Individual Research Programs Research Articles

Helicopter main rotor FSI analysis using parametric blade model as an application for multidisciplinary optimization

This work is part of a research program aimed at finding new approaches and design solutions for helicopter main rotor modelling using multidisciplinary optimization. It is the fourth stage of an individual research program that includes preliminary tasks such as parametric modelling of a single blade, CFD modelling of a full main rotor for different flight conditions, and preliminary structural modelling of a blade. The main goal of this work is to present the parametric modelling of the rotor blade body and structure as an application for complex simulation. The paper demonstrates the method of advanced analysis of the entire rotor and provides exemplary results obtained from complicated analyses. The analytical foundation for combined fluid-structure analysis is presented. The parametric design method is shown to be applicable for different blade planform shapes and various section airfoils. The blade CFD fluid domain is also prepared using the parametric method, as well as the blade’s inner structure. The simulation parameters from the previous stages of research, which serve as inputs to the FSI analysis, are outlined. These previously obtained parameters are combined and introduced into an FSI simulation to assess their compatibility and applicability. The configuration procedure of the analysis and the boundary conditions are presented. The obtained numerical results are then compared with analytical assumptions. The simulation products, which serve as inputs for further analysis, are presented with graphical representations. The time and memory consumption of the simulation are outlined. The application of the described work in an optimization loop is proposed. As a result of this research, new options for main rotor optimization are developed. The paper demonstrates some crucial possibilities of FSI analysis in the described simulation cases. The use of combined parametric modeling with fluid-structure interaction analysis for different flight conditions is presented as a new perspective for multidisciplinary design optimization of a helicopter rotor system.

Introduction of the Korea BioData Station (K-BDS) for sharing biological data.

A wave of new technologies has created opportunities for the cost-effective generation of high-throughput profiles of biological systems, foreshadowing a "data-driven science" era. The large variety of data available from biological research is also a rich resource that can be used for innovative endeavors. However, we are facing considerable challenges in big data deposition, integration, and translation due to the complexity of biological data and its production at unprecedented exponential rates. To address these problems, in 2020, the Korean government officially announced a national strategy to collect and manage the biological data produced through national R&D fund allocations and provide the collected data to researchers. To this end, the Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) developed a new biological data repository, the Korea BioData Station (K-BDS), for sharing data from individual researchers and research programs to create a data-driven biological study environment. The K-BDS is dedicated to providing free open access to a suite of featured data resources in support of worldwide activities in both academia and industry.

Hydrogen production using nuclear power plants

In the coming years, the global demand for hydrogen can be expected to grow gradually, with increasing pressure to produce without the use of natural gas or oil. As a result, possible ways to produce hydrogen that will have a lower carbon footprint are being sought. Apart from the use of renewable energy sources, nuclear energy appears to be another possible source. This article provides an overview of available and suitable technologies that use nuclear energy. These include in particular water electrolysis, thermochemical decomposition of water or hybrid cycles. The article also includes an overview of individual research programs in the world. A nuclear power plant, in conjunction with hydrogen production, could serve as a backup flexible energy source in addition to coal and gas power plants to stabilize fluctuations in the electrical transmission system due to the operation of renewable energy sources.

The evolutionary sociology of J.Turner: An introduction to the concept of Spencer selection

This paper describes the main ideas of J.Turner related to his concept of Spencer selection. In his concept, he made an attempt to formulate the basic principles of Spencer selection, and also provided an argument showing how H.Spencer's evolutionary approach, contrary to popular belief, can be relevant for sociology today. J.Turner believes that the main driving forces of human evolution strengthened (or introduced) certain cognitive, motivational and behavioural tendencies, and people used these tendencies purposefully to create a certain culture and social structure. H.Spencer's explanation does not directly ignore sociological explanations of the dynamics and evolution of social systems, unlike simple modern evolutionary explanations of institutionalisation in terms of evolving behavioural tendencies based on the concept of natural (Darwinian) selection. The latter are used in evolutionary psychology and sociobiology based on implicit assumptions about the automatic nature of the process of transforming neurological reactions and behavioural tendencies into social structures and institutions. The basis of Spencerian selection is formed by a certain set of needs of people (individual level) and social differentiation of institutional organisation (reproduction, regulation, production and distribution) as the population grows (societal level), as well as changes caused by war with their specific dynamics. Thus, Darwinian ideas about the natural selection of individual organisms can be counted as sufficient for understanding and explantion of the evolution and dynamics of the layers of sociocultural phenomena traditionally studied by sociologists. For this purpose, it is necessary to turn to a special type of selection of superorganisms, formulated by H.Spencer in his works at the dawn of the formation of sociology itself as a separate science. In addition, in itself, such a combination of sociological and biological models of social processes is promising for the development of individual multidisciplinary research programmes that can subsequently significantly strengthen and enrich the social sciences as a whole.

