Means Of Individual Protection Research Articles

Assessing changes in the pattern of healthcare-associated infectious agents in intensive care units during a novel coronavirus infection pandemic (COVID-19)

Introduction. The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic has been a major challenge to the global healthcare system, affecting more than 32 million patients worldwide. Unprecedented anti-epidemic measures carried out in hospitals allowed clinicians to hope for a decrease of hospital infection, however, the pandemic exacerbated the problem of the spread and circulation of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitals. The goal of study to conduct a comparative assessment of changes in the microbial landscape and the level of antibiotic resistance of the main pathogens of lower respiratory tract infections in ICU patients who were in different epidemiological conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison with the “pre-Covid” period. Materials and methods. A multicenter retrospective observational cohort study was conducted, which included the ICU of 4 hospitals in Yekaterinburg, which were in different epidemiological situations during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a comparative analysis of the length of stay of patients in the ICU, the frequency and duration of mechanical ventilation, the resuscitation mortality rate, and also the results of microbiological examination of sputum with an assessment of the structure of pathogens and the level of their antibiotic resistance. Results. The structure of pathogens in sputum in ICU patients of the “green zone” has not fundamentally changed. In the “red zone” there was an increase in the number of documented infections of the lower respiratory tract and blood flow, while hospitals showed differences in changes in the microbial landscape. The microbiological situation in the ICU of the “red zone” was characterized by a decrease in the number of isolated strains of Enterobacterales and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria by the end of the pandemic, as well as a significant increase fungi in sputum. In hospitals, where there was an alternation of periods of work in the “red” and “green” zones, there was a decrease of Enterobacterales, an increase in non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria and a fungi. Among the microflora isolated by bacteriological methods in patients with COVID-19, gram-negative bacteria and fungi predominated, mainly Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumanii and fungi of the Candida spp. A significant increase in the proportion of fungi in sputum was noted in ICU patients in infectious diseases hospitals during the pandemic period. An increase in the level of antibiotic resistance of the main pathogens of lower respiratory tract infections was revealed with the appearance of multi-resistant and extremely resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumanii. Discussion. Changes in the microbial landscape may indirectly reflect the features of immune damage in patients with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, which, combined with the severity of the disease and the characteristics of its therapy, led to an increase in complications in the form of a secondary bacterial infection. The reasons for the increase in HAI cases include: an increase in the number of patients with severe comorbidities in an artificial closed ecosystem - the “red zone”; features of the methods of treatment (glucocorticosteroids, genetically engineered biological products - IL-6 inhibitors, etc.); high frequency of unreasonable use of antibacterial drugs; increase in the duration ofuse of various invasive devices and mechanical ventilation; changing the structure and practice of staffing hospitals, increasing the number of inexperienced medical workers and volunteers; inadequate hand hygiene, use of unsuitable individual protection means with a lack of developed methods for their processing in the new conditions. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the importance of the work of a multidisciplinary with a microbiologist, epidemiologist, clinical pharmacologist in order to improve the quality of care for patients, especially in a difficult epidemiological situation. Surveillance over the spread of HAI pathogens should be attributed to the most progressive form of anti-epidemic activity. Microbiological monitoring and its results can serve as the basis for making managerial decisions to combat and prevent hospital infections. It is the main method for assessing the etiology, phenotype, mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial drugs, allows you to identify epidemiological relationships between diseases, reasonably prescribe antibiotic therapy, and conduct targeted purchases of drugs (antibiotics) for the needs of this hospital.

