Indonesian Family Research Articles

Sharenting Ethics in Indonesian Family Communication Through Cultural Values of Digital Parenting

This research examines the phenomenon of sharenting (sharing-parenting) in the Indonesian cultural context, focusing on how traditional values influence digital parenting practices. This research uses a comprehensive literature study methodology to analyse the intersection between local wisdom and digital communication ethics in care. This study reveals that Indonesian parents practice sharenting through three main cultural pillars: harmony, unggah ungguh, and tepo seliro. These values significantly shape how information about children is shared on social media, creating patterns that differ from Western individualistic approaches. The findings show that parenting practices in Indonesia's digital era are firmly rooted in collective cultural values, where sharing information about children is not simply seen as personal documentation but as part of communal responsibility. This research identifies unique challenges in balancing traditional values with digital privacy concerns, especially in how Indonesian parents interpret and implement privacy boundaries within their collective cultural framework. This study contributes to developing a culturally sensitive ethical framework for digital parenting in Indonesia, emphasizing a balance between traditional values and modern digital practices. Findings suggest practical sharing guidelines in Indonesia must integrate collective cultural values while addressing contemporary digital privacy concerns. Furthermore, this research proposes practical recommendations for implementing culturally appropriate digital literacy programs and developing policies that protect children's interests while respecting traditional family values.

Recurrent Flooding and Household Food Access in Central Java, Indonesia.

It is unknown how recurring flooding impacts household diet in Central Java. We aimed to assess how recurrent flooding influenced household food access over 22 years in Central Java by linking the Global Surface Water dataset (GSW) to the Indonesian Family Life Survey. We examined linear and nonlinear relationships and joint effects with indicators of adaptive capacity. We measured recurrent flooding as the fraction of district raster cells with episodic flooding from 1984-2015 using GSW. Food access outcomes were household food expenditure share (FES) and dietary diversity score (DDS). We fit generalized linear mixed models and random forest regression models. We detected joint effects with flooding and adaptive capacity. Wealth and access to credit were associated with improved FES and DDS. The effect of wealth on FES was stronger in households in more flood-affected districts, while access to credit was associated with reduced odds of DDS in more flood-affected districts. Flooding had more predictive importance for FES than for DDS. Access to credit, a factor that ordinarily improves food access, may not be effective in flood-prone areas. Wealthier households may be better able to adapt in terms of food access. Future research should incorporate land use data to understand how different locales are affected and further understand the complexity of these relationships.

The Relationship between Covid-19 and Consumption Patterns of Poor Households

Objective: This research aims to analyze the relationship between Covid-19 and Consumption Patterns of Poor Households. The phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic has caused various social and economic changes. Changes in behaviour and preferences are an important part of the research by emphasizing the analysis of changes in expenditure during the Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid-19. Method:This research is in the form of quantitative descriptive, the type of data used by researchers is primary data using a questionnaire that refers to the IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) questionnaire. Primary data includes questionnaires and poor people during and postpandemic in 2019 and 2022 in rural and urban areas. The research area includes several village comparisons of Bandar Lampung City, South Lampung Regency, and Pringsewu Regency. The multiple linear methods are performed with the t-test in pairs using the statistical tool Stata. Results: The results of the study concluded that in the different tests there was no difference in food expenditure during the Covid-19 and post-Covid-19 period, between urban and rural areas, because of the tendency to have both low food expenditures during the pandemic and increase in post- pandemic. The food consumption patterns of the two regions still tend to buy the same staples. There is a difference in non- food expenditures during the rural Covid-19 period is higher because health and urban costs are lower, in the post-Covid-19 rural areas are lower and urban areas are higher. Conclusion and suggestions: The advice to the government, as cases of the Covid-19 pandemic, rise again, is to focus on providing free health services to the poor, because the expenditure on health services is quite large during the covid-19 pandemic. The government is also expected to be able to provide prolonged food staples to poor households plus complementary ingredients such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, and foods with high nutrition and protein.

Dementia knowledge of family caregivers in Indonesia: A cross-sectional survey study.