Research evaluations for an energy transition? Insights from a review of Swedish research evaluation reports

Abstract Energy efficiency is identified as a vital area for addressing sustainability challenges of our time. Governments throughout the world invest vast amounts of resources in research, for advancing knowledge on energy efficiency, and for fostering innovations that can support a transition towards a more sustainable energy system. Evaluation can be an important component in transition processes, for setting directions, assessing outcomes, and enhancing learning. In Sweden, evaluations are undertaken to assess the contribution of energy research to national goals and are also regularly undertaken for individual research programmes and institutions to assess processes and effects. Thus, in a context where evaluations are conducted at different levels and with different objectives, the connectivity between them becomes complex and often unclear. This study focuses on how research is evaluated and how individual evaluations frame and relate the evaluand to an energy transition. By reviewing 20 Swedish evaluations of research for energy efficiency in buildings, we seek to provide insights on the operationalization, analysis, and assessment of the evaluations. The results reveal that evaluations often deploy a systems perspective that frames the initiatives in a larger societal perspective, crucial for supporting a transition. They also highlight a heterogeneity within the undertaking of the evaluation: from a generally wide operationalization—to a more narrow analysis focusing on programme level outcomes—to a wider assessment of impacts and relevance for society and different actors. In all, the full potential of individual research evaluations is still to be harnessed through deliberate evaluation approaches.

C.A.R.E. in Natural Products Research

The acronym C.A.R.E. is used to explore some of the parameters in creating research awareness in the contemporary natural product sciences and to encourage graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and junior faculty to develop good research practices and ethical awareness in developing excellence in their individual and collaborative research programs.

Scientific Cooperation: Supporting Circumpolar Permafrost Monitoring and Data Sharing

While the world continues to work toward an understanding and projections of climate change impacts, the Arctic increasingly becomes a critical component as a bellwether region. Scientific cooperation is a well-supported narrative and theme in general, but in reality, presents many challenges and counter-productive difficulties. Moreover, data sharing specifically represents one of the more critical cooperation requirements, as part of the “scientific method [which] allows for verification of results and extending research from prior results”. One of the important pieces of the climate change puzzle is permafrost. In general, observational data on permafrost characteristics are limited. Currently, most permafrost data remain fragmented and restricted to national authorities, including scientific institutes. The preponderance of permafrost data is not available openly—important datasets reside in various government or university labs, where they remain largely unknown or where access restrictions prevent effective use. Although highly authoritative, separate data efforts involving creation and management result in a very incomplete picture of the state of permafrost as well as what to possibly anticipate. While nations maintain excellent individual permafrost research programs, a lack of shared research—especially data—significantly reduces effectiveness of understanding permafrost overall. Different nations resource and employ various approaches to studying permafrost, including the growing complexity of scientific modeling. Some are more effective than others and some achieve different purposes than others. Whereas it is not possible for a nation to effectively conduct the variety of modeling and research needed to comprehensively understand impacts to permafrost, a global community can. In some ways, separate scientific communities are not necessarily concerned about sharing data—their work is secured. However, decision and policy makers, especially on the international stage, struggle to understand how best to anticipate and prepare for changes, and thus support for scientific recommendations during policy development. To date, there is a lack of research exploring the need to share circumpolar permafrost data. This article will explore the global data systems on permafrost, which remain sporadic, rarely updated, and with almost nothing about the subsea permafrost publicly available. The authors suggest that the global permafrost monitoring system should be real time (within technical and reasonable possibility), often updated and with open access to the data (general way of representing data required). Additionally, it will require robust co-ordination in terms of accessibility, funding, and protocols to avoid either duplication and/or information sharing. Following a brief background, this article will offer three supporting themes, (1) the current state of permafrost data, (2) rationale and methods to share data, and (3) implications for global and national interests.

Replications, Comparisons, Sampling and the Problem of Representativeness in Animal Cognition Research.

Animal cognition research often involves small and idiosyncratic samples. This can constrain the generalizability and replicability of a study’s results and prevent meaningful comparisons between samples. However, there is little consensus about what makes a strong replication or comparison in animal research. We apply a resampling definition of replication to answer these questions in Part 1 of this article, and, in Part 2, we focus on the problem of representativeness in animal research. Through a case study and a simulation study, we highlight how and when representativeness may be an issue in animal behavior and cognition research and show how the representativeness problems can be viewed through the lenses of, i) replicability, ii) generalizability and external validity, iii) pseudoreplication and, iv) theory testing. Next, we discuss when and how researchers can improve their ability to learn from small sample research through, i) increasing heterogeneity in experimental design, ii) increasing homogeneity in experimental design, and, iii) statistically modeling variation. Finally, we describe how the strongest solutions will vary depending on the goals and resources of individual research programs and discuss some barriers towards implementing them.