CATALYST BASED ON PALLADIUM(II), COPPER(II) COMPOUNDS AND THERMALLY-MODIFIED TRIPOLI FOR THE PREPARATION OF RESPIRATORY REMEDIES FROM CARBON MONOXIDE IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Nowadays, the number of emergency situations related to fires is quite high. The high percentage of human deaths is mainly due to poisoning by gaseous toxic substances including carbon monoxide. The most problematic issue is the development or application of existing catalysts in means of individual protection of human respiratory organs – respirators, gas masks, self-rescuers. The compositions based on thermally modified tripoli obtained by the method of impregnation of the carrier by moisture content with compounds of copper(II), palladium(II) and potassium bromide were investigated. According to X-ray phase analysis, it was established that thermally modified tripoli is a polyphase crystalline mineral containing the following main phases: a-quartz, a-tridymite, b-cristobalite, a-cristobalite. The influence of the initial concentration of CO, which does not exceed 15 MPC, on the kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of the reaction varied in the range from 100 to 300 mg/m3. It was noted that the reaction rate in the stationary mode (Wst) is directly proportional to the increase in the initial concentration of carbon monoxide in the gas phase. The values of the constant kI and the degree of CO conversion (ηst) do not depend on CinCO, which also confirms the first order of CO concentration. Particular attention is paid to the aspects of ensuring protection against carbon monoxide when its concentration exceeds 15 MPC. Usually, special equipment, such as filtering self-rescuers, is used to clean the air from carbon monoxide at concentrations from 1000 to 6500 mg/m3. The catalyst developed by us is intended for use in lightweight personal respiratory protective equipment (RPE) at concentrations not exceeding 15 MPC. Therefore, there was an interest in researching the possibilities of using this catalyst in the self-saving filter system. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the gas-air mixture was varied from 400 to 2500 mg/m3 in the presence of the К2PdCl4-Cu(NO3)2-КBr/300-Tr(K) system. It was established that Wst increases in direct proportion with an increase in the gas-air mixture up to 1250 mg/m3, which indicates the first order of the reaction according to carbon monoxide. It was found that at CinCO = 1000 mg/m3 only under the condition τ´ = 1.13 s (mk = 10 g) the К2PdCl4-Cu(NO3)2-KBr/Tr catalyst provides air purification below the breakthrough CO concentration (CfCO = 200 mg/m3). Experiments on the influence of SO2 on the activity of carbon monoxide oxidation catalysts have shown that they lose their activity, so in air purification systems from CO, it is necessary to provide for the stage of capturing sulfur dioxide.

Peculiarities of Systemic Hemodynamics and Autonomic Status in Medical Personnel of PCR-Laboratories with Different Emotional Intelligence

INTRODUCTION: The ongoing pandemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) places high demands on the activity of PCR-laboratories (laboratories performing polymerase chain reaction). The medical personnel experience overloads due to stay in the red zone wearing the individual protection means, and also in association with a high personal responsibility for the result of their work. One of the criteria that is proposed for professional selection with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of the work of personnel of PCR-laboratories, is the emotional quotient (EQ).
 AIM: To analyze the state of systemic hemodynamics and heart rate variability in medical workers of PCR-laboratories with different emotional intelligence working in condition of COVID-19 pandemic using means of individual protection against the biological factor.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extent of health risk and tension of adaptation mechanisms during the work were evaluated by parameters of systemic hemodynamics (tonometry, pulse oximetry) and heart rate variability (cardiorhythmography). Thirty three individuals with the working period in a PCR-laboratory from 1 to 33 months were examined. The average age of the participants at the time of inclusion in the study was 32.4 1.44 years. In 33.7%, EQ corresponded to the medium level (81120 points), and in 66.7% to the high level (121168 points).
 RESULTS: Before the start of the work shift, increased blood supply to tissues in personnel with high EQ was achieved by increased heart activity: cardiac output (CO) 3938.9 ml/min, interquartile range (IQR) = 3404.24230.2 ml/min with the underlying reduction of vessel tone: total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) 1922.8 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 1636.52085.8 dyn s/cm5. After the end of the shift, to these compensatory mechanisms (CO 4284.7 ml/min, IQR = 3935.44688.8 ml/min; TPVR 1692.4 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 1584.61903.1 dyn s/cm5), increased myocardial oxygen consumption (MOC; 7917.5 RU, IQR = 7430.28811.0 RU) added as a reaction to the muscular component of labor activity. In individuals with average EQ, these mechanisms were less pronounced in considerable mental stress: before the shift CO 3722.0 ml/min, IQR = 3163.13739.0 ml/min, p = 0.013; TPVR 2303.1 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 2058.12402.1 dyn s/cm5, p = 0.016; after the shift CO 3375.0 ml/min, IQR = 3372.04402.0 ml/min, p = 0.010; TPVR 2010.5 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 1972.62351.9 dyn s/cm5, p = 0.017; MOC 7450.0 RU, IQR = 6653.37867.3 RU, p = 0.023.
 CONCLUSION: The extent of tension of mechanisms of self-regulation of systemic circulation, apart from characteristics of used technical means and the working regime, significantly depends on the level of emotional intelligence. With this, personnel with high emotional intellect are preferable for the work in the red zone because of lower tension of regulatory mechanisms.

