Indonesian Grid Research Articles

Development of Electric Vehicle Charging Tariff Strategy for Indonesian Grid Authority With Real-Time Elasticity Pricing

Development of Electric Vehicle Charging Tariff Strategy for Indonesian Grid Authority With Real-Time Elasticity Pricing

Additional functions of Electric Vehicle on grid as storage support system

Indonesian grid electricity can be better with the contribution of electric vehicles (EV). EVs have electrical energy storage, which can store a load or electrical energy in a certain amount. EV already has a good charging system and charging type that requires a short amount of time. The vehicle to grid (V2G) charging system allows EV to be able to charge the battery as usual, and channel the energy in the EV battery to grid. The electricity grid has a system to keep the frequency at a nominal 50 Hz. EV functions in harmony with the connected reserve used in primary frequency regulation. Primary frequency regulation will be active with a frequency of ± 0.06% of the nominal frequency used. Utilization of EV can be used for load levelling in West Java grid load. Load levelling and peak cut threshold with the conditions made to get the smallest calculation amounted to 37.82MWh and 3182.30MW, with these two calculations EV has good potential to help the network.

Greenhouse gas mitigation and rural electricity generation by a novel two-stroke biogas engine

Small-scale anaerobic digestion of wet organic wastes can make positive contributions to climate mitigation, energy security and nutrient cycling in agri-food systems. However, the environmental sustainability of small-scale anaerobic digestion is undermined where lack of capacity to utilize the biogas fuel results in biomethane venting to the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Policy support for improved manure management in Bali, Indonesia, has resulted in the installation of small (6 m3) anaerobic digesters across 752 Bali cattle breeding units. These 752 remote rural digesters annually vent approximately 75 482 ± 37 741 m3 of biomethane into the atmosphere as a waste, owing to lack of practical means to convert this potential fuel into useful energy. Meanwhile, most of these cattle farms lack access to electricity. This paper describes the performance of a novel, compact and versatile “BioMiniGen” system that provides convenient electricity generation from small-scale biogas production. This innovative system comprises: (i) a simple biogas desulfurizing system; (ii) a two-stroke, single cylinder (63 cc) air-cooled engine; (iii) an electric generator; (iv) an optional CO2 removal unit. Lifecycle assessment indicated that bioelectricity generated by the BioMiniGen would have a smaller environmental footprint than Indonesian grid electricity across 11 impact categories, including a negative global warming burden owing to avoidance of biogas venting. Trade-offs included a larger abiotic depletion burden associated with manufacture of the generators. Over a five-year lifetime, each unit, costing US$500, could generate up to 5971 kWh of electricity and mitigate up to 65.1 Mg CO2 eq., with a greenhouse gas abatement value up to US$13023. Across Bali, up to 898 ± 449 MWh yr−1 bioelectricity could be generated, and 1.92 ± 0.96 Gg CO2 eq. saved. Further pilot trials are needed to ascertain realistic biogas yields from cleaned digesters managed for bioenergy generation alongside manure management. BioMiniGen technology could make an important contribution to energy security for the 1.4 billion people globally who lack access to electricity.

Enabling resilient wide‐area POD at BESS in Java, Indonesia 500 kV power grid

The future Indonesian power grid will have significant REGs, especially in Java Island. Wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) will be the dominating technologies in future Indonesian grid. Although REG can provide clean and sustainable energy, they also cause undesirable effects on system stability due to the uncertainty in their output and different dynamic characteristics. Battery energy storage system (BESS) has been considered as the promising candidate to manage the intermittency and low inertia associated with wind and PV in many future power systems. In addition to the normal functionality, the resilient wide-area power oscillation damping (POD) can be implemented in the BESS to damp the low-frequency oscillation in the system. This research proposes a method to design a resilient wide-area POD in BESS. A grey wolf optimiser (GWO) has been used to synthesise the resilient wide-area POD. The representative dynamic model of Java–Indonesian power system is used to evaluate the performance of the GWO-based resilient wide area POD. From the results, it is evident that the implementation of the proposed controller at BESS successfully damped the critical mode of the system. It is also observed that the proposed controller is robust against the failure of the input signal.

Resilient wide‐area multi‐mode controller design based on Bat algorithm for power systems with renewable power generation and battery energy storage systems

Modern power systems consist of power electronics devices, which are used in renewable energy (RE) conversion. However, these devices, associated controllers, and uncertainty in RE output could bring new challenges to power system stability, especially oscillatory stability. Hence, the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is being developed to minimise the uncertainty and variability in renewables. Furthermore, to tackle the complex dynamics and inertia-less characteristics of wind and PV plants additional controllers such as power oscillation damping (POD) control and virtual inertia scheme are sought. However, the primary challenges associated with the wide-area oscillation damping controller are signal transmission delay, loss of communication signal, data drops, and others. This paper proposes a bat algorithm (BA) based resilient wide-area multi-mode controller (MMC) for enhancing oscillatory stability margin with high penetration of renewable power generations (RPGs) and BESSs. The Java 500 kV Indonesian grid is used to evaluate the performance of the resilient wide-area MMC. From the results, it is found that the proposed controller effectively damp the critical mode of oscillation in the system even under communication failure as well as certain damping controller failures.

The future of electric vehicles to grid integration in Indonesia

The increasing market share of electric vehicles (EVs) shows a global concern for the climate change. Several policies have been introduced by the government to push EVs development and deployment, such as conventional car purchase restrictions in large cities and subsidies for domestically produced EVs and plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, the stress to electrical grid becomes a problem when a high penetration of EVs charging demand is occurred. In Indonesian case, as the current capability of the grid to balance its supply and demand is very limited, massive EV charging additionally worsen the condition because of lack of energy storage. Ancillary services of EVs have led to the idea to utilize EVs for supporting the grid, especially as the number of EVs is increasing. The feasibility of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) in Indonesian electrical grid is evaluated in this study. The load levelling and frequency regulation have been focusely observed. The impacts of EVs adoption and V2G participation rates, which are motivated by some incentive from transmission service operator (TSO), are also analyzed. The results show that the power absorbed and released by EVs following their charging and discharging is feasible to support the Indonesian grid if EVs are properly controlled.

Power system decarbonisation with Global Energy Interconnection – a case study on the economic viability of international transmission network in Australasia

The electric energy system in Indonesia is undergoing with the challenges of fast-increasing electricity demand, carbon constraints, and rising costs. Using our model of the Australian and Indonesian electrical grids (either separately or interconnected) that incorporates operational flexibility in capacity expansion planning, we first show that meeting the projected demand for Java and Bali—the main Indonesian grid, with 100% locally integrated renewables by 2050 would be challenging. However, a submarine high-voltage DC (HVDC) link connecting Indonesia’s Java-Bali power grid to the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) grid through the Northern Territory would help alleviate this situation, given Australia’s abundant renewable energy resources. Then, our model reveals that the Australian NEM could also profit from additional renewables if connected to the Northern Territory through a ground HVDC transmission line to gather intermittent wind and solar generation, which would be curtailed otherwise if unused by Indonesia through the submarine link. Despite the expensiveness of long HVDC links, the wholesale electricity cost of the integrated 100% renewable Australasia power system could be reduced by over 16%, from $AUD177/MWh with only local renewables to $AUD148/MWh with integrated HVDC transmission. The model retrieved the optimal international HVDC link with capacity of 43.8 GW, and the optimal regional HVDC transmission line with a capacity of 5.5 GW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed model on power system decarbonisation planning for both Australian NEM and Indonesian Java-Bali power grid considering HVDC interconnections.