Individual Personality Structure Research Articles

An Assessment of The Effect of Generation Y And Z Executives' Perceptions of Religion on Narcissistic Personality Traits and Reflections Thereof on Business Life

Management, defined as doing business through others, plays the most important role among the functions in a metaphorical analogy as the heart of the business. The importance of the decisions taken within management and the vision, experience, personality traits and behaviors of managers in the realization of the main and subsidiary objectives of the business is self-evident. Thus, the personality structure of individuals at management levels affects their styles and the decisions they make in management processes. Religion is a socio-cultural value that regulates the individual’s life with others in society by conveying the rules, regulations, orders, and prohibitions regarding the life of human are in the social order, including the orders and prohibitions of Allah. Religion, as an element of culture, contains values that vary for everyone. It is associated with belief as a concept. The beliefs that occupy an important place in religion have deeply affected individuals in giving meaning to the world, existence, and life. An individual's religious perceptions permeate every aspect of their life. Religious perceptions transform into virtuous behaviors in the individual with faith in Allah or should do so. Hence, it is a necessity for a person with high religious perceptions to strive to establish a lifestyle per the commandments of Allah. Religion is the values that lead people to good, truth, beauty, virtuous behavior, selflessness, to help, to empathize, namely, to be a good servant and human being. Thus, we can say that religious orientations, which make the individual a good person who is beneficial to society, play a crucial role in the formation of personality traits and their development for the better. Since personality is a encompasses an individual's entire lifestyle, narcissistic personality traits encompass all the behaviors that affect a person's life. Narcissistic personality structure has a state where the person sees themselves as better and superior. In terms of religious perceptions, the formation of narcissistic personality traits is related to it. The stronger the religious values that direct the person toward the good and true, the more the self-centered structure is polished, and reveals a personality structure that treats others thoughtfully, doesn’t despise, distances from arrogance, cares for society, and is far from prioritizing oneself. We know from the verses and hadiths that the arrogant behavior of a person is considered one of the most disliked characteristics of Allah. Arrogance and humiliating others are among the characteristics of the narcissistic personality that religion won’t tolerate. This study aims to determine the effect of religious perceptions of generation Y and Z managers on narcissistic personality and evaluate their reflections on business life.
 In the study, a scale consisting of 24 statements was used to measure the perception of religion, and one consisting of 18 statements from nine admiration dimensions and nine competition dimensions for narcissism. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted to ensure the construct validity. After entering the data into the SPSS-25 program, confidence analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed, and structural equation modeling was performed in the AMOS-19 program to determine the effects of it on each other.
 The study results have also shown that religious perceptions have effective results on narcissism. We see that religious values command a person to be humble, modest, respectful, loving and respectful, caring, helpful, and avoiding arrogant behavior through their wealth, titles, and children, in short, with what they own, both in their life and society. It is clear that these rules and regulations of religion don’t tolerate narcissism, which are defined as pathological. When narcissistic traits appear in business life, it legitimizes a thought and behavioral mechanism that makes it appropriate to engage in unethical behavior for one's interests without regard. After examining the analysis results, we see that religious perceptions play a role in narcissistic behaviors.

Creation and Validation of an Educational Video about the Importance of the Preanesthetic Consultation

