Individual Sale Research Articles

Vapor Phase Terpenes Mitigate Oxidative Degradation of Cannabis sativa Inflorescence Cannabinoid Content in an Accelerated Stability Study.

Introduction: As Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) ages, inflorescence phytochemicals are susceptible to oxidative degradation. Reduction of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) content has the potential to impact the reliability and accuracy of dosing. Advances that improve cannabinoid stability during storage would have an important impact in medical cannabis markets. Reported here is the use of C. sativa terpenes with antioxidant properties that improve inflorescence cannabinoid stability. Materials and Methods: Killer Kush inflorescence samples were stored in a temperature-controlled environment, in opaque jars. To accelerate the rate of oxidate degradation, samples were stored with the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide. Vapor phase terpenes were added to inflorescence packaging. Two terpene blends and three different dosage amounts were evaluated. Inflorescence stability samples were prepared in triplicate for each sample type. Cannabinoid content was quantitatively assessed after 24, 81, and 127 days of storage using high-performance liquid chromatography. Terpene content was assessed using headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results from inflorescence stored with and without external terpenes were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) data processing. Results: After 127 days of storage, inflorescence in the accelerated study experienced a loss of 18.0% and 34.3% total Δ9-THC content for samples stored with and without external terpenes, respectively. The differences in cannabinoid content were found to be statistically significant at all timepoints using ANOVA processing. In the nonaccelerated study, only one of the six sample types investigated had a statistically significant greater total Δ9-THC content than control at all timepoints. Nevertheless, a dose-dependent relationship between the amount of external terpenes added to inflorescence and the preservation of total Δ9-THC content was observed. Discussion: In the accelerated study, exogenous terpenes reduced the degradation of inflorescence cannabinoid content by 47.4%. This represents the first reported addition of terpene antioxidants to inflorescence packaging for cannabinoid preservation. Of note, the antioxidants used in this system can be obtained from C. sativa. This is advantageous from a toxicological perspective as inhaling synthetic antioxidants presents unknown and unpredictable risks. When fully developed, the novel system has applications for inflorescence packaged for individual sale, as well as long-term storage of bulk biomass.

Unveiling Carbon Emission Attributions along Sale Chains.

Substantial anthropogenic emissions have resulted in serious environmental problems in China. Direct emissions and demand-pulled emissions along the supply chains have been extensively investigated. However, understanding the mechanism of how the sectoral emission is transferred through production activities along the sale chains at different production layers remains a challenge. In this paper, a top-down multilayer emission attribution model is developed to unveil the metabolism of multilayer input-driven emissions. For the first time, a diagramming approach enables the exhaustive depiction of the connections between primary input attributions and final production attributions, which allows accurate reallocation of the emission responsibilities to sectors at different production layers. Individual sale chain paths and supply chain paths have been extracted and ranked according to the contributions of emissions. A four-perspective comparison of sectoral emissions (i.e., direct emissions along sale chains, enabled emissions, direct emissions along the supply chains, and embodied emissions) is assessed. We find that at multiple production layers, sectoral direct emissions along the sale chains differ greatly from direct emissions along the supply chains. By comprehensively considering providers, consumers, and producers within a metabolic system, policy-makers should encourage upstream sectors to improve their cleaner production technologies and downstream sectors to adjust their industrial structures.

PENGARUH PENJUALAN PERSEORANGAN DAN IKLAN TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PRODUK PADA PT CALISPO MULTI UTAMA MEDAN