Токсиколого-гігієнічна оцінка сучасних засобів захисту органів дихання від респіраторних інфекцій

One of the leading places among medical products in terms of application is occupied by surgical and protective, disposable masks, designed for protection and prevention of diseases that are transmitted by air. Aim. Conduct an analysis of samples of protective and surgical masks to determine the possibility of their use as intended. Materials and Мethods. Examination of medical and surgical masks of various manufacturers in accordance with the requirements of the Technical Regulations on medical products (Cabinet Resolution No. 753 dated 02.10.2013). Results. Modern methodological approaches to assessing the degree of potential risk of medical products are based on the study of toxicological characteristics and sanitary-chemical indicators in accordance with the requirements of DSTU ISO 10993-1:2015, namely: determination of the spectrum of potential biological risk factors (cytotoxicity, skin-irritating and sensitizing effects), bactericidal filtration; determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of chemicals (phenol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde) in accordance with the requirements of DSTU EN ISO 10993-12:2015 and DSTU EN ISO 10993-13:2015; determination of breathability, durability against splashes, in accordance with the requirements (DSTU EN 14683:2014 "Surgical masks. Requirements and test methods"). The specified indicators make it possible to determine the possibilities of using medical products ‒ medical masks, are mandatory and are measured by the institutions of the Derzhspozhivstandard of Ukraine. Conclusions. Modern methods of sanitary and chemical research make it possible to study the processes of migration of components and degradation products from the materials of medical masks into simulated environments, to identify the composition of migrating chemical compounds, to study the degradation products of polymers, and to determine the scope of further toxicological studies. Keywords: biological safety, means of individual protection of respiratory organs, surgical and protective masks.

INDIVIDUAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT: INNOVATIONS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

Individual respiratory protective equipment (PPE) is the last barrier to protect workers when performing production tasks in harmful and dangerous working conditions. The article analyzes modern innovative designs of personal respiratory protective equipment, which increase the level of protection of users during their operation. The method of morphological analysis is applied. This method based on the selection of possible solutions for assessing the manufacturability of PPE models (if there is a system of criteria) and making a rational decision regarding the features of their application in production conditions. As a result, it was established that in order to ensure the appropriate duration of the protective action of gas and dust filters and to avoid both poisoning of workers due to the ingress of harmful aerosols into the sub-mask space of the filter respirator, and excessive physical exhaustion due to the increase in pressure drop above the standard substances, it is recommended to equip the filters with special indicators for determining air pollution and pressure drop values. It was determined that in order to increase the reliability of the protection of workers, it is necessary to equip filter respirators with the functions of operational control of breathing resistance, place a headrest to control the occurrence of possible gaps behind the obturation band when performing various production operations, and establish the real term of the protective effect of the filters. The practical value of the work is innovative solutions to improve the designs of existing filter respirators, which will allow control over technological parameters during operation. In particular, the density along the obturation strip and the magnitude of the tension force of the respirator headgear. Recommendations are also given for controlling the term of the protective action of gas filters, since determining the specified indicators based on the organoleptic abilities of the user is dangerous for health. Keywords: risk, means of individual protection of respiratory organs, filtering respirator.

A MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING ALGORITHM FOR PLANNING ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE THE PRODUCTION RISK LEVEL

It is important to minimize the negative consequences of exposure to hazardous and harmful production factors that constitute a danger to the health of workers, through the introduction of effective technical and organizational measures and personal protective equipment. The aim of the article is to develop a sequence of implementation of safety measures to reduce the risk of occupational diseases among employees of nuclear power plants in Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the peculiarities of working conditions, the determination of dangerous and harmful production factors and the choice of an optimization model of support systems in decision making. Statistical data and research findings have confirmed that the poor health and safety of workers is due to inefficiency of available occupational safety management methods, limited implementation of the latest technical and economic arrangements, imperfect methods of limiting the impact of hazardous and harmful production factors, and insufficient funding for such activities. In the general case, the implementation of management methods that provide the safety of life and health of workers and ensure risks are kept at a reasonably low level is to choose the optimal set of technical and organizational arrangements, determine the sequence of their introduction, to control their implementation and evaluation of their results. The article proposes a method of discrete step-by-step optimization of the sequence of implementation of security arrangements. The method involves setting of the most important criterion and a number of limitations. The method modified to the requirements of the set tasks is aimed at choosing the optimal within the framework of the general annual financing of technical and organizational arrangements and means of individual protection of employees and reducing the levels of risk in individual workplaces.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF COMPRESSOR TRICHINELLOSCOPY

The purpose of the research was to analyze the diagnostic efficiency of compressor trichinelloscopy in various production conditions, evaluate the laboratory equipment used for this purpose, and determine the prospects for optimizing veterinary and sanitary examination in trichinellosis. The compressor research method remains the most currently used for post-mortem diagnosis of trichinellosis, since it does not require special conditions for examination. In this regard, its use is especially important for the conditions of operational field trichinelloscopy, being a means of individual protection against this invasion. The most promising should be considered its use by hunters, reserve workers, emergency services and specialized units operating in hard-to-reach conditions and where hunting can be one of the sources of food. This imposes special requirements on the technical characteristics of devices for trichinelloscopy and the possibility of their use in offline mode without the use of power supplies. The main directions for improving these devices, taking into account the special requirements of their operation, are based on the use of efficient optical systems, the design of the main elements of the devices and ensuring the safety of devices in extreme conditions. An important condition for the components is the compressorium. In the future, it is possible to develop it based on the use of high-strength glass. The presented materials describe the methodology of conducting of compressor trichinelloscopy, the equipment of basic use devices and its effectiveness.

Assessment of the cooling effect of the body and frostbite of open areas of the body in the Arctic condition

In conditions of arctic cold, individual protection means do not always provide sufficient efficiency when performing a number of works. The risk of body cooling (according to the index of cold wind — ICH) and frostbite of open areas of the body (according to the integral indicator of body cooling (IPCOO) and the equivalent temperature (EquT) was determined. EquT was calculated by Sayple and an improved formula. Evaluation was carried out according to meteorological data obtained at Cape Chelyuskin and Dikson Island. On Chelyuskin, according to IHV, year-round warming of the body is required. According to the average monthly indicators, the risk of cooling the body in winter clothes in April-May and October-November. In December-March, the HI values significantly exceed the critical values. Warming of the body on Dikson 10 months a year, risk zone — 8 months: cooling — autumn and March, April, critical cooling — winter months. According to EquT, the duration of the frostbite period for 1 min is longer — 5–6 months at temperatures from –27.0 ± 0.4 0 С to –45.4 ± 0.9 / –38.8 ± 0.5 0 С. On Dikson, the duration of the period of critical risk is 3 months, moderate — 7 months. According to EqT, there is a high risk of frostbite for 4–6 months at temperatures from –29.8 ± 0.3 0 С to –42.3 ± 0.7 / –34.3 ± 0.4 0 С. Taking into account the wind speed, which affects the thermal insulation properties of clothing, it should be assumed that, according to the average wind data, a high health hazard persists for 5–6 months on Chelyuskin, and 4–6 months on Dikson. insignificant danger persists all year round. The duration of the high hazard period is probably longer when assessing the effect of maximum wind and minimum temperature.

