Indonesian Archipelago Research Articles

Revitalizing Javanese Islamic Literature: A Philological and Oral Tradition Study in Coastal Culture

This study explores a spiritual occurrence that flourishes and develops within the framework of Pesantren, a significant aspect of Javanese Islamic tradition. One notable spiritual activity that flourishes in Pesantren is known as Pesantren literature. The term 'Pesantren literature' refers to literary works that originate and develop within the Pesantren environment, encompassing both the physical and spiritual realms. Noteworthy characteristics of Pesantren literature include the following. Pesantren literature is predominantly composed in Arabic and is typically written in Arabic script. At times, Pesantren literature may be composed in the new Javanese language with Arabic-pegon script. It emerged and gained momentum during the 18th century, experiencing rapid development in the 19th century. Pesantren literature encompasses both oral and written traditions. It is often recited during specific ceremonies and occasionally performed as a form of performing art. Pesantren literature exhibits varying degrees of influence from Arabic and Persian literature. In conclusion, Pesantren literature has been a vital spiritual and literary tradition in the Indonesian archipelago, particularly in Java. It has evolved as a unique form of literary expression within the Pesantren environment, encompassing both oral and written traditions. Received: 6 April 2024 / Accepted: 27 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Comparison of Inverse Distance Weighted and Thin Plate Spline Interpolation Methods in Projecting the Strength of the West Sumatra Earthquake

The Indonesian archipelago is situated in a highly active geological zone, making it prone to frequent earthquakes. West Sumatra, located on the west coast of central Sumatra, comprises lowland coastal areas and volcanic plateaus formed by the Barisan Mountains, covering a land area of 42,297.30 km² (2.17% of Indonesia's territory). This research aims to determine which interpolation method—Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Thin Plate Spline (TPS)—provides more accurate predictions of earthquake strength in West Sumatra. The dataset consists of 229 earthquake events, divided into 90% for training (206 points) and 10% for testing (23 points). The training data was further subdivided into 80% training data 2 (164 points) and 20% validation data (42 points). The interpolation processes using the IDW and TPS methods were repeated 100 times, with the training 2 and validation data randomly shuffled in each iteration. Visualization of the interpolation results indicated that the earthquake magnitudes ranged from 2.0 to 4.5. Although the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values for the TPS method on the test and validation datasets were 16.42 and 14.29, respectively—slightly lower than the MAPE values for the IDW method—the t-test results showed no statistically significant difference between the two methods. Statistically, there is no significant difference between IDW and TPS in terms of predictive accuracy. However, researchers prefer the IDW method due to its computational efficiency and simplicity. Therefore, IDW is considered the most suitable method for analyzing earthquake strength in the West Sumatra region

Nagapattinam Port: the Catalyst of Cultural and Diplomatic Exchange Between Indian Sub-continent and Indonesian Archipelago

Abstract: -This paper explores the dynamic interactions between the Shailendra dynasty of Southeast Asia and the Chola dynasty of South India from the 8th to 11th centuries CE. The Shailendras, who were known for deep ties with cholas. The Cholas, expanded their influence across South India and beyond, maintained a significant relationship leading to cultural, economic, and religious exchanges. The paper highlights Nagapattinam's pivotal role as vibrant trade hub that facilitated these exchanges. Through the exchange of gifts and the construction of Buddhist institutions, like those which were funded by the Srivijayan rulers. The study demonstrates how these reciprocations fostered a shared cultural heritage and strengthened maritime trade networks. This trade-off underscores the role of economic and cultural hubs in bridging regions leading to enhancing diplomatic relations.

Digital Transformation in the Maritime Industry; Opportunities and Challenges for Indonesia

Digital transformation is reshaping industries worldwide, including the maritime sector, by integrating advanced technologies to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. In the context of Indonesia, a country with a vast archipelago and significant maritime activities, digital transformation offers substantial opportunities but also presents distinct challenges. This paper explores the multifaceted impacts of digital transformation on Indonesia's maritime industry, examining both the opportunities and challenges that arise from this technological shift. Opportunities in the maritime sector include enhanced operational efficiency, improved safety, and better environmental management. Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain are pivotal in optimizing logistics, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring of vessels and cargo. These advancements can lead to reduced operational costs, minimized human errors, and lower environmental footprints. For Indonesia, leveraging these technologies could significantly boost its competitiveness in global shipping, enhance port operations, and support the sustainable management of its extensive marine resources. However, the journey towards digital transformation in Indonesia’s maritime industry is fraught with challenges. Key issues include inadequate digital infrastructure, limited technological expertise, and regulatory hurdles. The uneven distribution of digital infrastructure across Indonesia's archipelago hampers the consistent application of advanced technologies. Additionally, the maritime workforce requires upskilling to handle new digital tools effectively, necessitating substantial investment in education and training. Regulatory frameworks also need to evolve to address data security, privacy concerns, and the integration of international standards, ensuring a seamless transition to digital operations.