Социальные протесты в Латинской Америке в фокусе региональных интернет-СМИ и соцсетей

Received 10.03.2020. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the information on current social protests, which was published in the leading Latin American news websites and actively discussed on the social media platforms to identify the main causes of public discontent and the main problems discussed by Latin Americans. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the materials on the social movements of the fall of 2019, which were published in the news websites, which are the most popular in Latin America, and have the greatest influence, and the biggest Internet traffic volume. The second part is devoted to an overview of hashtags on the topic of mass protests that have gained huge popularity among Latin American users on the biggest social media platforms. A review of informational articles on the autumn social movements, which were published in the leading Latin American newspapers, revealed the main points of view on the factors and causes of these events, and the main problems discussed by Latin Americans. An appeal to various sources, both the countries in which the protests took place and the states that have passed such a crisis, will help readers to see the current socio-political situation in a new way. Acknowledgements. Support from the Individual Research Program of the School of World economy and International Affairs at National Research University – Higher School of Economics is gratefully acknowledged.

Living the Good Life: A Conversation about Well-being, Education, and Culture

In this paper we engage in a conversation speaking from three different perspectives and discuss the ways literature and our personal life experiences can inform policy and practice in relation to the concepts of well-being, education, and culture. We gathered around a metaphorical kitchen table, bringing to it our life experiences, as well as the literature that informed our individual research programs (positive psychology, Indigenous world view, and narrative inquiry) and we began to unpack the questions: “What role does culture play in understanding and educating for well-being and why should an education system be concerned about it?”

개인 기초연구 과제의 우수 연구 성과 창출을 위한 효율적 연구비 추정 연구

본 연구의 목적은 개인 기초연구 과제를 대상으로 효율적 수준의 연구비를 결정하는 요인과 연구비 규모를 추정하는데 있다. 분석을 위하여 우수 연구 성과와 연구 인력에 대한 연립방정식 모형을 구축하고 2단계 최소제곱법을 적용하여 결과를 추정하였다. 지원 체계별 효율적 연구비 수준은 중견연구 사업의 경우 349,513천 원, 기본연구 사업의 경우 134,097천 원으로 추정되었다. 중견연구 및 기본연구 사업의 효율적 연구비 수준이 현재 지원되고 있는 규모보다 적은 규모이므로 연구비 지원 규모를 더 늘림으로써 질적 연구 성과를 더 거둘 수 있지만 한계 생산 체감의 특성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Interdisciplinary Education: The Advanced Science Research Center.

Interdisciplinary Education: The Advanced Science Research Center.

How do field-specific research practices affect mobility decisions of early career researchers?

Although organisational mobility has become a crucial part of a researcher’s early career phase, its causes and functions in the early career are not yet sufficiently explained. In particular, the field-specific nature of patterns of national and international mobility has been noted but not systematically analysed. Based on case studies and CV data of German early career researchers in plant biology, experimental AMO physics and early modern history we explain differences in mobility patterns by the embeddedness of career decisions in field-specific research practices. In those fields, early career researchers have to develop their first individual research programmes, and enact scripts for their cognitive and organisational careers in order to arrive at such programmes. Enacting the scripts involves utilising organisational positions for specific purposes, which informs the selection of positions and thus shapes patterns of mobility.

A citation index for principal investigators

A new citation index $$h_{\mathrm{PI}}$$ for principal investigators (PIs) is defined in analogy to Hirsch’s index h, but based on renormalized citations of a PI’s papers. To this end, the authors of a paper are divided into two groups: PIs and non-PIs. A PI is defined as an assistant, associate or full professor at a university who supervises an individual research program. The citations for each paper of a certain PI are then divided by the number of PIs among the authors of that paper. Data are presented for a sample of 48 PIs of physics and physics-related engineering departments from a private research-oriented U.S. university using the ISI Web of Science citations database. The main result is that individual rankings based on h and $$h_{\mathrm{PI}}$$ differ substantially. Also, to a good approximation across the sample of 48 PIs, one finds that $$h_{\mathrm{PI}} = h \,/ \sqrt{ }$$ where $${ }$$ is the average number of principal investigators for the papers of the PI in question. Similarly, $$h_{\mathrm{PI}} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{C_{\mathrm{tot}}\,/ }$$ , where $$C_{\mathrm{tot}}$$ is the total number of the PI’s citations. Approaches to broadending the scope of h or $$h_{\mathrm{PI}}$$ with regard to highly cited papers are compared, and a new metric called $$h_x$$ is introduced for such papers which represents the average number of citations exceeding the minimum of $$h^2$$ in the h-core. A recent proposal to determine an optimum h-index is also discussed in relationship to actual citation data.