Український телетижневик у період карантину: жанрові та форматні ознаки

The main objective of the study is to determine whether the quarantine restrictions imposed because of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the genre and format features of Ukrainian television weekly program as the variety of analytical genre. For this purpose, we monitored the most popular weekly program “Facts of the week. 100 minutes” (the ICTV Channel) at the beginning of quarantine measures and for the period of one year and a half of pandemic. We conducted generalized, quantitative and qualitative content analysis of each edition of the pro-gram as well as ICTV Channel‟s programming net, directorial and script plans. We analyzed and determined the problems and topics of program materials. The percentage of issues selected by the program editorial board, as well as the COVID-19 related issues were defined. In addi-tion, the means of guests‟ involvement in broadcasting were classified, and among those speak-ers recorded offline, it was determined who complied with quarantine requirements and had individual protection means. A comparative analysis was also carried out to determine whether changes had occurred and, if so, what changes had been made in the means to involve the speakers in programs recording, as well as in those issues and topics that were selected for the program materials. It was ascertained exactly what changes took place during the quarantine restrictions, and what TV executives should pay attention to in order to create and to improve the product, particularly a need to maintain a balance in selection of subjects for coverage in analytical program and to keep in mind the requirements of quarantine restrictions. The work is relevant for scientific community for its further study, and for journalism students.

Актуальність прогнозування забруднення повітря робочої зони під час виконання демонтажних робіт об’єкта «Укриття»

The characteristics of the modern radiation situation in the areas of work under the project “Reconstruction of the Shelter object of the SSE ChNPP in the part of the dismantling of the metal truss of the southern roof reinforcement” are provided. It is shown that during the period of research and industrial operation of the “New Safe Confinement — Shelter object” (NSC-SO) complex, as a result of the sealing of its containment circuit, there was a deterioration of the radiation situation due to an increase in the amount of general and non-fixed surface pollution. The reason for this is the deposition of radioactive aerosols, which are generated both in the Shelter object and during construction work in the internal volume of the NSC-SO complex. According to research data, the average value of the total density of surface pollution by beta-active nuclides of metal structures in the areas of work under the project, for the period from 2018 to 2021, increased by 9.3 times, and the value of unfixed surface pollution by 5.7 times. Such extremely unfavorable radiation conditions encourage the widest possible use of unmanned technologies with the use of remotely controlled robot manipulators (RCRM). In the case of the impossibility of using RCRM for radiation-hazardous technological operations and their replacement by operations performed manually, it is absolutely necessary to forecast the dynamics of air pollution in the working area during the performance of such works in order to guarantee the effective application of appropriate measures for personnel radiation safety. A predictive assessment of radioactive air pollution of work zones in the internal volume of the NSC-SO complex during the execution of project work was provided, which made it possible to optimize measures for the radiation safety of working personnel, in particular, in the selection of appropriate types of means of individual protection of respiratory organs. The proposed approach can be used during the planning of further radiation-hazardous works in the internal volume of the NSC-SO complex, namely, during the dismantling of unstable structures of the Shelter object and the partial removal of nuclear materials and high-level waste from the Shelter object.

Development of a Mosquito Repellent Formulation Based on Nanostructured Lipid Carriers.

Arboviral diseases are a threat to global public health systems, with recent data suggesting that around 40% of the world’s population is at risk of contracting arboviruses. The use of mosquito repellents is an appropriate strategy to avoid humans coming into contact with vectors transmitting these viruses. However, the cost associated with daily applications of repellents can make their use unfeasible for the low-income populations that most need protection. Therefore, the development of effective formulations offers a way to expand access to this means of individual protection. Consequently, research efforts have focused on formulations with smaller quantities of active agents and sustained release technology, aiming to reduce re-applications, toxicity, and cost. The present study investigates the development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with a mixture of the compounds icaridin (synthetic) and geraniol (natural), incorporated in cellulose hydrogel. The NLCs were prepared by the emulsion/solvent evaporation method and were submitted to physicochemical characterization as a function of time (at 0, 15, 30, and 60 days). The prepared system presented an average particle size of 252 ± 5 nm, with encapsulation efficiency of 99% for both of the active compounds. The stability profile revealed that the change of particle size was not significant (p > 0.05), indicating high stability of the system. Rheological characterization of the gels containing NLCs showed that all formulations presented pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior, providing satisfactory spreadability and long shelf life. Morphological analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the presence of spherical nanoparticles (252 ± 5 nm) in the cellulose gel matrix. Permeation assays showed low fluxes of the active agents through a Strat-M® membrane, with low permeability coefficients, indicating that the repellents would be retained on the surface to which they are applied, rather than permeating the tissue. These findings open perspectives for the use of hybrid formulations consisting of gels containing nanoparticles that incorporate repellents effective against arthropod-borne virus. These systems could potentially provide improvements considering the issues of effectiveness, toxicity, and safety.