As the population ages, the prevalence of dementia in Indonesia is rapidly increasing. In Indonesia, dementia care is primarily provided by informal or family caregivers. However, there is limited information about these caregivers' understanding of dementia and the factors that may influence their knowledge. Given that family members are the primary source of dementia care in Indonesia, it is essential to understand their knowledge and identify any gaps to inform future educational interventions. To explore the knowledge of dementia among Indonesian family caregivers and identify the sociodemographic factors associated with dementia knowledge. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2022 with 200 family caregivers who were members of Alzheimer's Indonesia (ALZI) support groups. These caregivers received invitations via ALZI to complete a translated version of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS-I). Independent t-tests and ANOVAs were used to examine differences in dementia knowledge across various subgroups, such as gender, education, and age. Seventy-six family caregivers completed the DKAS-I (38% response rate). Respondents had an average age of 49 years, were mostly female, and the majority were children of people with dementia. Over two-thirds of the DKAS-I items were answered correctly by family caregivers, with the 'care considerations' domain scoring the highest. Age, relationship to the person with dementia (being a child), and prior dementia education were significantly correlated with higher dementia knowledge in our sample. Family caregivers of people living with dementia across 10 Indonesian provinces who were members of dementia support groups demonstrated moderate dementia knowledge. Targeted education is needed to address gaps in knowledge about communication and behavioural changes in people with dementia and other areas related to quality of care. There is an opportunity for gerontological nurses with specialised dementia knowledge to lead educational initiatives for family caregivers to enhance their capacity. Future research should also investigate the dementia knowledge of caregivers in the general population, who may be older and less educated compared to the participants in this study.

Family Farm Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Case Studies on Organic and Conventional Farming

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought additional stressors to Indonesian family farms, which are already subject to drought, flood, landslide, pest attack, and market price fluctuations. This study aims to analyse family farms’ resilience to the stressors caused by the COVID-19 pandemic using Henry’s family resilience model. Applying a qualitative approach, this study collected data using focus group discussions in two villages in East Java and a village in Center Java. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. We discovered that stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic are lower demand on agricultural products and lower income among farmers. Organic and conventional farmers have different protection and vulnerability factors. Organic farmers are able to reach buyers directly using social media amid COVID-19 restrictions while conventional farmers still rely on sales through middlemen. The adaptive process of farming families is influenced by social psychological factors within the family such as meaning, emotion, control, and maintenance systems. This study suggests that family farmers have to be empowered in terms of their innovative production in current stressors and increase their access to the market as a priority for agricultural extension programmes.

Mechanisms linking prenatal environment and linear growth: the case of Ramadan during pregnancy.

Despite established links between prenatal nutritional deprivation and impaired offspring growth, the underlying dynamics and potential moderators remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the dynamics underlying Ramadan during pregnancy and its associations with children's linear growth, using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993 - 2015). We exploit Ramadan during pregnancy as a natural experiment, separating exposure from maternal background characteristics and season of birth effects. Employing OLS and logistic regressions, we explore two key mechanisms predicted by medical theory. First, the realization of health impairments in response to prenatal shocks is influenced by postnatal circumstances. Our results reveal significant growth impairments primarily in children raised under poor sanitary conditions, which is a risk factor for diminished linear growth by itself. Secondly, we assess whether prenatal Ramadan prompts epigenetic shifts towards earlier reproductive activity, potentially at the expense of height growth. Our data shows that prenatally exposed women tend to have their first childbirth at a younger age, though menarche onset remains unaffected. These results suggest that postnatal environments play a crucial role in mitigating sensitivity to prenatal shocks, highlighting the critical need for favorable living conditions for all children.

SELF-DISCLOSURE TECHNIQUES TO INCREASE SELF-CONFIDENCE IN WOMEN WITH HIV/AIDS

This research is entitled Individual Counseling Using Self-Disclosure Techniques to Increase Self-Confidence in Women Suffering from HIV/AIDS (Case Study on "M" at the Indonesian Family Planning Association, South Sumatra). The background to this research is based on problems that occur with clients where clients experience a sense of lack of self-confidence as a person with B20. This research aims to determine individual counseling using Self Disclosure techniques to increase self-confidence. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach using field research. The data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation methods. Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques used are pattern matching, data explanation and time series analysis. The results of this research show that there are two factors that influence client M's self-confidence, namely internal and external factors. After using the Self Disclosure technique, there appeared to be a change where client M had experienced changes in increasing his self-confidence.

Theft in the Family Context: An Analysis of Article 367 of the Criminal Code and its Application in Indonesia

This study aims to explore the regulation and implementation of family criminal law regarding theft cases within a family context from the perspectives of Indonesia Criminal Codes (KUHP) and the theory of jarimah of the Islamic criminal law. By employing a descriptive qualitative method with a literature review approach, the research analyzes legal sources and relevant literature. The findings reveal that theft is generally regarded as a common crime. However, in specific contexts, such as theft occurring within a family setting, special provisions outlined in Article 367 of the KUHP. This article classifies family theft as a complaint offense (klacht delict), meaning it can only be prosecuted if there is a complaint from the aggrieved party. The study underscores the importance of thoroughly understanding the characteristics of family theft and its implications for the criminal justice system. It also highlights the need for further evaluation of the effectiveness and application of this law in the Indonesian family context, incorporating insights from the theory of jarimah in Islamic criminal law.

