Individual Psychological Characteristics Research Articles

Педагогический потенциал дидактической игры как средства погружения студентов вуза в события страны изучаемого языка

The purpose of the research is to reveal the pedagogical possibilities of didactic games as an effective tool that allows to purposefully stimulate cognitive, linguistic and multicultural interests of law students in a foreign language as a factor of business communication and interpersonal communication of citizens of the world community. The scientific novelty of the article is that the didactic game as a pedagogical tool is considered from the standpoint of pedagogical theory; the complex influence of game activity on the personal development of students when immersing them in the socio-political events of the country is proved; the author's definition of the pedagogical potential of the game is given, emphasizing its developing and educational nature in combination with a foreign language culture. The article presents pedagogical experience on the productive use of the game taking into account the knowledge of the specifics of linguistics and geopolitics, as well as the individual psychological and age characteristics of students of the International Law Faculty of the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. As a result, the positive consequences of the didactic game for the personal development of students who participate in game activities in foreign language classes were identified and described: an increase in the level of their thinking, motivation, variety of interests and creative abilities was revealed.

The phenomenon of psychological reliability of the testimony of a minor participant in criminal proceedings

This article provides a justification for the insolvency of the phenomenon of psychological reliability of the testimony of a minor participant in criminal proceedings in the light of current legislation and the existing level of scientific development. The study contains an analysis of the proposed concepts of psychological reliability, as well as foreign experience in their application.The main reason for the illegality of the appointment and production of expert examinations of the reliability of the testimony of minors is that the expert is not classified by the criminal procedure law as a subject of evidence assessment. In addition, the results of investigative actions cannot be the subject of expertise within the meaning of the norms of Federal Law No. 73-FZ “On State Forensic expertise in the Russian Federation”.The conclusions based on the results of the reliability examinations cannot be called justified due to the lack of a sufficiently developed scientific and practical base for such studies.The authors present a legally acceptable and effective form of using special knowledge in the process of forming, using and evaluating the testimony of juvenile participants in criminal proceedings. It is proposed to identify the individual psychological characteristics of a minor through expert research in order to further take these results into account by appropriate assessment subjects when deciding on reliability.

Оценка риска совершения преступлений лицами, освобожденными из мест лишения свободы

Introduction. While studying recidivism prediction, criminal risk assessment is considered in many countries a mandatory procedure. The paper presents the most widely known and frequently applied risk assessment tools. Special attention is paid to predicted risk assessment tools for individuals released in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Taking into account the emerging tradition of using these risk assessment tools for practical purposes and the opportunities for conducting relevant research, much attention is paid to reviewing the tools used abroad. The purpose of the study is to provide the theoretical grounds for recidivism risk assessment tools, as well as the analysis of foreign experience in application and verification of this tool. Research methods. The research uses general scientific methods: (analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization, analogy), special methods: comparative (when studying tools for assessing the risk of recidivism), formal legal (for the study of normative legal acts). Results. The research demonstrates a wide range of approaches and patterns in the area of criminal behavior risk assessment. Criminal behavior risk assessment tools were classified, and they can be summarised in a historical perspective into four generations according to chronology. The first and least reliable approach is to assess the risk of recidivism based on the clinical opinion of professionals. At this stage the measurement was characterised by its subjectivity. The second generation was based on actuarial valuation using reliable statistical predictors and significance levels for recidivism. The third generation tended to combine risk factors based on the theory of static risk assessment. The fourth generation of tools is based on the understanding that risk should be assessed as a continuous and dynamic process related to both the risk itself and the needs and resources of the individual. This approach considers that offenders’ supervision in post-penitentiary probation is an effective means of successful risk assessment based on their individual psychological characteristics and resources.