Introduction: The pre-anesthetic consultation (PAC) is considered a fundamental step in the perioperative phase, and it is a moment of communication between the anesthesiologist and the patient, where the patient can be informed and clarified, characterizing this a communicative and therapeutic process. However, its benefits are still generally unknown. Educational videos are surfacing as fast-access media that can reach a wide audience. Some studies have highlighted the benefits of using educational videos about PAC. In this context the current study provides an experience report about the process of creation and validation of an educational video about PAC. Methods: In order to choose an educational product, the technical aspect, as well as the cognitive, multisensory stimuli and personality structure of individuals must be observed. This educational video was made based on the CTM3 method consisting of the following stages: Educational product Conception (C); Theoretical framework (T); and Methodological framework (M3), this last one is based on 3 theories: Transactional Analysis, Multisensory Exploration, and Neurolinguistics. Results and Discussion: The creation and validation of this educational video comprised seven stages. The video length was approximately 2 minutes 24 seconds, and it was projected in 10 scenes. Finally, the video was submitted to a validation process by an ad hoc committee. The advantages of educational resources, particularly videos for health education, are well defined being an increasingly used resource especially in interventions. The use of the CTM3 Method was fundamental because its methodology involves particularly the cognitive and sensory aspects and the specificities of each person. Conclusion: The use of CPA educational videos, due to their great capacity to attract attention of viewers, can help to inform the patient. Based on previous studies about the use of videos, as well as cognitive and sensory aspects, it is also concluded that this educational video is relevant and has the potential to promote CPA information to its target audience.

Ценностные компоненты в психологической структуре личности волонтера

The article analyses the studies on uncovering determinant attributes of the value sphere of people, involved in volunteer work. Conclusions made in the course of the analysis allow us to make an assumption about the significant role of human values as providing the motivational orientation for human behavior during the decision-making about participation in volunteer activities or abandoning it. The results of the author's empirical work are based on mathematic-statistical processing of the data, obtained in the survey of 400 people (including 300 volunteers), using the technique of the «Questionnaire of terminal values» (I.G. Senin). The empirical study confirmed the hypothesis about the existence of statistically significant differences between the individual indicators of the structure of human values of volunteers and people who do not participate in volunteer activities. Further research in this area should continue to specify the differences and identify key values in the personality structure of individuals, in order to ensure the formation of a maximally reliable picture of the collective identity of the modern volunteer

Retreating From Life: The Boy Whose Body Experienced His Pain

The expression of psychological distress through somatic symptoms is most prevalent among children. Somatic symptom disorders represent a difficult category of disorders to treat and they are often misdiagnosed due to their physical symptomology and dismissed due to their malingering stigma. The current case report follows the treatment of David, a 10-year-old Caucasian male, admitted into the pediatric psychiatric ward of a general hospital, uncommunicative, showing little signs of responsiveness, and dependent on nursing staff for basic needs. Following a complex treatment protocol which integrated key elements of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavior (CBT) treatment recommendations for somatic disorders, David was discharged after 6 months as an inpatient. This in-depth case study provides a synthesis of the varied research on somatic symptom disorders and an acute understanding of how to combine the understanding of complex family dynamics and individual personality structure with empirically reinforced treatment strategies.

Personality traits and behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients at an early stage of Alzheimer's disease

The origins of behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still poorly understood. Focusing on individual personality structure, we explored the relationship between premorbid personality and its changes over 5 years, and BPS in patients at an early stage of AD. A total of 54 patients at an early stage of AD according to ICD-10 and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria and 64 control subjects were included. Family members filled in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire to evaluate their proxies' current BPS and the NEO Personality Inventory Revised twice, the first time to evaluate the participants' current personality and the second time to assess personality traits as they were remembered to be 5 years earlier. Behavioral and psychological symptoms, in particular apathy, depression, anxiety, and agitation, are frequent occurrences in early stage AD. Premorbid personality differed between AD patients and normal control, but it was not predictive of BPS in patients with AD. Personality traits clearly change in the course of beginning AD, and this change seems to develop in parallel with BPS as early signs of AD. Premorbid personality was not associated with BPS in early stage of AD, although complex and non-linear relationships between the two are not excluded. However, both personality and behavioral changes occur early in the course of AD, and recognizing them as possible, early warning signs of neurodegeneration may prove to be a key factor for early detection and intervention.