ANALYSIS OF THE SAFETY CONDITION OF HUMANS, THE ENVIRONMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS DURING THE FERTILIZERS HANDLING

The article considers the problem of efficiency and safety of fertilizers using in agriculture. Fertilizers are an integral part of the food fund formation system, which determines food safety at the national and world levels. Thus, the research of the safety state of fertilizers handling is an actual practical task in the context of sustainable development of society. The aim is an analysis of the efficiency of fertilizer using in agriculture, determining the level of fertilizer safety for the environment, human health and working conditions. Organic and mineral fertilizers are the most widespread in agriculture. Fertilizers are one of the main factors in improving the quantity and quality of agricultural products. The rational usage of fertilizers helps to maintain the nutrients and humus balance in the soil, to improve its fertility. The organic fertilizers include organic compounds of animal, vegetable, industrial and household origin. They have different decomposition degrees and create different nutrients complexes (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and others), which are well absorbed by plants. The danger of organic fertilizer usage is associated with the possible presence of bacteria, viruses, parasites, antibiotics, steroid hormones, pesticides in their composition. The release of these agents into the environment disturbs the ecological balance of the soil and degrades its quality, pollutes water, contributes to food epidemics, causes chronic diseases and acute poisoning in humans. Mineral fertilizers are artificially synthesized chemical compounds that are needed to maintain the inorganic compounds balance in the soil. Irrational usage of mineral fertilizers leads to changes in soil composition and properties, disruption of nutrients natural cycles, pollution of the environment and agricultural products by nitrates, heavy metals, halogens and radionuclides. All this negatively affects the quality of human life and health. In addition, improper fertilizer handling during production, storage, transportation and usage worsens the working conditions, leads to occupational diseases, increases explosion and fire levels. It is necessary to optimize forms, rates, timing and methods of fertilizers application, adhere to treatments frequency and distance from settlements, adhere to labour protection norms, rules and instructions and apply collective and individual protection means during fertilizers working.

Mythologizing the face mask: How protective covers became political during the fine-dust and COVID-19 crises in South Korea

This study aimed to demonstrate how South Korean news media routinized and sensationalized the face mask amid two recent public health crises: the fine-dust crisis and the COVID-19 epidemic. News media appropriated the mythologized meaning of the face mask as a symbol of individual safety during the two crises. This study analyses news articles to answer three questions: (1) How was wearing the face mask mythologized as a routinized practice in days of uncertain risk? (2) How was the face mask politicized as a mythologized sign indicating China as an external threat? and (3) How was the face mask politicized as a symbolic code of the government’s responsibility for the crisis? Once signified as the primary means of individual protection in the context of Korean risk society, the face mask became politicized amid the shortage of the face mask. Placed in the context of the recent disastrous crises in Korea, China was identified as the culprit not only in the epidemic but also in the shortage of the face mask. The meaning of China as an external threat was continuously strengthened when the South Korean government opted out of the entry ban on Chinese citizens. The last analytic part presents how news media politicized the epidemic by associating the face mask crisis with the Korean government.