Использование приема «смена установки» при проведении специального психофизиологического исследования с применением полиграфа

Introduction. The article considers the tacticsissues of conducting special psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph during professional psychological selection of citizens entering the service in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.When using polygraph inpersonnel work, there are often situations when it is difficult for a polygraph examiner to make a decision about the significance of the reactions detected, as they may be associated not with the presence of a certain risk factor (deviant behavior) preventingthe subject’s entering the police service, but with the manifestation of situational anxiety, which is difficult for the candidate to control in the situation assessed as stressful. To solve this problem and increase the reliability of polygraph examinationsresults, the specialists use “attitude change”techniquethat makes it possible to draw objective conclusion about the significance of a particular “risk factor” for the subject, taking into account his or her individual psychological characteristics. Research Method. Psychophysiological method of lie detection (polygraph) allows to solve important issues of candidates selection for service in law enforcement agencies who do not have a tendency to deviant behavior, which further ensures the quality and efficiency of professional activities of police officers. Results. Within the framework of the conducted research the possibility of creating special attitude in the subject, providing the emergence of reaction to a stimulus previously not significant for him/her, related to some test subject, was shown. The effectiveness of the “attitude change” technique use, which helps to neutralize the “accusatory bias” of the polygraph test when working with subjects of the anxious and suspiciouscircle, was revealed. It is proved that “attitude change” technique use in the process of screening checks leads to the reduction of errors of the first kind (“false alarm”) and provides reliability of the results of psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph.

Оценка индивидуально-психологических характеристик и уровня доверия по фотоизображению лица незнакомого человека до и после непосредственного перцептивного взаимодействия

<p>The article presents the results of a study of the influence of direct perceptual interaction on the assessment of the individual psychological characteristics of a stranger and the level of trust/distrust in him. The problem of the influence of direct perceptual interaction in conditions of interpersonal perception still remains relevant and requires thorough experimental study. The main assumption of the work is that ideas about a stranger, including a complex dialectical interaction of trust/distrust, will differ significantly before and after direct perceptual interaction. The assessment of individual psychological characteristics was carried out using the “Personal Differential” technique, trust/distrust using the “Perceptive Trust Assessment Test”. The results show that the experience of brief nonverbal face-to-face interaction reduces the number of significant differences in the ratings of naive observers with the ratings of experts. Regardless of the facial morphotype, after the experience of interaction, all sitters are perceived by observers with a bias towards socially desirable individual psychological characteristics, with the exception of the only characteristic (stubborn) in the assessments of the round morphotype. The experience of non-verbal face-to-face interaction has a significant impact on the formation of a more trusting attitude towards a stranger in an outside observer, in contrast to the level of trust formed from a photograph.</p>

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕТСКО-РОДИТЕЛЬСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ У ПОДРОСТКОВ СО СКЛОННОСТЬЮ К ВИКТИМНОМУ ПОВЕДЕНИЮ

The article examines the role of child-parent relations in the formation of victimization of the personality of adolescents. The relevance of the study is associated with an increase in the number of adolescents subjected to illegal actions, as well as with the contribution of the family environment, confirmed in many studies, to the formation of individual psychological characteristics of adolescents, including those that are predictors of victimization. The study involved 60 teenagers from full families with their own parents. In the course of the study, adolescents were divided into two groups according to their propensity for victim behavior and the type of victim behavior prevailing in the groups. The characteristics of attachment to parents were evaluated, as well as indicators of the relationship between parents and a child. The study confirmed the fact of a significant contribution of the family to the formation of adolescent victimization. The marker of a high level of victimization is largely the hostile relationship of adolescents with the father with the absence of a feeling of intimacy and interest. Hostility and inconsistency on the part of parents with an insufficient level of intimacy and positive interest have an impact on the formation of all types of victim behavior. The results obtained make it possible to develop recommendations for the prevention of victimization to reduce the number of victims and active participants in crimes among adolescents.

Interethnic tolerance of modern students

The paper considers the problem of interethnic tolerance in individuals. The theoretical analysis of the scientific literature shows that interethnic tolerance is an important indicator of the culture of international relations, has a deep axiological meaning, and is closely related to the value perceptions of the individual. The aggravation of interethnic issues in the youth student environment causes local conflicts, xenophobia, manifestations of nationalism, chauvinism, incitement to ethnic hatred, enmity, and intolerance between representatives of different nationalities. In this regard, the difficulty of developing interethnic tolerance when working with the younger generation is of particular importance, which makes it necessary to form a personal social position for young people and raise their level of interethnic culture. The purpose of our work is to study the individual psychological features of the manifestation of interethnic tolerance in a person. The psychodiagnostic complex consisted of the “Tolerance Index” and the “16 Personality Factor Questionnaire” by R. Cattell. The correlation analysis allowed us to confirm the existence of significant relationships between the indicators of interethnic tolerance and personality factors. The qualitative analysis and construction of profiles allowed us to provide psychological characteristics of individuals with different levels of the general indicator of interethnic tolerance.