This research was made with the aim to determine the effect of personal sales and advertising on purchasing decisions at PT Calispo Multi Utama Medan.An individual sale is an oral presentation by the company to one or several prospective buyers with the aim that the goods or services offered can be sold. Advertising is a form of presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services which are funded by a certain non-personal sponsor. While the purchasing decision is a consumer's decision to buy a product after previously thinking about the appropriateness of buying the product by considering the information he knows about the reality of the product after he witnessed it or it can be said of the consumer's decision to buy a product after evaluating alternatives.In this study, researchers used a descriptive research method. To obtain relevant data in the preparation of this thesis, the method that can be done is to use quantitative descriptive research methods. In the research conducted, the authors use two data sources to help solve problems, namely primary data and secondary data.Based on the partial t-test results, it can be concluded thatpersonal sales and advertising variables have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisiosns at PT Calispo Multi Utama. The results of data analysis indicate that individual sales and advertisements together or simultaneously have a positive effect on purchasing decisions at PT Calispo Multi Utama.The conclusion in this study is thepersonal sales and advertising influences the purchase decision at PT Calispo Multi Utama Medan. Keywords: individual sales, advertising, purchasing decisions

The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World by Elena A. Schneider

Reviewed by: The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World by Elena A. Schneider Matt D. Childs (bio) The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World elena a. schneider University of North Carolina Press, 2018 360 pp. In June 1762, Britain brought the Seven Years’ War to Havana, Cuba, the largest city in the Caribbean, the third largest in the Americas, and Spain’s gateway to its vast empire in mainland Latin America. Assembled outside of Havana’s harbor was a British force that would number 28,400 sailors, soldiers, and enslaved Africans—amazingly more people than lived in any British colonial city in the Americas at the time. After a six-week siege that even involved digging a tunnel under the famous Moro military fortress that guarded Havana’s deep harbor to dynamite its walls, the Spanish finally surrendered. The British would occupy Havana for nearly a year before it would be returned to Spain in exchange for Florida in 1763. Spain and Britain alike recognized the siege and occupation of Havana as a watershed moment in the history of the Atlantic world, often giving it as much historical weight as the arrival of Columbus in the 1490s and the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Given the importance of the occupation of Havana for shaping Caribbean, Imperial, and Atlantic history, scholars have analyzed the event from military, political, economic, and diplomatic angles, which has produced a long and detailed historiography. Historian Elena Schneider’s The Occupation of Havana is the latest addition to this largest body of scholarship, and without a doubt it is the most detailed and comprehensive study to date. Other scholars have emphasized the importance of the siege and occupation of Havana, but mainly to illustrate a different story. For example, the event often figures as one of the last battles of the Seven Years’ War that forced Spain to the peace table, or the resistance by Cuban colonists is [End Page 499] highlighted as an early form of nationalism, or most frequently the economic changes initiated by the British during their brief occupation is portrayed as the first step in the development of the Cuban plantation system. Schneider breaks with this scholarly tradition whereby the occupation of Havana is leveraged to make an argument about a different historical topic. Instead, she explains that methodologically her study is a longue durée history of the preceding interactions between the British and Spanish in the Caribbean before the siege, a detailed narrative and analysis of the occupation and of the long-lasting consequences after Havana returned to Spanish rule. In developing this line of analysis, Schneider has performed exhaustive research in over two dozen archives in Europe, North America, and the Caribbean working in sources that range from papers relating to heads of state discussing political and military events down to the minutiae of individual sale transactions recorded by notaries. Drawing on this diverse source base, she skillfully juggles multiple levels of analysis that range from the macro analysis of global-structural events to the micro scale of individual actions by the enslaved produced out of contingency and expediency. Utilizing these sources and examining the occupation of Havana from a long historical view, Schneider argues that “the British invasion and occupation of a Spanish colonial space was not the radical rupture in Cuban history that it was once depicted as being . . . [but rather] the intensification of existing patterns and processes of interactions . . directly connected to slavery, the slave trade, and population of African descent . . . before during and after the events that transpired in 1762 and 1763” (9). In buttressing her argument on how the occupation of Havana was an intensification of preexisting patterns and accelerated interactions between colonies and empires in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world, Schneider has structured her book through six detailed chapters separated into three parts. In part 1, “Origins,” the author provides an intellectual and cultural history of what she wittingly labels the “Deep History of British Plots against Havana,” which traces schemes, conspiracies, and actions to take Havana and New World Spanish lands fueled by religious and imperial rivalries. Collectively, these early...

