Individual Self-actualization Research Articles

Politik Identitas Di Indonesia: Antara Nasionalisme Dan Agama

Liberal democratization is also politically the basis for individual self-actualization. The guarantee of individual liberties in Indonesia's constitution reflects the popularity of this democratic system. However, this freedom ultimately clarifies the divide between identities (religion, ethnicity, language, gender, etc.) that exists in Indonesia, especially in relation to national political issues. Issues of state religion and nationalism are her two identities currently being debated in Indonesia. The politics of identity politics narrows until truthful claims emerge that one interest group is superior to another, and this interest issue begins to divide nations that previously maintained their differences. This article aims to shed light on the reality of identity politics in Indonesia today, focusing on two identity groups: religious groups and nationalist groups. Qualitative methods and literature surveys are used to answer this question. This study finds that the divisions created by political groups based on religious identities and nationalism are constrained by the emergence of crises of trust in government, the spread of false reports, persecution, betrayal, democratic space, etc. found to lead to stability disruptions.

Camino de Santiago in Late Modernity: Fostering Self-Actualization Through Pilgrimage

While late-modern society promotes individual self-actualization, its moral dimension often falters in a calculating environment. Pilgrimages offer a potential solution. Through peak experiences and self-transcendence, pilgrims reconnect with their inner moral compass, fostering morally valid self-actualization. Amid late modernity, reflective individuals emerge, navigating moral choices within societal norms while pursuing self-actualization.This study affirms the Camino de Santiago's role in promoting self-actualization, as conceptualized in humanistic psychology. A survey of 500 participants, employing Kaufman's (2018) Characteristics of Self-Actualization Scale (CSAS), validates the pilgrimage's impact. Pilgrims reported heightened levels of appreciation, equanimity, self-acceptance, reality perception, authenticity, and a fortified moral compass. The pilgrimage nurtures the recognition of life missions, instills a sense of responsibility, and cultivates a desire to contribute to humanity's well-being while facilitating experiences of self-transcendence. Our research suggests that the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage can benefit organizations by fostering an authentic and self-actualized workforce comprising leaders and followers.

The Effect of Calligraphy on Career Decision-making Self-efficacy and Self-leadership of Nursing Students

This is a single-arm pre-post study conducted to determine the effect of a calligraphy program on nursing students' career decision-making self-efficacy and self- leadership. The data collected from 231 second-year nursing students were analyzed using SPSS WIN 25.0 to determine descriptive statistics, paired t-test to analyze the effect of calligraphy, and Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between career decision self-efficacy and self-leadership. After the program, both career decision self-efficacy (t=7.23, p<.001) and self-leadership (t=6.81, p<.001) improved, and there were statistically significant differences in each of the sub-items. There was a difference in pre- and post-program self-efficacy based on satisfaction with their major, but the difference between groups was not significant on post-hoc tests. The analysis of career decision self-efficacy and self-leadership before the program showed a strong correlation (r=.811, p<.001) and a strong correlation after the program (r=.849, p<.001). The results of this study are significant in that they validate the effectiveness of a calligraphy program in promoting self-leadership and career decision-making self-efficacy among nursing students who do not have clear career goals. At a time when the importance of cultural arts education is gradually increasing in social and educational fields around the world, calligraphy has the advantage of laying the foundation for the promotion of basic arts for the revitalization of cultural arts, so educational support is needed not only in terms of improving the quality of life and pursuing self-actualization of individuals with emotional expression and creative problem-solving skills, but also at the social level.