Determinants and consequences of the deformation of individual legal awareness under the negative conditions of the modern world

The essence of individual legal consciousness, the factors leading to its deformation, and the consequences that arise in this case are considered. Legal consciousness is presented as a person’s personal attitude to law and its mental reflection, which can manifest itself in different ways under different conditions. The importance of objective and subjective factors that create a high level of anxiety of an individual, increase his despair in his future, deform individual legal awareness and negatively affect legal behavior is determined. Such important subjective determinants are the general level of an individual’s intellectual development, his worldview, self-esteem, individual psychological characteristics, mental state, etc. The direct proportional dependence between the deformation of legal consciousness and illegal behavior and destabilizing and traumatizing factors that threaten human safety is substantiated. Attention is focused on objective factors that do not depend on the will of a person, but influence his life. Economic factors deserve special attention, namely economic crisis, unemployment, poverty of a large part of the population, inflation. Particularly dangerous determinants of legal awareness are war and the related threat to human life, health, rights and freedoms, as well as corruption, injustice, crime, the consequence of which is social tension and despair of people regarding the opportunities to provide themselves with decent living conditions, or even survive Establishing the role of personal factors in the deformation of legal awareness, studying and analyzing criminogenic situations from the point of view of their subjective perception by the individual - all this will contribute to expanding the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in the field of crime prediction and prevention. The state has the duty to prevent threats to the welfare of society and the quality of life of the country’s citizens. A state striving to achieve progress in overcoming illegal behavior must fight corruption and injustice, and ensure equality of all before the law.

The Personality of a Modern Bribetaker

A persistent negative situation in the sphere of corruption in Russia, as well as the enforcement of a new National Anti-corruption Plan for 2021-2024 approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 16, 2021 № 478, the search for new forms and methods of preventing this criminal social phenomenon and of counteracting it gain a special urgency. Experience shows that criminal law measures are not sufficient for counteracting corruption. Due to this, the role of criminology seems especially vital. A comprehensive study of the criminal’s personality will help to improve the effectiveness of preventive work for the category of people under consideration. The goal of the work is to research specific socio-demographic, moral-psychological, role and criminal law characteristics of the personality of a bribetaker in Russia today. The research is based on the analysis of Russian and foreign publications in journals of law and sociology. The empirical part consists in studying the decisions of the courts of general jurisdiction of different subjects of the Russian Federation (from 2018 to 2023) and official statistical information on criminal prosecution under Art. 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Besides, the author carried out a content analysis of electronic mass media on high-profile cases of bribery involving officials at different levels. It was found that, at the present time, a bribetaker in Russia is male (with a growing share of female bribetakers), aged 30-49, a Russian citizen with a higher education, married with underage children, employed by law enforcement or state and municipal bodies. He is described favorably as a responsible, sociable and competent person both at work and in personal life. Key individual psychological features include emotional stability, ability to control and manipulate people, ability to build necessary connections, denial of moral and criminal norms, avarice, tolerance to corruption, thirst for power and a desire to prove himself through illegal actions.

Проявления речевых компетенций у русскоязычных жителей-монолингвов Республики Тыва в условиях естественного тувинско-русского билингвизма

This article features monolingualism in the Tuvan-Russian bilingual community. Language acquisition, especially when it is the second language, follows psychological rather than linguistic patterns, e.g., assimilation and imitation. In this research, we made an attempt to study the individual psychological features of speech as a higher mental function. Our respondents positioned themselves as monolinguals and denied that they had an opportunity to practice their second language. The research objective was to identify and record some linguistic competencies in the Tuvan language in Russian monolinguals, as well as to conduct a qualitative analysis of their language skills. We used such diagnostic methods as clinical interview, observation, and questionnaires to obtain data on some linguistic competencies in the second non-native language spoken by monolinguals. While profiling a typical linguistic personality, we recorded some linguistic competencies in the second language that the respondents were not aware of. In the linguistic environment of the Tyva Republic, monolingualism is possible only at the early stages of cognitive development. In ontogenesis, it transforms into psychological bilingualism, and then into multilingualism. The Russian-speaking monolinguals of the Tuva Republic develop their speech competencies in a natural bilingual environment. As a result of the natural bilingual environment, Russian-speaking monolinguals develop unconscious speech competencies that actually make them bilinguals.