Optimal mechanisms for selling two items to a single buyer having uniformly distributed valuations

We consider the design of a revenue-optimal mechanism when two items are available to be sold to a single buyer whose valuation is uniformly distributed over an arbitrary rectangle [c1,c1+b1]×[c2,c2+b2] in the positive quadrant. We provide an explicit, complete solution for arbitrary nonnegative values of (c1,c2,b1,b2). We identify eight simple structures, each with at most 4 (possibly stochastic) menu items, and prove that the optimal mechanism has one of these eight structures. We also characterize the optimal mechanism as a function of (c1,c2,b1,b2). The structures indicate that the optimal mechanism involves (a) an interplay of individual sale and a bundle sale when c1 and c2 are low, (b) a bundle sale when c1 and c2 are high, and (c) an individual sale when one of them is high and the other is low. To the best of our knowledge, our results are the first to show the existence of optimal mechanisms with no exclusion region. We further conjecture, based on promising preliminary results, that our methodology can be extended to a wider class of distributions.

Cultivating User-ship? Developing a Circular System for the Acquisition and Use of Baby Clothing

This paper sets out to explore the significance of the production, sale and consumption of clothing as a product service system rather than as the more familiar “shop-window” product offered for individual sale. While there are a number of studies of occupational clothing systems, relatively little is known about clothing systems tailored for the private market. This article presents a case study of a recently launched subscription service for baby clothing, which offered a range of eco-certified garments for rent as more or less complete wardrobes. Drawing on fashion scholar Kate Fletcher’s concept of “techniques and processes of use” and on Actor-Network Theory, the study follows the company from its tentative beginnings through its first year in a process that provided an opportunity to study a clothing system “in the making.” Particular interest is paid to how the leasing system and product design features are mutually constitutive and to how the system interconnects with practices of use and maintenance among subscribers with a special interest in laundry regimes and durability. Taking this empirical example as its point of departure, the article concludes with a discussion of how product qualities and processes of use are intertwined and co-constructed.

Farm Women Empowerment Through Commodity Group Approach

In Tamil Nadu, the Pudukkottai district is known for pulse production especially blackgram. A special Front Line Demonstration programme “Blackgram cultivation through commodity group approach” had been sanctioned to Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pudukkottai during 2013 – 2014. With consistent efforts of KVK through focus group discussions, meetings with farmers and other stake holders, five blackgram commodity groups with 20 members per group were evolved. All the groups opened joint savings accounts in their group names in nationalized banks in Alangudi taluk of the district. Among these, four commodity groups were purely women led with farm women as members. All the farmers and farm women gained knowledge through on campus and off campus trainings both in cultivation and marketing. They were able to sell the seeds in bulk at higher rate of Rs. 55/Kg compared to individual sale of Rs. 40/- per kg thereby an increase of 37.5 percent income raise in enhancing all the members’ living standards. The transportation cost and middlemen cost also got reduced in marketing of the produce.

Numerical investigation on mixed bundling and pricing of information products

Abstract The bundling sale of information products has been a prevalent strategy in information industries. This paper attempts to study two issues that have not been adequately addressed in previous researches. First, we define the measure of customer heterogeneity by considering both the statistic characteristics of customer reservation price and the marginal cost of information products. Numerical computation indicates that the maximal profit of three bundling strategies (individual sale, pure bundling, and mixed bundling) drops monotonically with the increasing of heterogeneity among customers, and that mixed bundling is more profitable than schemes of either the pure bundling or individual sale when non-negligible heterogeneity exists among customers. Second, we present the mixed partial bundling scheme for real-world situations in which a large number of information products are offered and the preferences or valuations of customers considerably vary. We build a bilevel programming model to define the behaviors of the monopolist and customers, and develop a heuristic algorithm to construct optimal mixed partial bundling schemes. Numerical experiments verify that the mixed partial bundling engenders less substantial deadweight loss and extracts more surplus from heterogeneous customers, which illustrates that the mixed partial bundling strategy is a more flexible and efficient way to accommodate multiple segments of customers.

