-resolution estimate of relative wealth for 135 countries. We examine it concerning asset-based relative wealth indices estimated from existing high-quality national-level traditional survey instruments, the USAID-developed Demographic Health Survey (DHS), and the Indonesian National Socio-economic survey (SUSENAS). In this work, we aim to understand how the frontier-data derived index can be used to inform anti-poverty programs in Indonesia and the Asia Pacific region. First, we unveil key features that affect the comparison between the traditional and non-traditional sources, such as the publishing time and authority and the granularity of the spatial aggregation of the data. Second, to provide operational input, we hypothesize how a re-distribution of resources based on the RWI map would impact a current social program, the Social Protection Card (KPS) of Indonesia and assess impact. In this hypothetical scenario, we estimate the percentage of Indonesians eligible for the program, which would have been incorrectly excluded from a social protection payment had the RWI been used in place of the survey-based wealth index. The exclusion error in that case would be 32.82%. Within the context of the KPS program targeting, we noted significant differences between the RWI map's predictions and the SUSENAS ground truth index estimates.

CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG POOR WOMEN IN INDONESIA: A COMMUNITY-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Government funding for contraceptive services is decreasing, which results in increasingly limited community access to contraception, especially to the poor. The aim of this study is to determine contraceptive use and assess its association with sociodemographic factors, socioeconomic status, the source of obtaining contraception and type of contraception among poor women in Indonesia. This study is a cross-sectional study using the 2017 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey. The sample in this study was women who had been married aged 15-49 years in urban and rural communities. The total sample is 20,642 women. Socioeconomic status is measured based on the international poverty line (IPL) set by the World Bank, which is US$ 1.9/day/capita in purchasing power parity (PPP). CPR in poor women was 52.5%. They prefer to use short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARCs) rather than long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). The use of SARCs in urban areas was 76.0% and in rural areas was 78.3%. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis found a significant positive relationship between socioeconomic status and contraceptive use with modern methods among urban and rural communities with OR = 0.92 (0.85-0.99). A significant positive relationship was also found between working poor women and the use of contraception with the modern method in urban communities with OR = 1.14 (1.01-1.28). It is necessary to increase funding for contraception by the government and to socialize the use of LARCs so that birth control can be realized in poor women

Imputation for sub-sampling in Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey

Collecting consumption and expenditure data might result in some measurement problems, such as potential recall bias. In addition, the respondent burden is another issue as a consequence of the interview lasting for hours. Consumption and expenditure data in Indonesia is collected through the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). Indonesia is a country with many factors that can influence how long an interview may take, especially when collecting consumption and expenditure data, so deliberate sub-sampling and imputation need to be considered. The focus of this study is to look at the possibility of using sub-sampling of expenditure data and imputing the deliberately missing data using a standard method of missing data imputation (mice), a multilevel approach (jomo), and two machine learning approaches (missRanger and miceRanger). The results show that only mice with reasonable imputation results, in particular when breaking down by some categories. Although missRanger is the fastest, it has a large bias compared to the actual data.

“Poor but Happy”: Life Struggle and the Meaning of Happiness among the Poor in Yogyakarta

Results from the 2019 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey showed that the poverty rate in the Special Region of Yogyakarta was 11.44 %, higher by 2.22% than the 9.22% national average. However, the National Human Happiness Index in 2014 and 2017 showed that the residents were among the top ranks. This study aims to describe the poor empirically and the meaning of happiness for them. The argument is that the poor perceive themselves as happy for different reasons. This research applies a qualitative-narrative approach to answer two questions: ‘how is your life currently?’ and ‘how do you deal with poverty?’ to reveal the relationship between poverty and happiness. The results showed that the respondents were not happy living in poverty but were content with their lives for reasons attributable to the belief system and local culture. In the Javanese language, this attitude is called ‘nerimo’, which translates into ‘accepting the situation’. They practice this to improve their psychological well-being.

Family Vulnerability and Children’ Nutritional Status during COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: COVID-19 infected millions of people and became the main mortality worldwide. COVID-19 also affected other health problems, including nutritional problems. This study aimed to find the factors that affected the nutritional and socio-economic status during the COVID-19 pandemic in a neighborhood of DKI Jakarta.Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional design. Total sampling method on all families who had children in the 9th Neighborhood, Cawang Sub-District, DKI Jakarta was used. A total of 72 families were involved in this study, and the informants of this study were mothers of under five children. This study utilized a modified questionnaire from the Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and the Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (SSGI). This study utilized bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results: From all of 72 families with children, it was found that eight children were wasting. The Job-Loss (PHK) has an OR of 37.8 (95%CI: 5.87-748.53; p=0.001), while below poverty line had an OR of 14.24 (95%CI: 3.55-170.35; p=0.004) to be wasted. The multivariate analysis had included covariates such as parental occupation, parental education, and antenatal care (ANC). Job-Loss and Below Poverty Line were the main factors in increasing the risk of malnutrition cases after controlled by covariates. Conclusion: The decrease in socio-economic status of a family during the pandemic, increased the risk of wasted children. Improvements in policy interventions and socio-economic aids are necessary to improve the nutritional status of under five children in the lower-middle class during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The impact of national health insurance on the access of maternal care service for women in Indonesia