THE PATH TO HAPPINESS: FREEDOM FROM THE SHACKLES OF EXTERNAL EXPECTATIONS

External expectations come from family, society and other aspects, which widely exist and have a great impact on individuals. This study explores how external expectations influence individual well-being and ways to reduce the impact of external expectations. The results show that external expectations can be generated through social comparison theory and belonging needs, and affect individuals through pressure and restraint. In order to achieve true inner happiness, individuals need to redefine the standard of happiness and enhance their sense of autonomy and psychological resilience. Reducing the impact of external expectations is not only conducive to the realization of inner happiness of individuals, but also conducive to the positive progress of society. To achieve happiness, individuals need to change their concepts and improve their mental toughness, in addition to changing external conditions. This study provides a new perspective on the realization of individual self-actualization. KEY WORDS: External expectations, Happiness, Self-realization Self-actualization, Autonomy, Psychological resilience

STUDENTS-PSYCHOLOGIST’S SELF-ACTUALIZATION INDICATORS EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

The article analyzes the results of the theoretical and empirical study of students-psychologist’s self-actualization indicators. A generalized theoretical analysis of the individual self-actualization phenomenon, its components and the connection with the professional formation process of a psychologist-specialist is presented.
 The results of an empirical study of students-psychologist’s self-actualization indicators in the context of their professional formation are analyzed. It is summarized that future specialists are characterized by medium indicators of self-actualization and personality maturity, with sufficiently increased orientations of future specialists towards manifestations of contact, perception of their own Self, a valuable component of self-actualization and orientation towards a humanistic perception of human nature, orientation towards knowledge. It has been found that students-psychologists are characterized by a predominance of achievement motivation, attitude towards their own Self, and the ability to be in contact with communication partners. Identified trends are analyzed in the context of compliance with the requirements for the professional activity of a psychologist.

“Yes, We Do Want to Subvert and Corrupt Young People”

In 1992, the British television news program Dispatches aired clips from a video described as the first ever, eyewitness proof of satanically motivated child abuse. Days later, newspapers reported that the video was misrepresented. The clips were drawn from First Transmissions, an experimental video produced by Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth (T.O.P.Y.) a geographically disperse occult collective committed to subverting mainstream media. This article provides a detailed history of this incident. First, it uses the event as an entrée into T.O.P.Y.’s magickal media activism. Second, it locates the groups’ inadvertent appearance on Dispatches within sweeping changes to the late-20th-century media landscape. Providing this context demonstrates how new possibilities in the production and circulation of audiovisual media provoked religious conflicts and concerns for radical occultists and conservative television journalists alike. While T.O.P.Y.’s uses of media were intended to enable individual self-actualization and to undermine established institutions, their detractors on Dispatches figured underground media economies as sites of satanic conspiracy and worked to discipline their creators.

Striving for Organizational Impact through Individual Impact: A Humanistic Management Approach Involving Social Work Supervisors.

In today's era of new public management, respecting the dignity and worth of social workers in organizational management poses a challenge to social work agencies. This research explores whether individual self-actualization can be integrated with organizational development by using a humanistic management approach. Authors sampled 672 supervisors from Chinese social work agencies. A structural equation model was built and tested to examine the relationships between four latent variables: (1) professional competence (PC), (2) organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), (3) individual impact, and (4) organizational impact, taking into account the moderating effect of professional associations. The results indicate that individual impact is a mediator between supervisors' PC/OCBs and organizational impact. Meanwhile, professional associations play a moderating role in the relationship between supervisors' PC and organizational impact. Findings provide the basis for a humanistic management strategy for social work agencies that focuses on the individual impact of key people to maximize organizational impact. Moreover, professional associations should strengthen the link between individual impact and organizational impact.

Self-actualization in the process of personality formation. Motivation for success and the impact of failures

The article considers the characteristics of motivation for success and the analysis of the impact of failures on the self-actualization of individuals in the process of their personality formation. The relevance of this research is related to the fact that in recent years the problem of the impact of success and failures has become more acute and is becoming more and more widespread. The article highlights such concepts as motivation for success, personality formation, motivation, self-actualization, self-development, negative state, adaptation, academic failure, and also reviews how successes and failures affect academic performance. This article presents the results of the survey among participants of various ages, who had the opportunity to describe and analyze their experiences in educational activities and further life, in which they had to answer twelve questions that related to their success, inner experiences and psychological difficulties associated with failures, which they encountered. The respondents shared their impressions and expressed their opinions about the impact of success and failures on the self-actualization of individuals on their life paths. Based on the results of the survey, the authors of the research emphasized the most important points that should be paid attention to and analyzed in detail.