Současné teorie sociálního rozumění na pozadí sporu a antropologickou diferenci

Th is study is inspired by the book Jak rozumíme druhým? Studie o sociálním rozumění a sdílení světa nejen u člověka (How do we understand others? On social understanding and sharing of the world in humans and other animals) by Petr Urban and pays attention to current discussions about social cognition, namely in the case of non-linguistic agents. Most prominent positions are held by the group of comparative psychologists led by M. Tomasello, stemming from the philosophers of collective intentionality, and the group around D. Leavens and K. Bard, which is related to an interactivist interpretation of social cognition. It is demonstrated that the differences in the results of empirical studies are based on the ontological commitments of individual research programs, coupled with their relation to the problem of anthropological difference. The study questions the possibility of choosing a suitable theory by the means of the philosophy of science. At the end, a reinterpretation of non-human social cognition on the basis of umwelt theory is brought out.

Complexity is no excuse

An overarching research model is introduced here that can support research for turning sustainable development (SD) from theory into practice. The model describes how existing and future theories, and empirical knowledge related to SD can be utilised to establish explicit linkages—steps—between fundamental SD principles and specific studied practices. The research model is intended to support planning, design and communication of a range of research endeavours such as individual studies, larger projects and research programmes. It internalises a number of insights from the current stock of SD literature such as explicitly linking local solutions to general SD principles, the need to embrace complexity and to use theory, the need for interdisciplinarity, and acknowledging SD as both substance and process. The model and its utilisation are explained and illustrated here by reference to a research example from river basin planning. The model is a critical and constructive attempt to establish structure and strategy in relation to the overwhelming complexity of the sustainability challenge—a challenge which urgently calls for reflective and effective research approaches.

Hybrid approaches for aircraft primary structure repairs

Currently bonded repairs can only be permitted on those aircraft primary structures suffering cracks/damages having a residual strength well exceeding the design limit load prior to application of the bonded repairs. This paper focuses on the approaches to meet the certification requirement by combining a bonded patch with other methods that enhance residual strength of the damaged structures. An overview of the recent research in this area conducted by Defence Science and Technology Group and its research partner organisations is presented. The outcomes from six individual research programs indicated the hybrid repair methods are promising for primary structure repair applications. Significant residual strength increases were achieved through optimum damage removal and/or inclusion of alternative load paths. These methods also provide significant additional fatigue life post premature bond failure that would allow any possible bond-line defect/damage to be identified by NDI means long before a catastrophic failure. The adhesive bond in the hybrid repairs was proven to provide significant benefit in enhancing the static strength and fatigue resistance. Key issues for the application of these hybrid repair methods and future research directions are also discussed.

Impact Factor: the Journal Competition, Scientific Excellence or Fool’s Game in Publishing Industry?

In today’s world of competition for economic survival, it is not easy to give a convincing answer to the question in the title of this communication. As authors, researchers, academicians, leaders of research programmes and scholars, we cannot afford to ignore the subject of impact Factor because it is directly and indirectly affecting our livelihoods at all levels in the society, as decisions are now being made based on them to evaluate our performances and that of companies, departments and institutions. A lot about Impact Factors has been discussed in many spheres of human life and of course, everybody is right in his/her arguments. What best defines us as what we are as individual authors, researchers, academicians and scholars should be prioritized beyond the commercial elegance being attached. A careful and serious consideration need to be taken in order to avoid jeopardizing productive and developmental research. Having known the malpractices of Editors - in - Chief to attain a high Impact Factors for their respective journals, is it worthwhile therefore, maintaining the Impact Factor as a proxy measure of quality of research and academia in the society? Considering the origin and evolution of Impact Factor as an index metric measure for research journals and human malpractice nature, it is not prudent therefore for Impact Factor to be used to assess the quality and capability of individual authors, researchers, academicians, research programmes and scholars as well as institutions and/or companies.

The Emergence of Individual Research Programs in the Early Career Phase of Academics

Scientific communities expect early career researchers (ECRs) to become intellectually independent and to develop longer-term research plans (individual research programs [IRPs]). How such programs emerge during the early career phase is still poorly understood. Drawing on semistructured interviews with German ECRs in plant biology, experimental physics, and early modern history, we show that the development of such a plan is a research process in itself. The processes leading to IRPs are conditioned by the fields’ epistemic practices for producing new knowledge. By linking the conditions under which ECRs work to the epistemic properties of their IRPs, we identify mechanisms that produce these programs and conditions facilitating or hindering the operation of these mechanisms.

Is regulation preventing the development of therapeutics that may prevent future coronavirus pandemics?

Is regulation preventing the development of therapeutics that may prevent future coronavirus pandemics?