Rapid Method for Simultaneous Determination of γ-Oryzanol Compounds in Rice (Oryza sativa) Grains using UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Rice (Oryza sativa) contains γ-oryzanol, which consists of 4 main compounds: Cycloartenol ferulate, 2,4-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesterol ferulate, and β-sitosterol ferulate, that contribute to the health benefits of rice. This research aimed to develop a rapid method to determine the 4 major γ-oryzanol compounds in 45 varieties covering pigmented (black and red) and non-pigmented (white) rice grain. The method was developed by integrating UV-Vis spectroscopy with chemometrics, specifically principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression. Sampling was performed across the Indonesian archipelago collecting 180 samples, which comprises 60 samples for each type of rice in form of rice husk, bran, whole grain, and polished rice. The results of PCA on the spectroscopic data successfully identified distinction for the 3 types of rice attributable by different type and levels of chemical compound in the grain. White rice exhibited a characteristic absorption at 325 nm while in pigmented (red and black) rice showed a maximum absorbance at 280 nm, indicating the presence of different composition of chemical compounds. A reliable model to predict the 4 major γ-oryzanol compounds was established with R2 calibration, R2 cross-validation, and R2 prediction higher than 0.9 was obtained using the spectroscopic data in the range from 200 to 400 nm. However, the PLS modeling was unsuccessful for red and black rice samples most likely due to the interfering high absorption of red colored compounds. Compared to the existing techniques for analyzing individual compounds of the γ-oryzanol by high-performance liquid chromatography, the newly developed approach using UV-Vis spectroscopy combined with chemometrics is more practical, faster, and cost-efficient and mainly, solvent and residues free. HIGHLIGHTS A rapid method was developed to determine 4 major γ-oryzanol compounds in rice. This method integrates UV-Vis spectroscopy with PCA and PLS regression chemometrics. PCA successfully identified the distinction among white, red, and black rice types. Reliable PLS models were established for white rice with R2 values above 0.9. The developed approach is more practical, faster, and residue-free than HPLC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Multiple negative impacts of marine plastic pollution on tropical coastal ecosystem services, and human health and well-being

There is limited empirical evidence showing the impacts of marine plastic pollution on ecosystem services or on human health and well-being in Global South countries. We aimed to estimate these impacts in the tropical archipelago of Indonesia, one of the top emitters of marine plastics globally, through an iterative Delphi survey, with an expert panel (n = 42) consisting of equal numbers of Indonesian scientists, policymakers, and practitioners. After two rounds of the survey, the analysis of interquartile ranges indicated that the experts reached a consensus in their predictions. The experts agreed that, over the next 10 years, plastics would be mainly accumulated in the coastal area of Java, the most densely populated island, and mostly in mangrove ecosystems. While all ecosystem services were harmed by plastic pollution, the most vulnerable services were food provisioning, genetic materials, nursery habitat, and recreation supplied by the highly vulnerable coastal ecosystems of, in descending order, mangrove, coral reef, seagrass, and sandy beach. These impacts on ecosystem services influenced different dimensions of human health and well-being and were dependent on the ecosystem types, as indicated in several statistically significant positive correlations (Spearman's rank), including those between the decline of mangrove ecosystem services and reduced household income, and between the decrease of coral reef ecosystem services and both deteriorating mental health and reduced household income. Overall, this study provides the first indication of Indonesian coastal ecosystems and ecosystem services to be prioritized for mitigation and monitoring efforts. The focus on impacts on human health and well-being also incentivizes ongoing efforts by policymakers, industry and commerce, the third sector, and the public in the country to address the contribution to global marine plastic pollution.