Background and purpose: The government of Indonesia has established national health insurance or Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) since 2014 to meet the basic needs of appropriate public health, including women. However, maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is recorded to be higher than peers and decreases slowly. This paper aims to elaborate the impact of the national health insurance on the access to maternal care and services for women in Indonesia. Methods: This paper employs a secondary data analysis by using Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) 2017 and applies propensity score matching methods. Within the sample, a treatment group is a group of women who are registered in the JKN, including the PBI and non-PBI participants, while the control group is a group of women who are not registered in the JKN, women who have other insurances and those who do not have any insurance. The total sample of the treatment group is 18,886 and the control group is 19,559 participants. There are two outcome variables in the analysis which reflect the access of health care and health services, which are child-birth service facility (CBSF) and Birth Attendant (BA), respectively. Results: The result shows that women who are the member of the JKN have greater probability in accessing formal health care and services during the maternity process. They tend to deliver babies in hospital and get helped by medical personnel. Moreover, by comparing the impact of the JKN in the rural and urban areas, the result shows that the probability of women in rural area to access health care and services is higher than women in cities. Conclusion: Based on these results, we can conclude that the JKN has improved the access for health care as well as medical services for maternity, in both rural and urban areas. However, the JKN program improvements are still needed, particularly in ameliorating the quality of JKN program, as well as expanding the number of participants to achieve a higher impact.

Analisis kemiskinan pada rumah tangga di Jawa Timur melalui pendekatan multidimensi dan moneter

The first goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to eradicate poverty in quantity and reduce poverty in various forms. The problem of poverty is often seen as a unidimensional problem. However, the measurement of poverty which uses only a monetary point of view is not enough to explain the deprivation experienced by the poor. Using the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas), this study analyzes the effect of household socioeconomic characteristics on multidimensional poverty status. Socioeconomic factors do not always have the same effect on multidimensional poverty or monetary poverty. The status of formal workers is only significant in monetary poverty. Regional topography has a strong influence on multidimensional poverty alone. Non-formal credit only affects monetary poverty and its direction is positive, whereas the distance to a public health centre (Puskesmas) only affects households that experience poverty and multidimensional poverty. Government efforts in reducing poverty may include re-promotion of family planning programs, expansion of Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) services for households with disabilities, promotion of non-formal education programs in pursuit of education equivalency programmes (Kejar Paket A/B/C), as well as improvement of financial access to the community, especially to the poor through formal institutions, asphalt village road infrastructure, and improved health services in Puskesmas dan hospitalization facilities

FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN OF PRODUCTIVE AGE IN INDONESIA

Indonesia is facing a serious health issue as the total fertility rate (TFR) has significantly increased in the period of 2000-2017. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) is stagnant in the same period. This study aims to assess the use of contraception in reproductive age-married women in Indonesia focusing on Contraceptive Use Mix (CUM) and other related factors. This cross-sectional study used raw data from the Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (INSES). The sample was 15-49 years married women with contraceptive use in 34 provinces in Indonesia. Total sample were 19,991 women. The results show that modern contraceptive use was 97.2% as opposed to traditional methods (2.8%). The Short-Acting Reversible Contraceptive (SARC) preferred was injectable methods (55.2%) and pills (21.0%). Factors influenced the use of modern contraceptive use was the number of children with OR = 1.864 (50%CI: 1.534-2.266). This research argues that contraceptive use among married women of productive age is still low in Indonesia, especially rural areas. Therefore, government must increase contraceptive financing and the village midwife program.

The impact of national health insurance on the access of maternal care service for women in Indonesia

Background and purpose: The government of Indonesia has established national health insurance or Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) since 2014 to meet the basic needs of appropriate public health, including women. However, maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is recorded to be higher than peers and decreases slowly. This paper aims to elaborate the impact of the national health insurance on the access to maternal care and services for women in Indonesia.Methods: This paper employs a secondary data analysis by using Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) 2017 and applies propensity score matching methods. Within the sample, a treatment group is a group of women who are registered in the JKN, including the PBI and non-PBI participants, while the control group is a group of women who are not registered in the JKN, women who have other insurances and those who do not have any insurance. The total sample of the treatment group is 18,886 and the control group is 19,559 participants. There are two outcome variables in the analysis which reflect the access of health care and health services, which are child-birth service facility (CBSF) and Birth Attendant (BA), respectively.Results: The result shows that women who are the member of the JKN have greater probability in accessing formal health care and services during the maternity process. They tend to deliver babies in hospital and get helped by medical personnel. Moreover, by comparing the impact of the JKN in the rural and urban areas, the result shows that the probability of women in rural area to access health care and services is higher than women in cities.Conclusion: Based on these results, we can conclude that the JKN has improved the access for health care as well as medical services for maternity, in both rural and urban areas. However, the JKN program improvements are still needed, particularly in ameliorating the quality of JKN program, as well as expanding the number of participants to achieve a higher impact.

Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

The yearly financing need of providing paid maternity leave in the informal sector in Indonesia

BackgroundThe economic cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia is estimated at US$1.5–9.4 billion annually, the highest in South East Asia. Half of the 33.6 million working women of reproductive age (WRA) in Indonesia (15–49 years) are informal employees, meaning they are working as casual workers or they are self-employed (small scale business) and assisted by unpaid/family worker(s). No specific maternity protection entitlements are currently available for WRA working informally in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the financing need of providing maternity leave cash transfer (MCT) for WRA working in the informal sector in Indonesia.MethodThe costing methodology used is the adapted version of the World Bank methodology by Vilar-Compte et al, following pre-set steps to estimate costs using national secondary data. We used the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey to estimate the number of women working informally who gave birth within the last year. The population covered, potential cash transfer’s unitary cost, the incremental coverage of the policy in terms of time and coverage, and the administrative costs were used to estimate the cost of MCT for the informal sector.ResultAt 100% coverage for 13 weeks of leave, the yearly financing need of MCT ranged from US$175million (US$152/woman) to US$669million (US$583/woman). The share of the yearly financing need did not exceed 0.5% of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP).ConclusionsThe yearly financing need of providing MCT for eligible WRA working in the informal sector is economically attractive as it amounts to less than 0.5% of GDP nominal of Indonesia. While such a program would be perceived as a marked increase from current public health spending at the onset, such an investment could substantially contribute to the success of breastfeeding and substantial corresponding public health savings given that more than half of working Indonesian WRA are employed in the informal sector. Such policies should be further explored while taking into consideration realistic budget constraints and implementation capacity.

Encouraging Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities in Indonesia: The United Nations’ ‘Leave No One Behind’ Promise

The various stigmas surrounding People with Disabilities (PWDs) make it difficult for them to find employment. Therefore, entrepreneurship is a way for PWDs to carry out economic activities. This study aims to analyze the employment conditions, the importance of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial conditions carried out by PWDs in Indonesia. The source of data for this study is the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). The analysis techniques for this study include cross-tabulation, Pearson’s chi-square, and Likelihood Ratio (LR) for statistical tests. The results show that PWDs face major obstacles with participating in employment, with Women with Disabilities (WWDs) facing even more significant obstacles than Men with Disabilities (MWDs). Most PWDs, both men and women, have equal chances of becoming entrepreneurs. The vital role of entrepreneurship is also shown by the nature of entrepreneurship, as an independent effort that unnecessarily depends much on other parties so that PWDs have extra opportunities. The majority of PWDs who become entrepreneurs, with low education levels, live in rural areas and work in the agricultural sector, indicating that their businesses are small scale. Small companies tend to be vulnerable to competition, so that at any time, PWDs have the risk of losing their businesses.

Perceived need and utilization of dental health care services in Indonesia: A secondary analysis using the national socioeconomic data

Background: Perceived needs and utilization of oral health services are important to ensure improvements in oral health outcomes and to allocate resources for the continuous provision of the services. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the perceived needs and utilization of oral health services in Indonesia. Methods: Secondary data from the 2013 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (n = 260,925) was used. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were employed to describe the relationship between perceived needs and utilization of oral health services. Results: The proportions of Indonesians who had a perceived need for oral health services and utilized the services in 2013 were 1.64% and 2.30%, respectively. A higher probability of perceived need and utilization of dental health care services was observed in the respondents who wereold, females, unmarried, and living in rural areas and in those who had a higher level of education and health insurance. Conclusion: The proportions of individuals who presented with perceived needs and utilization of dental health care services were low and were associated with age, gender, marital status, geographic location, level of education, and insurance status. Appropriate strategies and policies are warranted to improve oral health in Indonesia.

Animal Food Demand in Indonesia: A Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System Approach

This research aims to analyze the impact of the price change, the income, and the household size on the demand for five commodity groups, i.e. eggs, chicken, beef, fish and powder milk. The data utilized in this study is based on the Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey 2016. There are 291,414 data of households in Indonesia which was analyzed by Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. The result shows that all of the price elasticity was negative and the income elasticity was positive. The effect of income causes the demand for animal foods in Indonesia to be more elastic rather than other commodities with the highest demand of elasticity, i.e. beef, powder milk, fish, meat and eggs by 2.19%, 1.96%, 1.53%, 1.43%, and 0.53% respectively. The beef has the most sensitive effect to changes the income. Therefore, the government requires maintaining the stability of beef prices to increase beef consumption in Indonesia.

Animal Food Demand in Indonesia: A Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System Approach

This research aims to analyze the impact of the price change, the income, and the household size on the demand for five commodity groups, i.e. eggs, chicken, beef, fish and powder milk. The data utilized in this study is based on the Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey 2016. There are 291,414 data of households in Indonesia which was analyzed by Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. The result shows that all of the price elasticity was negative and the income elasticity was positive. The effect of income causes the demand for animal foods in Indonesia to be more elastic rather than other commodities with the highest demand of elasticity, i.e. beef, powder milk, fish, meat and eggs by 2.19%, 1.96%, 1.53%, 1.43%, and 0.53% respectively. The beef has the most sensitive effect to changes the income. Therefore, the government requires maintaining the stability of beef prices to increase beef consumption in Indonesia.