THE DIAGNOSTICS OF PERSONAL PROBLEMS OF WOMEN’S SELF-ACTUALIZATION BY METHOD OF KATATHYM IMAGINATIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY

The article deals with the problem of psychodiagnosis of personal problems of woman self-actualization by the method of katathym-imaginative psychotherapy. The current situation of self-actualization as a subject of study is considered. Different approaches to this topic are singled out, namely: self-actualization as a part of the structure of theories of personal development, connection of self-actualization with professional realization of a person, as well as features of woman self-actualization. According to theoretical and methodological materials, it was found that the specificity of woman self-actualization lies in the conflict of roles, namely in the priority of the role of wife, housekeeper over professional realization. It is also determined that the course of the conflict of roles is always personal, which is why it requires a qualitative diagnostic technics.
 It is noted that the method of the guided imagery (katathym-imaginative approach) having the basis of classical and modern psychoanalysis allows the psychologist to effectively diagnose and work with the client's personal conflict. The guided imagery as a method has three mechanisms of the psychotherapy influence: conflict, resource and creative. It is established that due to the combination of these components in the method, the client perceives the deepness of the work more easily and it is less likely to experience resistance.
 Based on empirical research, it was proved that the main motives of katathym-imaginative psychotherapy, namely “Meadow” and “Tree” are effective in diagnostic of the individual self-actualization features. A full description of the task motives was provided, as well as a detailed review of the work with the received materials. It is determined that the guided imagery helps the client to formulate his true request at work, as well as to realize and express their worries and feelings about self-realization. Qualitative changes in the self-esteem of the client were demonstrated, which also reflects the psycho-correctional effectiveness of the katathym-imaginative method of psychotherapy.

Socio-psychological features of value orientations in postgraduate students

Background. In the present situation, which certain studies describe as a crisis in the system of research staff training and which is characterized by low number of postgraduate students filling up the staff of scientific institutions, it is extremely important to study the specifics of motivation and value sphere of postgraduate students’ personality. Objective. Analysis of the socio-psychological characteristics that postgraduate students’ values have. Design. The study is based on a monitoring questionnaire survey of graduate students conducted in 2019 by employees of the RAO Information and the analytical center. The empirical data were processed using methods of mathematical statistics (statistical software packages SPSS and StatSoft Statistica). The study involved students of postgraduate research bodies that train postgraduate students in the field of education sciences, as well as postgraduates of pedagogical universities situated in Moscow, St. Petersburg and in other regions of the Russian Federation. A total of 803 respondents were interviewed. The study was aimed at assessing the hierarchy of life values in graduate students and the influence of socio-demographic factors, social stratification, and socio-psychological factors on the relevance of postgraduate students’ life values. Results. The results of the study indicate that the leading positions in the structure of postgraduate students’ life values are occupied by basic values (“family”, “good health” and “material well-being”) and by the most relevant values associated with self-actualization. It is shown that the value orientations of postgraduate students are determined by the influence of a number of socio-demographic factors (gender, age, presence and composition of the family), social stratification (financial status, educational status of parents) and socio-psychological factors (having or not clear-cut future plans, emotional assessment of one’s prospects, having or not emigration plans) factors. The comparison of the opinions of postgraduates and research staff showed that postgraduates are more focused on values related to self-actualization, as well as on traditionalist values. Conclusions. The core of postgraduate students’ life values structure if formed by the basic values and, in addition, the values related to self-actualization of individual. The value orientations of postgraduate students are determined by a number of socio-demographic factors, social stratification and socio-psychological factors. It was found out that at a certain age the structure of life values in postgraduate students changes significantly, in accordance with the aims of age development. It is shown that changes in graduate students’ family status make them reconsider the structure of life values. It is also noted that the restructuring of life values in graduate students, when if it proceeds in accordance with the values of natives in “Western” countries, contributes to the formation of emigration attitudes.