Profiling genetically driven alternative splicing across the Indonesian archipelago

One of the regulatory mechanisms influencing the functional capacity of genes is alternative splicing (AS). Previous studies exploring the splicing landscape of human tissues have shown that AS has contributed to human biology, especially in disease progression and the immune response. Nonetheless, this phenomenon remains poorly characterized across human populations, and it is unclear how genetic and environmental variation contribute to AS. Here, we examine a set of 115 Indonesian samples from three traditional island populations spanning the genetic ancestry cline that characterizes Island Southeast Asia. We conduct a global AS analysis between islands to ascertain the degree of functionally significant AS events and their consequences. Using an event-based statistical model, we detected over 1,500 significant differential AS events across all comparisons. Additionally, we identify over 6,000 genetic variants associated with changes in splicing (splicing quantitative trait loci [sQTLs]), some of which are driven by Papuan-like genetic ancestry, and only show partial overlap with other publicly available sQTL datasets derived from other populations. Computational predictions of RNA binding activity reveal that a fraction of these sQTLs directly modulate the binding propensity of proteins involved in the splicing regulation of immune genes. Overall, these results contribute toward elucidating the role of genetic variation in shaping gene regulation in one of the most diverse regions in the world.

Geosite Kahuripan Evaluation as Gili Genting Potential Asset for Archipelagic Geotourism Development

Abstract There is a growing global interest in natural tourism, which presents new opportunities for the development of small island regions. Several studies have shown that the development of tourism in the Indonesian Archipelago has led to several significant issues, so within the eastern islands of Sumenep— including Gili genting. The richness of natural features and the unique Maduranese Archipelago community, shown by Kahuripan area. However, the potential for developing a nature-based tourism sector (geosite) with the richness of geotourism, has not been adequately considered yet. Therefore, this study aimed to: 1) conducting inventory of the educational geotourism potential; 2) carrying out evaluations using GAM; 3) developing recommendations for future development of Gili Genting Potential Asset as Archipelagic Geotourism Development. According to inventory analysis, the Kahuripan Geosite consists of six Stop site with various information. The MV assessed 4.25 and AV counted of 4.75. The GAM diagram results indicate that the Kahuripan Geosite lies on Q22 tend to be moderate class of MV and AV. This quadrant suggests that the physical aspects of the geosites are quite interesting, while the tourism management that has begun to be developed needs to be further elaborated towards the geotourism-based education concept.

Monthly variability of wind-induced upwelling and its impact on chlorophyll-a distribution in the Southern and Northern parts of the Indonesian Archipelago

Monthly variability of wind-induced upwelling and its impact on chlorophyll-a distribution in the Southern and Northern parts of the Indonesian Archipelago

Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Native Phalaenopsis Orchids: A Case Study of Indonesian Archipelago

The native Phalaenopsis is valuable germplasm for future orchid breeding programs and for its conservation because it provides many beneficial traits or genes. This study aimed to determine and analyze the molecular diversity and phylogeny of Indonesian native Phalaenopsis by a DNA barcoding (matK) marker. A total of 19 samples of Phalaenopsis orchids were used in this study. All leaf samples of orchid were extracted and purified using a commercial DNA isolation kit from Geneaid Biotech Ltd., Taiwan (GP100). The DNAs were then amplified by specific matK primers: Forward (5’-CGTACAGTACTTTTGTGTTTACGAG-3’) and Reverse (5’-ACCCAGTCCATCTGGAAATCTTGGTTC-3’). The DNA targets or products (matK) were purified and sequenced by the Sanger-bidirectional method at 1st Base Ltd., Malaysia. Before further analysis, the matK sequences of Phalaenopsis were edited, reconstructed, and aligned with the assistance of Clustal W in the MEGA 11 software. Its genetic diversity was determined using the nucleotide diversity index (π%), and the phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with a statistical bootstrap. The phylogenetic relationship was also assessed using principal component analysis (PCA). Based on this marker, the native Phalaenopsis has a high genetic diversity (π% = 1.70). In addition, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that this germplasm was separated into seven clades, where P. pantherina has the closest relation to P. cornu-cervi and P. gigantea. Conversely, the highest genetic distance was to P. amabilis from South Kalimantan and to P. celebensis from Sulawesi, at a coefficient divergence of 0.084. Our findings provide an essential foundation for supporting future orchid breeding practices, including conservation, on local and global scales.