Factors Associated with Health-Seeking Behavior in Indonesia: Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014

Background and Objectives: Health-seeking behavior is a critical determinant of health outcomes, particularly in countries like Indonesia. Given the increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases, understanding the factors that influence health-seeking behavior in this context is essential for developing more accessible and effective public health strategies. This study aimed to identify various factors associated with health-seeking behavior among patients with chronic diseases across Indonesia, especially in formal facilities. Materials and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional research design, utilizing Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS)-5 data. The inclusion criteria included respondents aged 20–74 years old with at least one chronic disease based on self-reported data. Respondents who did not receive treatment, practiced self-medication, or provided incomplete data were excluded. We used multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with health-seeking behavior in formal facilities. Results: The results revealed that 80.7% (n = 1993) of the 2471 respondents sought treatment in formal facilities, whereas 19.3% (n = 478) opted for informal facilities. Respondents who were Bugis (OR 9.187, 95% CI 2.182–38.683; p = 0.002), retired (OR 2.966, 95% CI 1.233–7.135; p = 0.015), did not smoke (OR 1.604, 95% CI 1.126–2.285; p = 0.009), made less than IDR 1,500,000 a month (OR 1.466, 95% CI 1.174–1.831; p = 0.000), had to travel more than 3 km to reach a treatment facility (OR 1.847, 95% CI 1.41–2.42; p = 0.000), or had more than one comorbidity (OR 1.396, 95% CI; p = 0.01) were more likely to seek treatment at formal facilities. Conclusions: These findings are expected to provide recommendations for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers to contribute to the development of targeted interventions that can improve healthcare access and utilization, ultimately enhancing health outcomes and equity in Indonesia.

A growth curve model to estimate longitudinal effects of parental BMI on Indonesian children's growth patterns.

The global surge in childhood obesity is also evident in Indonesia. Parental body mass index (BMI) values were found to be one of the major determinants of the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. It is uncertain if parental BMI during their offspring's childhood significantly affects their children's BMI trajectories into adulthood. We aimed to investigate the influence of parental BMI Z-scores on BMI trajectories of Indonesian school-aged children, with a focus on sex-specific effects. This study utilized data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey and tracked the same respondents over four time points, from wave 2 (1997-1998) to wave 5 (2014-2015). The sample of this study consisted of children aged 5-12 years in wave 2 for whom height and weight data were available. We utilized a two-level growth curve model to account for the hierarchical structure of the data, with time nested within individual children. Fathers' BMI Z-scores in wave 2 had a pronounced influence (β = 0.31) on female children's BMI Z-scores compared to the influence of mothers' BMI Z-scores (β = 0.17). Mothers' BMI Z-scores in wave 2 showed a stronger positive association with male children's BMI Z-scores (β = 0.22) than did the father's BMI Z-scores (β = 0.19). A significant interaction of fathers' BMI Z-scores and years of follow-up was found for male children. As male children's BMI Z-scores increased by year, this effect was stronger in those whose fathers' BMI Z-scores were at a higher level. In conclusion, we found that parental BMI values profoundly influenced their children's BMI trajectories.

An Application of the Dagum Type III Model to Measure Household Net Wealth Inequality in Indonesia

Abstract This paper applies the Dagum Type III model to measure household net wealth inequality in Indonesia utilising data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 1993–2014. The results are the distribution of household net wealth in Indonesia is right-skewed, with long-and sparse-hand tails that reflect a large proportion of households that have very low net wealth and a small proportion of households that have very high net wealth. Further, the inequality of household net wealth in Indonesia declined, as shown by the decrease in the Gini coefficient.