Psychology of doctor-patient interaction in the context of medical specialist's communicative tolerance

The relevance of the study is due to the need to find ways to ensure high-quality interaction between a doctor and a patient in the context of a medical professional's communicative tolerance. The purpose of the study was to determine the psychological characteristics of the interpersonal relationship between a doctor and his/her patients. The basis of the theoretical and methodological approach was a qualitative combination of methods of structural and functional analysis of the problem of psychological training of medical professionals and analytical research on the formation of constructive relationships between doctor and patient. Several surveys were conducted on the tolerance of healthcare professionals and their emotional well-being in the context of individual psychological characteristics. The results are presented, which reflect the methods of doctor's influence on the psychological state of the patient and his/her family. The question of how trust in a doctor and his/her professional competences is formed is highlighted. The problem of ethical principles, professional motivation of medical professionals and the specifics of their communication in the team are revealed. The subjective feelings of doctors about the work they do are revealed. The issues of modernization of medical education and digitalization of services are revealed. The conditions, components, and approaches to effective interaction between doctor and patient in the healthcare system are identified. The problems of developing diagnostic tools for assessing the psychological state of a medical professional in his/her professional activity are detailed. An experiment was conducted to substantiate the need to implement programmes to improve the communication skills of healthcare professionals, including interns and nurses. The practical value of the results of the research work is the possibility of using the outlined approach to improve the methods of improving the communication competencies of doctors in their professional activities

An empirical study of the personality factors and individual characteristics of older adult participation in third age education

ABSTRACT In China, the innovative development of education for older people is an important response to the aging population, and an important way to meet the spiritual, cultural, and social needs of older people. Current academic research mainly focuses on the social factors that affect the participation of older people in education and there are few empirical studies on the individual psychological characteristics of older adult learning behavior. This study takes a positive psychology approach to the exploration of the factors influencing the participation of older adults in education in a number of universities of the Third Age in Fujian Province, China. The study is based on curriculum preferences and frequency of participation in extracurricular activities. The results show that the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism, as well as gender, age, level of educational attainment, and family economic status significantly affect frequency of participation in extracurricular activities and the curriculum preferences of older learners. The results of this study suggest that we can strengthen personality matching to promote the learning enthusiasm of older people in education, and adhere to the demand-oriented to promote the Third age education curriculum personalized. Furthermore, we should increase the scope for popularizing Third age education, improve the accessibility of education for the older people, accelerate the integration of older adult education with the Internet, innovate the form of older adult education, and then promote the development of customized curricula.

Pedagogical aspects of the development of leadership qualities in cadets of higher military educational institutions

The development of leadership qualities in cadets of military institutions is of particular importance in today's conditions, since the formation of a new generation of professional competent officers-leaders will directly affect the combat capability of the Armed Forces and the defence capability of the state as a whole. The purpose of the study was to identify pedagogical aspects and ways to improve the system of leadership development among cadets of the Military Academy. The study analysed the theoretical foundations of the leadership problem and summarized the best Ukrainian and foreign experience. The methods used were: structural-functional method; analysis, induction. The study also used the following methodological approaches: systemic approach; reductionist and holistic approaches. As a result of the research, it was found that the existing system of training military leaders in higher military educational institutions currently has certain significant drawbacks that significantly reduce its effectiveness, namely: insufficient attention is paid to military-humanitarian disciplines, which shape the socio-communicative qualities of a modern leader; outdated reproductive teaching methodologies dominate instead of innovative interactive ones; individual-psychological characteristics of the cadet's personality and potential are not sufficiently taken into account; the educational potential of the faculty is weakly utilized due to mentoring; the system of cadet self-government is underdeveloped, within which future officers could gain real practical leadership experience. Therefore, constructive ways of improving the existing system were proposed by strengthening the humanitarian component of training, wider use of interactive teaching methods, introducing individual educational trajectories, increasing the role of mentoring from senior command staff, creating an effective system of cadet self-government, and substantiating the feasibility of using innovative pedagogical methods of active learning for the effective targeted formation of necessary leadership qualities and competencies. The results of the study on improving the system of leadership development of cadets of Higher Military Educational Institutions are of great practical importance, as they can be used to improve the effectiveness of training officers as future military leaders