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PROTOTYPES OF MODERN STORAGE OF CIVIL PROTECTION

The system analysis of the development of prototypes of modern civil protection storages as key elements of the system of individual and collective protection of the population in the conditions of spreading emergencies of different nature of origin is carried out. Collective and individual means of protection are widely used to protect: civilians from the destructive factors of emergencies in peacetime and wartime, rescuers during the localization and elimination of emergencies and workers from dangerous and harmful production factors. In recent years, the range of protective equipment has expanded, there are fundamentally new tools, increased their protective properties, improved ergonomic characteristics. The effectiveness of the use of means of protection depends on many factors, and above all on the rational choice and competent use of specific means of protection, taking into account the peculiarities of working conditions, production process, type of predictable sources of emergencies and modern weapons of mass destruction. Undoubtedly, in modern conditions, fast-forming engineering protection is the most effective way to protect the population from the dangers that arise during or as a result of hostilities, which is an urgent task of civil defense of Ukraine. During which the history of terminological definitions and the evolution of modern types of shelter and their functional features are analyzed. The classification of civil protection storages is carried out and the functional purpose of the main life support systems is determined. Some recommendations for the development of modern prefabricated storages of transformers for various functional purposes are given. The obtained results of the work allowed to establish a step-by-step chronology of the evolution of engineering prototypes of modern civil defense repositories, which historically formed modern parameters that have stood the test of time and are the basis laid down in legal documents. The performed analysis of the designs of prototype storage facilities and their functional and engineering content contains combined technical information that can be used for further research in order to develop modern prefabricated storage facilities for transformers for various functional purposes. Key words: emergency situation, civil protection storages, system analysis.

Assessment of the working conditions under exposed to noise and infrason

Currently in healthcare of the Russian Federation created a system of measures to combat the harmful effects of industrial noise on workers. However, the level of specific and nonspecific morbidity rates the effect of industrial noise is not reduced, and the incidence of occupational diseases tends to increase. This is due to several reasons, including a large number of sources of noise, not enough high quality of medical examinations, lack of and low effectiveness of means of individual protection from noise and others. Noise is one of the leading places among the harmful physical factors in the Armed forces of the Russian Federation. Features noise resulting from the operation of military equipment and armament is its high intensity, intermittent nature, the presence in the spectrum of low and infrasonic frequencies. Noise exposure leads to the development of diseases, primarily of the organ of hearing, increase in total morbidity and the reduction of military-professional health. In the normative documents of the military medical service the noise is not identified as a harmful factor leading to the development of occupational diseases that were not fully developed the issues of professional selection and medical examination of noise pathology. System noise control should be comprehensive and include organizational and technical measures, special assessment of working conditions, monitoring of noise sources, the presence and correct application of means of protection against noise professional selection, clinical monitoring, medical examination, treatment and preventive measures. Existing in the Armed forces of the Russian Federation the system of measures for the fight against harmful impact of noise on military personnel requires revision in accordance with the existing state legislative framework.

The organization of the system of supply and management of stock of individual protection means in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic

In conditions of increasing of load caused by rapid development of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic, health care systems of various countries faced the shortage of basic resources, including individual protection means for medical personnel and population that required taking complex measures to eliminate the situation. In the Tomsk oblast, the unified system of supplying medical organizations with individual protection means was organized. The system provides centralization of management of supplies and their distribution; standardization of approaches to using, accounting, storage and utilization of protection means depending on type and conditions of medical care support; monitoring system of provision of individual protection means applying lean manufacturing tools. The implementation of the project made it possible to ensure at the initial stage of the pandemic the maintenance of individual protection means stock in every institution not less than for 7 days and subsequently not less than 30 days demand.

Influence of the coronavirus epidemic on the development of Russian steel industry

The coronavirus infection pandemic, which began in 2020, became a serious challenge for the world economics. The steel sector as an important part of the modern industry, to the full extent suffered from all the problems and restrictions, resulted from COVID-19 virus spreading. The epidemic made the production and economic activity of Russian Federation steel industry enterprises significantly complicated: the current cost increased, the operation cost also increased. Besides, implementation of investment programs and organization of technical maintenance of import facilities became more complicated, since foreign specialists could not come quickly at the site and start working. Particular problems in the production area were related to the team organization of the process: as soon as a member of a team got ill by coronavirus, the whole team had to be suspended and directed to two-weeks quarantine. However, despite the significant problems, the actual situation in the domestic steel industry by results of 2020 turned out to be somewhat better than in other industries of Russia and in the world. This effect was contributed by existence of developed corporate culture of metallurgical companies, as well as beforehand digital transformation of business-processes and the transfer to application of the newest information and communication technologies. Besides, in steel industry there is a perspective of developing by-product production of means of individual protection, medical gases etc. New directions of business activity can be qualified as social responsibility of the business, contributing to the growth of a company reputation capital. Besides, it gives a chance to preserve a part of jobsites, released as a result of digitalization and automation of production processes.