Work hours and the risk of hypertension: the case of Indonesia

BackgroundIndividuals working excessive hours is a worldwide phenomenon. In Indonesia, over 32 million people work more than 40 h per week, contributing to around 26% of the workforce. Excessive working may affect health, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Hypertension affected around 34% of Indonesian adults, approximately 63.3 million people and led to about 427,000 deaths in 2018, and the prevalence remains high at 29.2% in 2023. This study aims to analyze the relationship between work hours and the risk of hypertension among working individuals in Indonesia.MethodsThis study used a pooled cross-sectional data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 4 (2007) and wave 5 (2014) and performed a logit regression analysis to examine the likelihood of a working individual having hypertension based on the individual’s work hours. A dummy variable of hypertension is created based on the result of blood pressure measurement. The sample consists of 22,500 working individuals in Indonesia. This study controlled for job characteristics, sociodemographic status and health-behavioral risk factors such as BMI and smoking behavior, and performed additional regression analyses for alternative models to check for robustness.ResultsOur findings showed that there is a higher probability of having hypertension for workers who work longer hours by 0.06% points for each additional hour of work (p < 0.01). Other factors such as physical activity and smoking behavior have also been demonstrated to be significantly correlated to the risk of hypertension.ConclusionsThis study revealed a positive relationship between work hours and hypertension. Although this study cannot suggest causality, the strongly significant correlation may provide an idea and an overview regarding the risk of hypertension among working individuals in Indonesia. The Indonesian government could consider conducting further studies to implement and promote flexible working arrangements initiatives and incentive programs to improve workers’ health outcomes.

Does conditional cash transfer deliver? The Indonesian evidence on PKH

Social protection programs aim to secure individuals’ incomes from socioeconomic shocks and provide access to social services for developing human capital and alleviating poverty. In Indonesia, the Family Hope Program (PKH – Program Keluarga Harapan) is a social protection program that focuses on human capital development that requires children’s school enrollment and mothers and toddlers’ health as the conditions of cash transfers. This study seeks to analyze the effects of the PKH program on consumption expenditure, children’s educational attainment, and prenatal visits in Indonesia. We use the 2007 and 2014 IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) survey data analyzed by the difference-in-difference (DID) method. The results demonstrate that PKH has a significantly positive effect on food consumption expenditure. However, PKH has insignificantly negative effects on children’s educational attainment and prenatal visits. The results suggest that the government monitors and ensures that the targeted recipients receive the program’s benefits. As such, the government can enhance the recipients’ awareness of the program’s benefits and ensure the equal availability of supporting infrastructure that enables households to utilize education and health facilities optimally.

Incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

Introduction: NCDs were known of causing 74% of deaths worldwide, and 77% of all these deaths are in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of NCD in Indonesia has increased over the past five years as it has in the majority of other Low Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in the Asia Pacific area. The objective of this study is to examine the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in urban and rural areas. Methodology: This study used secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey conducted in 2014-2015 (wave 5). A total of 16,204 households and 50,148 individuals were interviewed by the IFLS-5 in 2014-2015. The data reflects the entire country of Indonesia and was collected by stratified random sampling from province to residence level. We involved respondents between the ages of 18 and 64 as the inclusion criterion for this research. The exclusion criteria include those with unknown or incomplete data. A total of 26,437 participants were involved in this study. Result: People with CKD were nearly the same in urban and rural areas (55.91% and 44.09%); cholesterol disease (76.16% and 23.84%); CVD (63.38% and 36.62%); hypertension (62.57% and 37.43%); diabetes (74.42% and 25.58%); stroke (67.65% and 32.35%). Conclusions: Chronic kidney disease was nearly equal in both urban and rural; while cholesterol, cardiovascular, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke were higher in urban areas. This could be worthwhile to consider as part of improving NCD prevention and treatment. Keywords: non-communicable, rural, urban.

Parental socioeconomic status and adolescent development in Indonesia

ABSTRACT We examine the impact of parental socioeconomic status on adolescent cognitive and non-cognitive development using data on adolescents from the 2014–15 Indonesian Family Life Survey. The analysis is relatively new for a developing country, by including non-cognitive skills and by looking at adolescents rather than young children. Parental education has a greater cognitive skills effect than parental income and job status, especially for fathers. For non-cognitive skills, parental job status is important but only for mothers. Education policy could therefore focus especially on high school completion and higher education enrolment, while employment policy could improve women’s job flexibility.

Households' Debts Among Rural and Agriculture-based Households in Indonesia

Household debts reflect financial insecurity for households to maintain their standard of living because it reflects the financial commitment that must be paid to other parties. However, the share of debts among different household classes, especially among agriculture and rural households in Indonesia still needs to be discovered. This research investigates the distribution of households’ debts in rural areas in Indonesia by utilizing data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) Wave 5 (2014). This research shows that households in rural areas have lower average debts than those in urban areas. At the same time, households in rural areas outside Java Island have higher average debts than their counterparts in Java Island. Two significant contributors to households’ debts are household size and household head educational attainment, where both variables show a positive and significant effect. The government must focus on rural development, including agricultural-based households, creating small but financially strong households, and increasing food self-sufficiency. Keywords: agriculture, debts, households, rural