Factors influencing the formation of adolescents’ personal readiness to resist the negative influences of Internet socialization

Importance. The active use of modern technologies by schoolchildren in everyday life, providing access to the virtual space of the Internet, which contains a large number of threats to the normal development of minors, contributed to the emergence of interest in the scientific community in the problem of forming the adolescents’ personal readiness to resist the negative effects of Internet socialization, as well as the identification of factors influencing this process. The purpose of the study is to research the factors influencing the formation of adolescents’ personal readiness to resist the negative influences of Internet socialization.Research Methods. This study is carried out on the basis of integrative, axiological, personalactivity and environmental approaches. The following research methods are used: analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, comparison, generalization, systematization, structuring of information.Results and Discussion. It is proved that the formation of adolescents’ personal readiness to resist the negative effects of Internet socialization is influenced by a set of factors that can be conditionally divided into two groups: external (information technology environment, natural and sociocultural factors) and internal (biological and individual psychological characteristics).Conclusion. The practical application of the obtained results is possible for the development of technology for the formation of adolescents’ personal readiness to counteract the negative effects of Internet socialization.

Individual psychological characteristics and features of coping with the disease in patients with the first psychotic episode and post-psychotic depression as targets for psychosocial interventions

Purpose of the study: to determine the individual psychological characteristics and features of coping with the disease in patients with the first psychotic episode and post-psychotic depression in order to identify targets for subsequent psychosocial interventions. We examined 1112 patients who underwent the first psychotic episode, of which, after the introduction of inclusion/exclusion criteria, two groups were formed in the final design: 243 patients with postpsychotic depression and 119 patients without depression in partial remission. Clinical and psychopathological method with objectification by PANSS, CDSS scales, clinical and psychological method with diagnostics of coping, psychological defense mechanisms, perfectionism and self-stigmatization by standardized questionnaires were used, regression analysis was carried out using the method of multiple linear regression with stepwise inclusion. From the numerical characteristics of the samples, the arithmetic mean was determined with the calculation of the standard error of the mean, standard deviation. Statistically significant results were accepted at the p<0.05 significance level.Conclusions: the study found a significant effect on the clinical manifestations of postpsychotic depression in patients who underwent PES of schizophrenia, all studied individual psychological characteristics with the highest coping activity, which indicates the undoubted involvement of reactive mechanisms in the development of this type of pathology. This confirms the importance in the treatment of the studied cohort of patients, not only of differentiated psychopharmacotherapy, but also of active psychotherapeutic support with the study of selected “targets” of coping, individual psychological characteristics.

Neuropsychological Prevention of Students’ Procrastination

The article addresses to the problem of theoretical study of the problem of academic procrastination and its neuropsychological prevention for students. It describes neuropsychological means of prevention of academic procrastination with the recommendation to take into account the results of psychodiagnostics and analysis of some conditions and causes of the studied phenomenon. The psychological portrait of a student-procrastinator is analised the components of which are individual psychological, psychophysiological and personal characteristics. The role of the relationship between self-regulation and student learning motivation in foreign literature is also summarized. Peculiarities of educational burnout of procrastination students on the basis of foreign and domestic works are noted. It was revealed the essence of development and introduction of neuropsychological means of academic procrastination – conditioning of dynamic process of emotional and cognitive transformations in self-regulation of the student’s personality and improvement of his/her educational success. The author’s system of neuropsychological exercises for neuropsychological prevention of academic procrastination is presented in the article considering the neuropsychological mechanisms of its development at the cognitive-emotional-bodily systemic level. It is noted that procrastination may be associated with a negative emotional and mental response to the introduction of quarantine and the transition to distance learning, and even with the new opportunities. It is emphasized that neuropsychological prevention of academic procrastination should be combined with programs for the formation of future professionals thinking and development of a high level of independence, discipline and responsibility in educational activities as a successful strategy to prevent burnout and actualize motivation to learn at the integration level.