Measuring Teacher Personality Competence: Era 5.0 Challenges for Teachers in Indonesian Archipelago

Teachers in archipelagic regions face challenges such as limited access, geographical isolation, and cultural diversity, particularly in the Society 5.0 era. This study aims to assess the feasibility of an instrument for measuring teacher personality competency in this context. Using a quantitative approach, the study was conducted in Maluku Province, with a multistage random sample of 752 teachers from 94 schools. The instrument employed a modified four-point Likert scale, and data analysis was conducted using the PLS-SEM method to evaluate the measurement and structural models. Key findings include: 1) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified six dominant factors and 29 items to measure teacher personality competency; 2) The measurement model demonstrated feasibility, with construct validity confirmed through convergent validity (loading factors 0.70 and Average Variance Extracted 0.50) and discriminant validity (Fornell-Larcker criterion and Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio 0.90). Reliability was supported by Cronbach’s Alpha, Rho_A, and composite reliability values all exceeding 0.70. These results indicate that the instrument is suitable for assessing teacher personality competency in island regions, helping address the challenges of the Society 5.0 era. The study has important implications for Indonesian education stakeholders, providing a validated tool to guide teacher performance evaluations.

DINAMIKA POPULASI IKAN CAKALANG (KATSUWONUS PELAMIS) DI LAUT SERAM

This study examines the skipjack tuna fishing industry in North Seram District, Central Maluku Regency, which has been operated by local fishermen for many years. This fishery is categorized as a small-scale and concentrated effort in the Seram Sea, one of the small seas in the Indonesian archipelago, which is part of the Pacific Ocean, covering an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometers. The study employs the length-weight relationship analysis method and the von Bertalanffy growth model. The results indicate that the growth of skipjack tuna can be represented by the equation W = 0.0133L^3.0999 with a determination coefficient of 94%. The b coefficient value for the sampled skipjack tuna was 3.0999, indicating isometric growth (length and weight grow proportionally). The growth coefficient (K) of skipjack tuna was 0.17 per year, with an asymptotic length of 49.586 cm and a t0 value of -0.0748 years. The resulting von Bertalanffy equation is Lt = 49.58{1- e^-0.175(t+0.0748)}, which describes the growth pattern of skipjack tuna in the Seram Sea.

Oceanographic Characteristics in the Three International Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes (IASLs) Region: Implications for Underwater Acoustics System

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research The IASL-1 entry portal in the southern and northern regions shows the emergent SOFAR channels. The shadow zone and the existence of a SOFAR deep sound channel in the IASL-2 and IASL-3 routes can be triggered by the emergent “saddle” SVP pattern. The variability seasonally and interannually due to variations in seawater properties stratification plays an important role in SOFAR channel appearances in IASLs. The diverse oceanographic characteristics of IASLs necessitate the implementation of sustainable marine geospatial data. Abstract The Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) provides three international sea lanes, known as the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes (IASLs), allowing ships to navigate across territorial waters between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and vice versa. Gaining knowledge about the distinct oceanographic characteristics of the three IASLs can offer valuable insight into maritime safety and sustainable marine resource management. This study aims to review oceanographic characteristics in IASL regions from available past studies to provide a comprehensive insight into the processes and dynamical oceanography in the IASL region and its implications for underwater acoustic patterns. The results of research found that the IASL-1 route is characterized by a shallow shelf passage with homogeneous sound velocity profile (SVP) but a deep and narrow entry portal in the southern and northern SOFAR channels. Seasonal reversal monsoonal wind-driven current dominates the circulation. The IASL-2 and IASL-3 routes convey a deep and narrow passage with complexity of sea-air interactions; they vary on seasonal and interannual time scales. These IASLs emerge with the “saddle” SVP, which can trigger the shadow zone and the existence of a SOFAR deep sound channel that varies seasonally and interannually due to variations in seawater properties stratification. The diverse oceanographic characteristics discussed above significantly influence the underwater object detection equipment, the planning time, and the strategies for underwater defense systems. Due to these implications, it is necessary to utilize marine geospatial database. Subsequently, these data may be utilized to facilitate policy-making and provide approximations for marine activities and management along the IASLs.