Sociodemographic Factors, Health-Risk Behaviors, and Chronic Conditions Are Associated with a High Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms: Findings from the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5

Depression is a significant public health challenge. However, limited research exists regarding the risk of sociodemographic factors, health-risk behavior, and chronic conditions in relation to the development of depression in Indonesia. This study assesses the prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults, and identifies its potential associations with sociodemographic factors, health-risk behaviors, and chronic conditions. A national cross-sectional population-based survey was performed, using the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5), to assess depressive symptoms in respondents aged 15 years and older. Depression was evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, and potential associations with sociodemographic factors, health-risk behaviors, and chronic conditions were examined using logistic regression analysis. The study revealed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, with the highest incidence observed in the age group of 25–34 years. Factors such as unmarried status, younger age, good physical activity, and having chronic conditions showed associations with depression. These findings have implications for developing public mental health strategies to reduce the prevalence of depression in Indonesia.

The Features of Comorbidity of Stroke in The Indonesian Population: Findings from The Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5)

Background: Comorbidities are associated with a worse stroke prognosis and more challenging clinical management. However, population-based research related to stroke comorbidities in Indonesia is still limited. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the features of important comorbidities among stroke patients in the Indonesian population. Methods: The data was taken from the 2014–2015 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5), which represents 83% of the Indonesian population. Data were analyzed by means of logistic regression models using statistical software for data science (STATA) 13. Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between stroke history and several comorbidities risk factors. The risk of stroke increases in individuals with hypertension (odds ratio (OR): 7.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.19-12.26), diabetes (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.14-3.15), heart disease (OR: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.47-4.85), and hyperlipidemia (OR: 3.68, 95% CI: 2.40-5.64). Of the 309 stroke patients, 41.9% had one comorbid condition; 24.1% had two; and 10.5% had three. Comorbidities increase with age, and 80.50% of stroke patients with comorbidities are aged 50 years or more. Conclusion: This study showed that the most common comorbidities in stroke patients in Indonesia are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes.

Air Pollution and Blood Pressure: Evidence From Indonesia.

Indonesia faces significant air quality issues due to multiple emissions sources, including rapid urbanization and peatland fires associated with agricultural land management. Limited prior research has estimated the episodic shock of intense fires on morbidity and mortality in Indonesia but has largely ignored the impact of poor air quality throughout the year on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk. We conducted a cross-sectional study of the association between particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) and blood pressure. Blood pressure measurements were obtained from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS5), an ongoing population-based socioeconomic and health survey. We used the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to simulate daily PM2.5 concentrations at 0.5°×0.625° resolution across the IFLS domain. We assessed the association between PM2.5 and diastolic and systolic blood pressure, using mixed effects models with random intercepts for regency/municipality and household and adjusted for individual covariates. An interquartile range increase in monthly PM2.5 exposure was associated with a 0.234 (95% CI: 0.003, 0.464) higher diastolic blood pressure, with a greater association seen in participants age 65 and over (1.16 [95% CI: 0.24, 2.08]). For the same exposure metric, there was a 1.90 (95% CI: 0.43, 3.37) higher systolic blood pressure in participants 65 and older. Our assessment of fire-specific PM2.5 yielded null results, potentially due to the timing and locations of health data collection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence for an association between PM2.5 and blood pressure in Indonesia.

Wife's Self-efficacy when her husband is serving a criminal sentence and its Relevance to Indonesian Family Law: Mubadalah Perspective

This article examines the wife's self-efficacy when her husband is serving a criminal sentence and its relevance to family law in Indonesia. The formulation of this research is the wife's self-efficacy in maintaining the household when the husband is serving a sentence in the Lampung Provincial Penitentiary; How is the fulfilment of family maintenance when the husband is serving a sentence in the Lampung Provincial Penitentiary?; and How is the impact on the family when the husband is serving a sentence in the Lampung Provincial Penitentiary and its contribution to the development of family law in Indonesia. The research objectives include the wife's self-efficacy in maintaining the household when the husband is imprisoned in the Lampung Provincial Penitentiary, the fulfilment of family maintenance while the husband is serving a sentence, as well as the impact on the family and its contribution to the development of family law in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach with field research conducted in several correctional institutions and religious courts in Lampung Province. Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources, analysed with qualitative methods using mubadalah theory. The results showed that wives facing this situation experienced significant economic, social, physical, and mental impacts, yet they were able to adapt to the conditions. Wives' self-efficacy, which reflects awareness of marital partnership, is key in maintaining family integrity, with mubadalah relationship patterns as a strategy to maintain household harmony in the face of trials such as husbands who become prisoners.