Individual model of psychological support bariatric surgery patients «12 targets»

The relevance of developing an individual model of psychological support for patients with bariatric surgery «12 targets» in the framework of a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of obesity is due to the fact that the effectiveness of surgical treatment is significantly influenced by the individual psychological characteristics of the patient. A comprehensive assessment of the psychological state of patients and the implementation of psychocorrective measures before and after bariatric surgery can improve the effectiveness of surgical treatment and prevent the risk of relapse. The individual model of the psychological support of the bariatric patient is built on the principle of a psycho-correction program, which is an integrative approach using psychotherapeutic tools from various areas of clinical psychology and psychotherapy. 12 universal targets of psycho-corrective influence in work with bariatric patients have been identified. The program is implemented in two stages: psychological preparation for bariatric surgery, psychological adaptation to physiological and psychological changes in the postoperative period. 20 bariatric patients took part in the program of individual psychological support, 11 of them (group 1) participated in all stages of psycho-corrective measures; 9 people (group 2) did not undergo psychological preparation for surgery, they were already included in the second stage of work on psychological adaptation to physiological and psychological changes in the postoperative period. Intermediate results of evaluating the effectiveness of psychological support for patients, which are based on the percentage of BMI reduction, show the achievement of stability in reducing overweight in the process of psychological interventions in both groups. The described model of psychological work will allow clinical psychologists working in a multidisciplinary team in bariatrics to focus on the universal targets of the problem field of a bariatric patient.

Priority directions of patriotic education of modern youth in the conditions of the special military operation

Currently, the Russian Federation is faced with unprecedented geopolitical challenges, which necessitates a special military operation. As a result, a research problem emerged in the form of a significant difference between the level of patriotism in the Russian society in general and among youth in particular. Educational work, as an element of the pedagogical system, is one of the most effective tools at the present time, capable of influencing the value orientations of modern youth, forming personal attitudes in terms of developing pride of their country and readiness to defend its interests.The purpose of the research is to identify problems in the system of patriotic education of modern youth in the context of the special military operation, and to propose main directions for correcting this process. The methodological basis of the research is represented by the use of the following research methods: study of scientific literature, analysis, synthesis, description.The research results. It has been revealed that there are certain problems in the field of patriotic education of modern youth in the context of the special military operation. The state should pay noticeably more attention to the issues of patriotic education of modern youth, primarily through interaction in the educational environment. The main tool in this context should be pedagogical activity during the implementation of the educational process, both during classroom work and extracurricular work.Key conclusions: Patriotic education of the younger generation should become one of the main tasks and priorities for the development of pedagogical science at its current stage of development. Patriotic education of modern youth in the context of a special military operation must be carried out with mandatory consideration of the entire complex of individual psychological characteristics of students.

Musical skills. Communication, diagnosis and developmental problems

How can the development of imagination, and the enrichment of the spiritual and cultural level influence the effective formation of thought processes? Fields of psychology that study the relationship between thought processes and active creative imagination in light of the development of spirituality have always been relevant. Abilities are considered individual psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another, mainly those that are related to the success of a certain activity, and giftedness is considered as a qualitatively unique combination of individual psychological abilities, based on which it is possible, success also depends on activity.

FACTORS OF EXTREMISM IN UNORGANIZED ADOLESCENT ENVIRONMENT (PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT)

Among the group socio-psychological factors, the following can be distinguished: attitudes, prejudices of parents; views, beliefs of the reference group (including a group of peers); influence of authoritative persons in the conditions of the reference group, etc. stress as a result of social modernization and integration/disintegration processes in society; The above factors act along with personal factors, among which are: ideas, attitudes of adolescents; individual psychological characteristics (increased suggestibility, aggressiveness, low sensitivity and a sense of empathy, individual characteristics of reactivity and the course of mental processes); emotional characteristics (a state of mental tension).