An Automated Data Analysis Tool for Livestock Market Data

This article describes an automated data analysis tool that allows Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service educators to disseminate results in a timely manner. Primary data collected at Oklahoma Quality Beef Network (OQBN) certified calf auctions across the state results in a large amount of data per sale site. Sale summaries for an individual sale need to be quickly dispensed to program coordinators, auction barn owners, and program participants. Data entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet at sales is summarized using Excel database commands. A link to Microsoft Publisher then generates the sale summary for an individual OQBN sale.

Pricing problem in wireless telecommunication product and service bundling

This paper investigates a mixed bundling problem in the wireless telecommunication business. Customers can buy cellular phones at a discount price if they subscribe to a service plan with the price above a threshold. We have proposed using nonlinear mixed-integer programming to determine the optimal price to maximize the total profit of the service providers. An efficient algorithm has been presented to solve this problem when discrete demand data is available. We have compared the profits from three strategies: individual sale, mixed bundle and pure bundle. Our analysis suggests the condition under which the mixed bundle strategy outperforms other strategies. We have also studied the impact of parameters on the solution. The results of the analysis may help the service providers adjust their pricing schemes according to changes in the market. In the case of incomplete information (only the distribution of the demand is known), we apply another research approach (partition graph) to determine the optimal bundle price.

Digital bundling

Increasingly, we see that firms offer many items on information-intensive channels and the Internet. Especially with low-marginal-cost digital goods, bundling may be a beneficial strategy. Different bundles may help customers become more discriminating and maximize profits. However, the marketplace evidence provides mixed observation of bundling rigorously pursued. In this study, we provide a general framework to analyze when and how bundling may be beneficial. We compare and contrast the firm and customer characteristics on bundling strategy. We analyze when individual sales can be beneficial. We find that when costs do not increase relative to the bundle valuation, firms find it beneficial to limit the number of bundles offered in the market. A low (zero) marginal cost firm benefits from offering just one big bundle. Such a firm obtains a higher profit compared to a firm that offers many bundles. With high marginal costs, the number of bundles increases with increasing customer valuation and/or heterogeneity. When a firm offers all the bundles, prices and profit increase as customer heterogeneity and valuation increase. When the number of offered items is high, individual sale (unbundling) may be preferred over bundling and bundling becomes an inferior strategy. Interestingly, a firm may benefit from unbundling the items when customers have higher valuations.

Customized Bundle Pricing for Information Goods: A Nonlinear Mixed-Integer Programming Approach

This paper proposes using nonlinear mixed-integer programming to solve the customized bundle-pricing problem in which consumers are allowed to choose up to N goods out of a larger pool of J goods. Prior work has suggested that this mechanism has attractive features for the pricing of information and other low-marginal cost goods. Although closed-form solutions exist for this problem for certain cases of consumer preferences, many interesting scenarios cannot be easily handled without a numerical solution procedure. In this paper, we investigate the efficiency gains created by customized bundling over the alternatives of pure bundling or individual sale under different assumptions about customer preferences and firm cost structure, as well as the potential loss of efficiency caused by pricing with incomplete information about consumer reservation values. Our analysis suggests that customized bundling enhances sellers' profits and enhances welfare when consumers do not place positive values on all goods, and that this consumer characteristic is much more important than the shape of the valuation distribution in determining the optimal pricing scheme. We also find that customized bundling outperforms both pure bundling and individual sale in the presence of incomplete information, and that customized bundling still outperforms other simpler pricing schemes even when exact consumer valuations are not known ex ante.