The voyage of the London whaler Lusitania, 1826–1829

The British whaling ship Lusitania left London in 1826 on a three-year voyage to the South Seas. During the course of its long voyage, the vessel spent much of its time in the waters off the Indonesian archipelago and among the islands of western Melanesia. British whalers had been driven to this challenging region because sperm whales had been severely depleted in other less difficult whaling grounds. In those tropical waters, the hot climate, endemic diseases and high death rate among the crew, as well as the routine dangers of the trade, were to try the Lusitania and her crew to the utmost. One of them kept a journal during the voyage. It chronicles the many challenges faced by this and other vessels working this whaling ground, which until recent times has been poorly documented.

Analysis of speed using optocoupler sensors on electric boats in Sayung Demak

In the Indonesian archipelago, boats play a major role in people's daily mobility. In the realm of transportation, especially on sea vessels, it is crucial to keep an eye on the circumstances and state of affairs when traveling long distances. The objective of this study is to use an optocoupler sensor based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and a real-time monitoring technique to track the speed of an electric boat. This instrument can be tested using three different treatments: low-level gas, medium-level gas, and high-level gas with five repetitions. Motor speed was measured at 938 Rpm with a Knot difference of 0.7 utilizing XSpeed and an optocoupler sensor for low-speed measurements. Using an optocoupler sensor and XSpeed, the medium speed tests yielded a motor speed of 1205.6 Rpm and a Knot difference of 1.7. Using an optocoupler sensor and XSpeed, high-speed measurements yielded a motor speed of 1985.4 Rpm and a Knot difference of 1.2. Because the Blynk application may display data of both boat speed and motor rotational speed, readings obtained from the optocoupler sensor yield higher accuracy than those obtained from the comparison application XSpeed

Potential of Pandan anggur (Sararanga Sinuosa Hemsley) as immunomodulator

Background: Pandan Anggur plant is an endemic plant of the Papua archipelago in Indonesia, and the fruit called Pandan Anggur Fruit (PAF) is freshly consumed or prepared as a juice. Based on previous studies on the phytochemical content of PAF, the ethanol and water extract contain flavonoids, which act as immunomodulators, to regulate the response of immunity. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the potential of PAF as an immunomodulator in malnutrition cases, by evaluating six parameters which are phagocytosis capacity and nitric oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophage, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-4 in lymphocyte culture, and intestinal sIgA levels. By proving the potential of PAF as an immunomodulator, this research will lead to significant development of functional food products of Pandan Anggur. Methods: A total of 35 Sprague Dawley rats were used as animal models divided into seven different groups named standard group (healthy standard), malnourished (negative control), malnourished rats given Imboost Force (positive control), as well as PAF ethanol extract doses of I, II, III, and PAF water extract. The treatment lasted for seven weeks in total and the measurement of immunomodulator parameters was carried out at the end of the treatment period. The immunomodulator parameters included phagocytosis capacity and nitric oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophage, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-4 in lymphocyte culture, and intestinal sIgA levels. Result: The results indicated that the administration of PAF ethanol extract at a dose of 3.15 mg/mL provided an optimum immunostimulant effect, by increasing the macrophage phagocytosis capacity, nitric oxide, lymphocyte proliferation, IL-4, and sIgA levels in rat intestine. However, increasing the dose of extract did not produce a better effect, but led to suppression of immunity. Conclusion: PAF extract at a dose of 3.15 mg/mL provides an immunostimulant effect. Keywords: In Vivo, IL-4, IF-γ, sIgA, lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage, Pandan Anggur Fruit

Characterization of Carbonate Reservoir Potential in Salawati Basin, West Papua: Analysis of Seismic Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator (DHI), Seismic Attributes, and Seismic Spectrum Decomposition