Моделирование технологических приемов по улучшению условий труда на строительном объекте

Dangerous and harmful production factors are considered, the impact of which is experienced by workers during the construction of any facility. Analyzed: the reasons for the formation of these factors for various types of work; equipment, structures and materials, the impact of which on working personnel can also lead to adverse situations. It is noted that the means of individual protection must be selected, paying attention to what kind of work will be performed by the employee and under what conditions. The most effective personal protective equipment and technological methods for improving working conditions at the facility are proposed for use by the workers of the object under consideration. The results obtained can be used to improve the working conditions of workers in warehouses with raw materials.

Requirements for web applications firewalls

Domestic and foreign regulations related to the protection of web applications are analyzed. It is established that the requirements for its individual means of protection should be taken into account when developing a comprehensive information protection system. The most effective of the elements of the complex of means of protection for automated systems of class 2 and 3, on which web servers operate is the firewall of web applications, which is not required in open sources. Therefore, the development of such requirements is an urgent and urgent problem, the solution of which will simplify the development of a comprehensive information security system. Based on the relevance of the results of the work are the requirements for firewalls of web applications. One of the few open sources that allows you to implement such a component of a comprehensive information security system as the firewall of web applications is a list of rules from MITRE and the open project to ensure the security of web applications OWASP. However, these rules do not implement the developed requirements, so in addition, proposed and implemented rules for filtering the firewalls of web applications that meet them. The technique of their check on conformity to the established requirements is formed. Based on such utilities as Metasploit FW, nikto, dirb, wafninja, a software application has been developed that implements this technique. It has a direct link to the CVE database, which allows you to detect and check for current vulnerabilities. OWASP ModSecurity is used as a security component, the source code of which is located on official repositories and operates on the basis of the nginx web server. The capabilities of ModSecurity are enhanced by a developed dynamic connector that allows you to use the firewall of web applications as a separate means of protecting information. Certain filtering rules are implemented in the developed protection tool. This satisfies the requirements for a set of security features in a comprehensive information security system such as continuous protection of computer systems and a modular structure.

Application of the ergospirometry method for physiological evaluation of the effectiveness of personal protective equipment

Today, there are personal protective equipment, which due to their weight and size characteristics and design features can aggravate professional activity. This is characterized by an increase in the load on several major systems of the employee's body, including the cardiorespiratory system, which can cause the development of occupational pathology. The study of the functions of the cardiorespiratory system of humans in the process of his work is an important task in biomedical tests such as PPE, aggravating their professional activities and future means of individual protection from heavy labor and industrial exoskeletons. The aim of the study is to determine the possibility of using ergospirometry for the physiological assessment of personal protective equipment and industrial exoskeletons. Main part. In medical practice and high-performance sports, ergospirometry is considered the "gold standard" for functional assessment of the cardiorespiratory system. There are very few studies showing the use of ergospirometry for the purpose of physiological assessment of personal protective equipment. Results of research works in which ergospirometry was used in medicine, sports, as well as on the physiological and hygienic assessment of combat equipment, various types of personal protective equipment, including new promising personal protective equipment of the musculoskeletal system-industrial exoskeletons. The use of ergospirometry made it possible to register the main indicators of the human cardiorespiratory system both in field and laboratory conditions and allowed forming an objective conclusion about the dynamics of the degree of stress of the human cardiorespiratory system when using personal protective equipment and industrial exoskeletons with various weight and size characteristics. Thus, the use of ergospirometry both in isolation and in combination with other methods allows us to solve problems related to biomedical testing of personal protective equipment and industrial exoskeletons.