Speech Imperialization? Situating American Parrhesia in an Isegoria World

This article explores the ideological origins of the American free-speech tradition. It analyzes the two principal categorizations of free speech in classical antiquity: isegoria, the right to voice one’s opinion, and parrhesia, the license to say what one pleases often through provocative discourse, thus grounding modern free-speech epistemology and jurisprudential philosophy in a sociohistorical context. Part 1 reviews the First Amendment corpus juris. A progression of incrementally absolute judicial holdings promotes parrhesia, highlighting democratic utility over individual self-actualization; thus, Americans no longer view freedom of speech as an end ipso facto. While Athenian democracy recognized the need for provocative speech, certain institutional and social constraints, such as dokimasia, established standards of truth and accountability. Part 2 frames the historical developments of isegoria and parrhesia for modern analysis. The author begins by discussing isegoria’s principal aims, namely, promoting individual self-actualization and effective democratic governance. The European free-speech tradition, which views the individual as the locus of power, favors the former. The American tradition, which ‘depersonizes’ civil liberties such that the collective becomes the locus of control, favors the latter. Part 3 identifies the colonial developments in Anglo-American history that account for present-day U.S. free-speech permissiveness. It shows that the American preference for parrhesia-based absolutism was born from British imperialism and censorship. Part 4 suggests a need to reexamine free speech-understandings in the context of new-media proliferation and digital content regulation. The dominance of U.S.-based social media companies injects the American speech tradition into cultures with disparate free-speech philosophies and practices.

Psycho-Pedagogical Prevention of Aggressive Behaviours in Athletes

Life activities of students from higher education institutions are largely influenced by certain adverse factors (social, psychological, environmental ones), which in turn negatively affect their physical and mental health and cause particular behavioural deviations such as aggression. The research aims to theoretically justify, develop and experimentally verify the programme on prevention of aggressive behaviours in athletes due to cultivating their humanistic values and capacity for self-actualization. The research sample of the formative experiment comprised 177 athletes (92 respondents in the experimental group and 85 respondents in the control group). The research assumes that, if well-developed, humanistic values of individual self-actualization (developing one’s positive attitude towards the surrounding people, ability to understand them, accept oneself and others and reality, striving for new knowledge, identifying oneself in this world, setting goals) can be considered as a means of prevention of aggressive behaviours in students; the process of developing athletes’ capacity for self-actualization as a means of psychological prevention of aggressive behaviours is determined by an appropriate organization of activities performed by students, their parents, psychologists, teachers based on personality-oriented and humanistic approaches. The level of self-actualization was based on E. Shostrom’s test and the self-actualization scale by A. Jones and R. Crandall; the level of aggression was identified based on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. The accuracy of changes in the groups was verified using the Mann-Whitney U Test. Results. A quantitative interpretation of the results obtained from the formative experiment proves that the arithmetic mean of self-actualization parameters in respondents in the experimental group has increased significantly (by 22%), whereas they have remained almost unchanged in the control group. Concerning the arithmetic mean of parameters of aggressive behaviours in athletes, they have decreased significantly (by 18%) in the experimental group. This is because athletes' capacity for self-actualization has been developed without direct influence on their aggressive behaviours. Conclusions. In comparison with their peers in the control group, athletes in the experimental group have significantly improved their conflict management skills as a result of developing a more positive attitude towards others, as well as behavioural flexibility, communication skills and capacity for self-development.

THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVELS OF REFLEXIVITY AND INDICATORS OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION AMONG FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article outlines the results of an empirical study investigating the correlation between the indicators of reflexivity and indicators of the self-actualization process among the students majoring in "Primary Education" (from 2 to 5 courses). The goal of the article is to provide a qualitative description of the established relationship between the studied properties. With the help of diagnostic methods, the relationship between the levels of students’ reflexivity was established with such indicators of their self-actualization as: components of the reflexivity process, types of reflexivity, life-purpose orientations, levels of student aspirations. By studying the correlation of the reflexivity levels and individual self-actualization indicators of future teachers at a qualitative level, a link was established between them. In particular, the profile of a person with high and medium levels of reflexivity is characterized by the perspectiveness of reflection, i.e. marked tendency of future teachers towards thinking about future activities, planning, presenting the goal and results of their own professional activities; the expression of personal and professional components of reflection, which demonstrates their desire for self-awareness, attention to human nature, reflection on the potential of professional self-actualization; realistic level of aspirations, which distinguishes their confidence, persistence in achieving the goal and significant productivity. The profile of a person with a low level of reflexivity is characterized by retrospectiveness of reflection, i.e. the tendency to analyze their own mistakes, thinking about the causes, preconditions, motives of activity; the expressiveness of the emotional component of reflection, which demonstrates the focus on primitive vision of human nature and prevalence of emotional evaluation of events, experience and events; unrealistic low level of aspirations, which causes difficulties in defining student goals and ways to achieve them, difficulties with the implementation of their own life plans, as well as increasing demands on others. One of the problems of such students may be planning their own actions in the near future and their correlation with the professional perspective.

Teen’s Anxiety Through Poetry: Love or Dream?

Teens are identical with instability and anxiety for which they need to express as their individual self-actualization. So far there have been no such efforts to accommodate their needs through literary works. The current study explores the dictions employed in English poems written by the students (identified as teens) of English Letters Study Program to find about how far a poem can be as a means for teens to express their feelings. The subjects were assigned to write poems of their interests. The 32 poems were then analyzed and interpreted to find out how most students expressed their anxieties in terms of love to parents, love to boy/girlfriends, friendship, hope, admiration, disappointment, encouragement, divinity and educational goals. The findings indicate that they turn out to be able to write poems when they are emotionally touched. In particular, they employed a limited range of lexical items to express their love to their parents, boy/girlfriends, in addition to love to their college in pursuit of their educational goals. As the general practice of teaching literature ending up with the students’ analyzing literary works, it is high time that they were assigned to write poems to express their feelings. 
 
 Keywords: anxieties, poem, love, emotionally touched

Взаимосвязь самоактуализации, параметров психологического времени и характеристик личности на этапе профессиональной подготовки

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the formation of a subject of professional activity at the present time becomes nonlinear, multivariate. The question is raised about personal and socio-psychological measures of self-actualization in terms of professional dynamism and uncertainty of post-industrial society. Special attention is paid to professional transpective of the subject. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that transpective is a result of culturally assimilated and actualized in society methods of implementation of the potential in the professional sphere. A review of the concepts of self-actualization, conceptions of psychological time and approaches to the description of personality is made. It is shown that self-actualization is carried out against the background of stable set of psychological characteristics through reflection and design of way of life pattern. It is proved that the model of professional development in the logic of post-industrial society should include self-actualization, personality factors and the parameters of psychological time of personality. Empirical study is made of the links between levels of individual self-actualization, parameters of the subjective picture of way of life and psychological time, as well as indicators of cross-culturally validated five-factor model of personality. The results of a comparative analysis of the levels of severity of psychological time parameters and personal factors of students with different levels of self-actualization are presented.

“Authentic” Dance and Racialized Ethnic Identities in Multicultural America: The Chinese in Minnesota and Peruvians in New Jersey

We investigate how Chinese and Peruvian immigrants in the United States construct the idea of authenticity through dance and what roles the discourse and practice surrounding authenticity play in the formation of racialized ethnic identities. This inquiry reveals that “authenticity” in the context of immigrant dance has two distinct but related dimensions; it is both a descriptor of cultural practice and a quality of individual subjectivities by which immigrants recognize the importance of dance for both cultural preservation and individual self-actualization. Additionally, through so-called authentic cultural practices such as dance, immigrants in the United States preserve their before-migration national identities. They do so in the institutional context of multiculturalism, where the host society’s demands for authenticity converge with immigrants’ desire for belonging and where immigrants experience racial formation and ethnic construction simultaneously.