Carbonate reservoir of Kais Formation in Salawati Basin, West Papua, is the most famous oil and gas reservoir in the eastern part of Indonesian Archipelago since 1970’s. Nowadays, new prospects in this area are more challenging and most relevant near the infrastructure of previous oil and gas fields. In this study, a relatively new seismic dataset was investigated to figure out new prospects in carbonate reservoir rocks in the area of interest. In this preliminary study, where seismic data are not supported by well data, direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI), seismic attribute, and spectral decomposition (CWT: continuous wavelet transform) allow the authors to characterize the reservoir geometry and to predict pore fluids within the reservoir rocks. The reservoir geometry of carbonate reef of Kais Formation (C1) was identified by seismic reflectors with high amplitude contrast at the top C1. The hydrocarbon indicator was predicted by DHI where dim spots, flat spots, and polarity reversals are indicative of hydrocarbon prospects. From the attribute analysis, the attribute instantaneous amplitude detected the top carbonate C1, whereas pore fluids were predicted from high sweetness attribute. In addition, spectral decomposition CWT method confirms the top C1, identified as saturated rock by the frequency of 10 Hz, 20 Hz, and 30 Hz. Based on a seismic study in the researched area, the target zone is expected to be a very promising hydrocarbon reservoir, specifically a carbonate reservoir. As a result, the preferred well-test location is in a region with access to the Kais Formation limestone reef layer. This study can assist in reservoir characterization, especially in areas with limited well control.

Seasonal and Fortnight Variations in Internal Solitary Waves in the Indonesian Seas From the SWOT Measurements

AbstractUsing the wide‐swath sea surface height (SSH) data from the 1‐day repeat calibration/validation phase of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, we explored fine‐scale evolution of nonlinear internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the Banda/Molucca Seas in the Indonesian Archipelagos. Generated in the Ombai Strait and Lifamatola Passage through semidiurnal tide‐topography interaction, respectively, ISWs in the Banda/Molucca Seas have a SSH amplitude of 10–20 cm and exhibit multiple wave packets with the leading wave crest followed by a series of rank‐ordered secondary wave crests. Due to nonlinearity, the ISWs are observed to propagate northward at a speed faster than the regional mode‐1 internal gravity waves and their amplitudes are modulated fortnightly following the regional spring‐neap tidal cycle. On longer timescale, the observed ISW amplitudes are controlled by seasonal upper ocean stratification changes with a weaker stratification favoring a larger amplitude. By converting the SWOT‐measured SSH data to the interior ocean pressure signals, we quantified the depth‐integrated energy flux associated with the northward‐propagating ISWs to be 5 and 2 kW m−1 in the central Banda and Molucca Seas, respectively. Comparisons with past studies indicate that the ISWs contribute to close to 100% and 40% of the tidally‐induced, northward energy fluxes, respectively, across the Banda and Molucca Seas.

Political Communication Strategy in the 2024 Indonesia’s Presidential Election

In every election, candidates employ various techniques to communicate their mission and vision to their respective voters. Winning an election depends on how good the candidate employs the various tools of communication, using both traditional mass media and social media. This research examines the political communication strategy used by Anies Baswedan during the Indonesian Presidential Election 2024. The objective of this research is to study the political communication style used by Anies Baswedan as a non-party political leader in garnering public support and winning the Presidential Elections. All the other presidential candidates contesting in the election are representing various political parties. All the feeds that were published in his Instagram account during the election were analysed. The analysed data is later triangulated with data from key informants to get an insight on Anies Baswedan’s political thoughts. Data from the Instagram account indicates that his team of communicators employs hashtags, news feed, political ads and visual styles to increase awareness among his voters, in the hope of influencing his voters. The various content published is found to be relevant and significant with the voters but is insufficient to win an election. Although he run initially as a non-political party candidate before gaining endorsement from a political party to run for President, he lost could be due to the lack of political infrastructure support that is needed to ensure his words spread throughout vast Indonesia archipelago. Keywords: Strategy, communication, politics, new media, Presidential Election 2024.

Pengaruh Perdagangan Maritim terhadap Penyebaran Islam di Indonesia pada Abad ke-15 M hingga ke-17 M

The spread of Islam in Indonesia is a complex and diverse phenomenon, influenced by various historical, social, and economic factors. One factor that has an important role in the spread of Islam in Indonesia is maritime trade. This research aims to explore the influence of maritime trade on the spread of Islam in Indonesia. Through a historical approach and historical data analysis, this research explores maritime trade routes which were the main means of spreading Islam in Indonesia in the past. By paying attention to economic, social, and cultural factors related to maritime trade, this research discusses how trade via maritime routes has facilitated cultural and ideological exchanges, including the Islamic religion, in the Indonesian archipelago. The findings of this research reveal significant insights into how maritime trade facilitated the spread of Islam, highlighting specific trade routes and interactions that were crucial in this process, thus providing a deeper understanding of the relationship between maritime trade and the spread of Islam, as well as its relevance in the context of Indonesian history and social development.