Supply strategies for build‐to‐order: managing global auto operations

PurposeVehicle manufacturer “CarCo” has spent decades developing its supply strategy based on customer ordered production. Yet the combination of an over‐crowded European market and the need to grow sales poses a dilemma: what strategy does it adopt to manage its global operations? This research aims to examine the implementation of responsive operations and supply strategy to analyse how and why a firm's strategy changes over time.Design/methodology/approachBased on the observations from a two‐day workshop held for 50 managers at the firm's headquarters, the paper explores theoretical and practitioner implications for the continued development and implementation of build‐to‐order (BTO) as a cornerstone of supply strategy.FindingsDespite considerable capability at functional and business level, CarCo must address corporate and industry factors in order to raise responsiveness. Managers understand the conflict between operational and supply strategies presented here, yet are limited in the extent they can act on this knowledge due to the multi‐level aspect of strategy and difficulties over control beyond the boundary of the firm.Practical implicationsKey performance indicators need to be modified to gauge individual sale profitability, alongside new incentives and measures to overcome demand distortion and supplier game‐playing. Further, the balance between flexibility investment and better customer fulfilment should be explored through cost analysis.Originality/valuePresents a managerial perspective of supply chain strategy development, analysed through a structured academic lens. The paper illustrates the increasingly dynamic nature of supply chains and the importance of connections between retail distribution, manufacturing, and in‐bound supply as part of the global operation.

Bundling and Competition for Slots

We study competition among upstream firms when each of them sells a portfolio of distinct products and the downstream has a limited number of slots (or shelf space). In this situation, we study how bundling affects competition for slots. When the downstream has k number of slots, social efficiency requires that it purchases the best k products among all upstream firms' products. We find that under bundling, the outcome is always socially efficient but under individual sale, the outcome is not necessarily efficient. Under individual sale, each upstream firm faces a trade-off between quantity and rent extraction due to the coexistence of the internal competition (i.e. competition among its own products) and the external competition (i.e. competition from other firms' products), which can create inefficiency. On the contrary, bundling removes the internal competition and the external competition among bundles makes it optimal for each upstream firm to sell only the products belonging to the best k. This unambiguous welfare-enhancing effect of bundling is novel.

Collective versus Individual Sale of Television Rights in League Sports

In many countries, the collective sale of TV rights by sports leagues has been challenged by the antitrust authorities.In several cases, however, leagues won in court, on the ground that sport cannot be considered a standard good.In this paper, we investigate the conditions under which the sale of TV rights collectively by sports leagues, rather than individually by teams, is preferred from a social welfare viewpoint.We find that collective sale is socially preferable when leagues are small, relatively homogeneous in terms of clout and where teams get little performance-related revenues.

Quantifying Marketplace Characteristics for Use in Timber Stumpage Appraisal

Abstract Regression-based models for predicting stumpage price have received attention in recent years for use in transactions evidence timber appraisal, forest planning, and valuation of timber inventories. These models usually use individual sale characteristics in conjunction with broad measures of product demand to explain variation in sale value. Local variation in markets due to mill capacity and concentration are either ignored, or separate models are generated for local market areas. The authors attempted to improve the specification of stumpage-price prediction models by incorporating new variables designed to reflect important aspects of local market conditions. This type of model has the potential to improve prediction of stumpage price and, in addition, to facilitate estimation of price impacts caused by changes in local mill capacity and concentration. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3): 66-69, July 1988.

1—OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIAN GREASY WOOL PART VI: THE RESISTANCE TO COMPRESSION OF MERINO FLEECE WOOLS

An analysis of the resistance-to-compression characteristics of common merino fleece wools is reported. The average value obtained under these experimental conditions was 10.0 kPa. with 95% of wools lying within ± 2.7 kPa of this value. Resistance to compression is highest among fine, short wools of better style, but, although these factors are highly significant, they account for only 45% of the total variation. Individual sale lots of the same type vary by ± 2.0 kPa about the mean value.

Some observations on the relationship between subjective and objective estimates of yield

SUMMARYA comparison of objective and subjective appraisals of the yield of Australian greasy wool sale lots is reported.Results suggest that although the overall agreement between the two systems of appraisal is good, the subjective estimate of an individual sale lot will only lie within ± 6% of the objective estimate in 95% of cases.

A Disaggregative Model for the Generation of Sales

➤This paper views total sales as a two-phase random phenomenon: a randomly determined number of customers, and a randomly determined dollar size of an individual sale. Some properties of total sales so viewed are derived and possible applications in a marketing context are indicated.