The Traces of a Radical Education: Neoliberal Rationality in Sudbury Student Imaginings of Educational Opportunities

Sudbury education, a progressive school model that originated in the 1970s United States, provides an example of how pedagogy can be reimagined toward radically empowering children. Sudbury schools project an idealistic vision of individual self-actualization, self-directed learning, and egalitarian democratic participation in an unstructured pedagogical environment. This article draws on ethnographic narratives of students who have experienced Sudbury education to trace a more complex and contradictory reality of Sudbury socialization. Focusing on the case study of Natalie, a lifelong Sudbury student who transitioned to public school at the age of 15, what emerges is a narrative of self and society imbued with neoliberal discourses of self-motivation, entrepreneurship, and individualistic notions of success, punctuated by brief structural critiques of public schooling. The overwhelmingly individualistic consequences of Natalie’s socialization, however, showcase the limits of Sudbury education to promote a collective sense of social responsibility.

Technologies of Reading and Writing: Transformation and Subjectivation in Digital Times

Technologies of Reading and Writing: Transformation and Subjectivation in Digital Times

A Meta-Analysis on Effects of Human, Social, and Psychological Capital on Career Success in Chinese Business Organizations

Career success is defined as the positive psychological or work-related achievements one obtains through work experiences. For individuals, career success reflects the self-actualization of individuals. In an organization, employees' personal career success means the organization's making the best of its human resources and eventually contributing to its success. As career success is of concern not only to individuals but also to organizations, many researchers continue to identify the individual and organizational factors that facilitate employees' career success. At the individual level, demographic, social capital, human capital, motivational and work-family variables are possibly associated with career success. At the organizational level, organizational variables such as firm size, industry sector, organizational support and geographic location may also be related to career success. Though Chinese organizational researchers have identified many determinants of career success and some have qualitatively reviewed partially the related literature, no large-scale systematic attempt has been made to systematically summarize the existent literature. In order to quantitatively review the career success literature, we use meta-analysis which is of appropriate for several reasons. Firstly, meta-analysis is a quantitative review technique that can reduce the measurement error from sampling and unreliability in individual studies. Secondly, a critical review and synthesis of the related body of research can play an important role in theory development and building. Thirdly, as former scholars have already identified some factors that determined objective and subjective career success, it would, therefore, be theoretically valuable to review and compare the strength of predictors in determining the objective and subjective career success in order to guide future research and management practices. In this study, we use meta-analysis to examine the relative importance of three career competencies(i.e., human capital, social capital, and psychological capital) and their underlying mechanism of predicting career success. Four inclusion criteria were used to select individual studies for this. Firstly, we focused on studies with dependent variables including at least one kind of operationalizations such as promotion, salary or subjective career success. Secondly, participants had to be employees in Mainland China. Thirdly, correlations were reported in the study. Fourthly, if the same sample was repeatedly included in different studies, then only the study that including most number of variables would be used in the present study. According to the above four criteria, we identified 76 studies that covered 78 dependent samples and 21,570 employees. Based on the intelligent career framework, contest and sponsored mobility, the theory of market transition, and the imbedding perspective of social capital, we put forward our hypotheses. To test our hypotheses, we obtained a correlation matrix first through four steps(i.e., encoding, correcting for correlations, composition of correlations and calculation of effective seizes). Then, we utilized LISREL8.30 to test our hypotheses. The results showed:(1) human capital, social capital and psychological capital were positively related to objective and subjective career success;(2) while human capital could explain more variance of objective career success, psychological capital could explain more variance of subjective career success;(3) organization sponsorship partially mediated the relationship between human capital, social capital and career success; it also partially mediated the relationship between psychological capital and subjective career success. The relationship between psychological capital and objective career success was fully mediated through organization sponsorship;(4) psychological capital could predict better much better organization sponsorship. This study contributes to the career success literature. One major contribution is that our results reveal the differential effects of the three career competency on objective and subjective career success. This finding isimportant both to theoretical development and to the methodology of measuring career success. Secondly, we examined the underling mechanism on how human, social and psychological capital may affect career success. Thirdly, it is important to find the kind of criteria used by elites and its agents to give candidates sponsorship. This theoretical question is examined in the present study using meta-analysis. Our study also offers implications for managerial practices. First, managers should focus on developing subordinates' human, social and psychological capital. Second, individuals should be aware of the fact that career success does not only affect human, social and psychological capital, but also others sponsorship. Several limitations have been noted in the current study. First, potential moderators may exist in the relationships among the three career competencies and career success. But we have not examined the moderating effects. A third limitation of this study is that we have not been able to explore the synergy among the three career competencies by examining their interactions due to the limitation of meta-analysis. Third, like other meta-analyses that examine mediating process, the current meta-analysis has not included control variables in hypotheses testing because many studies have not provided correlations with these control variables.

Spirituality and Self‐Actualization: Considerations for 21st‐Century Counselors

This article presents the core of individual self-actualization (Maslow, 1986, 1998) found in individuals' spiritual identity, as illustrated through a case study, its debriefing, and identification of counterindications for the clinical use of spiritual interventions. Future research possibilities on the topic of spirituality and self-actualization are provided. ********** As the 21st century unfolds, the practice of counseling seems to be buffeted by multiple conceptual forces that may appear incongruent. Two of these forces form the framework for this article. One pressure concerns the balance between a deficit-focused, pathology-oriented approach to counseling, as used through the practice of diagnosis for the purposes of third-party reimbursement, and a growth-focused actualization model of professional service, as espoused by the humanist tradition. A second divergence calls attention to issues of cultural diversity in the practice of counseling, without specification as to which issues are most salient to which clients and for which client issues. As a potential resolution to these two tensions, this article provides a rationale and guidelines for incorporating a growth-focused model integrating the attributes of spiritual identity. To accomplish this purpose, topics including the focus of counseling and distinguishing deficiency and growth needs within Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory lead to an exploration of the process of identity formation. This discussion of identity narrows to a focus on spiritual identity and maturity, including a brief consideration of eudaimonic well-being. The connotations of these philosophical and theoretical bases will describe the centrality of spirituality in a growth-focused model for clients. This description is illustrated through the use of a case study, its debriefing, and attention to counterindicators for using such interventions in counseling. In additions, the implications of this viewpoint for future research are provided. THE FOCUS OF COUNSELING The first identified pressure asks counselors to determine how they wish to balance the deficit and potential-focused belief systems about clients and their issues. This query invites counselors to bear in mind their underlying assumptions regarding the potential of individuals to transcend their current life situations. For those counselors who choose to adhere to the tenets of humanistic counseling, the Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC; 2011) website specified such core beliefs as follows: Humanistic theories attempt to describe the phenomenologically constructed world of the client by exploring the potential of humanity through the nature and experience of values, spirituality, meaning, emotions, transcendence, intentionality, healthy relationships, the self, self-actualization, creativity, mortality, holism, intuition, and responsibility (among other topics) ... It is within the humanistic counseling tradition that the core conditions of counseling emerged: unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence, authenticity, caring for the client, phenomenological assessment strategies, self-discovery, and insight. These core conditions permit therapeutic intervention in life areas which were previously inaccessible, such as love, hope, meaning of life, loss, relationships, creativity, holism, spirituality, freedom, transcendence, personal growth, social justice, multicultural and gender issues, responsibility, and interdependence. (What Defines Humanistic Theories?) These values hold that reaching human potential comes not through curative measures, such as diagnosis and symptom amelioration, but through freeing innate impulses for personal growth. It is accessing of one's true self that reveals those canons germane to each individual. Among those values are one's spirituality, meaning, and transcendence. …