Nonmentalizing States in Early-Childhood Survivors of the Holocaust: Developmental Considerations Regarding Treatment of Child Survivors of Genocidal Atrocities

This paper attempts to coalesce considerations of attachment processes, trauma, mentalization, and nonverbal behavior to underscore some of the developmental and therapeutic challenges demonstrated by older-adult child survivors of the Holocaust, and by implication, other child victims of similar genocidal and traumatic events. Young child survivors experienced not only their own traumatic exposure to violence, harm, and loss, but also the stress-transmission of the adult caregivers who raised them in the years that followed. For some, the horrendous losses, combined with impediments to organizing relationships, and to experiences of predictable and trusted continuities, negatively impact the development of the reflective function, and of interpretive skills basic to successful implicit relatedness and explicit exchanges. "Neutral flow" of bodily tension and shape often signals the freezing accompanying nonmentalizing states. Misalignments in individual personality structure and discordances in interpersonal exchange underscore the need to address fundamental building blocks of relatedness and mentalization in the therapeutic process.

The psychological basis of drug dependence: the intellectual and personality characteristics of opiate users.

SummaryThe problems implicit in the discussion of the psychological basis of drug dependence fall into three main areas: (a) Description: what are the personality characteristics of the drug dependent individual and are individuals with a particular type of personality structure more likely to become depemknt on drugs than any other, (b) Effects: what changes brought about in the individual personality structure as a result ofdrrtg dependence, (c) Treatment response: what is the nature of the interaction between (a) and (b) which will assist in the development and application of effective forms of treatment and in determining the response to treatment. The present discussion is confned to a selective survey of studies reported in the literature in which standard tests were used to describe the intellectual and personality characteristics of opiate users*—usually adolescent andyoung adult males.

Psychophysiological correlation of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in 21 pairs of monozygotic twins

Twenty-one pairs of healthy monozygotic male twins of college age have been observed in an attempt to correlate individual personality structure with characteristic and relatively enduring patterns of pituitary adrenocortical function. Ten pairs of comparable dizygotic male twins have been studied by the same methods. High levels of 17-OHCS excretion were found in individuals with forceful yearnings for close personal involvement or with active defenses against the threat of intimacy. Individuals with low 17-OHCS levels were more effectively isolated by well-organized neurotic defenses. High 17-KS levels were found in energetic, ambitious individuals with strong aggressive drives and equally strong defenses against them. Those with low 17-KS were over-controlled with apparently limited innate drive endowment. A one way analysis of variance was computed for both monozygotic and dizygotic. twins. The F ratio indicated that height, 17-KS mean values, and day-to-day variation in 17-KS might be influenced by genetic factors. The intra-class correlation in 17-OHCS means was just as great in dizygotic as in monozygotic pairs but the correlation in 17-KS means in monozygotic pairs was much higher than in dizygotic pairs. A contingency table was constructed by grouping the variation in 17-OHCS and 17-KS into quartiles. In 14 out of the 21 pairs of monozygotic twins both members of the pair were in the same quartile for 17-OHCS and 17-KS and both members of all the other pairs were in adjoining quartiles. The pyschological characteristics shared by all of the subjects in each contrasting quartile suggest meaningful correlations of steroid patterns with different but interrelated quantifiable ranges of psychological response corresponding respectively to the mean levels of the 17-OHCS and of the 17-KS.

The response of obese patients to weight reduction: a clinical evaluation of behavior.

Studies of the behavioral responses of obese patients during weight reduction present conflicting observations. This is due, in part, to methodologic problems. A possible solution is offered by a multidisciplinary investigation of obese patients before, during, and after weight reduction. This report gives details of one aspect of such an approach; namely, a clinical evaluation of psychopathologic reactions and psychodynamic processes of obese patients during weight loss. Four obese patients were fed a 600-cal./day liquid formula over a period of 16–20 weeks. Each patient manifested nonspecific symptoms of semi-starvation in addition to specific psychopathologic reactions related to individual personality structure. In these patients, psychopathologic adaptations during weight reduction were related to diminished body size, interpersonal transactions in the hospital environment which articulated with earlier injurious experiences, and caloric deprivation.

Personality Structure, Group Composition, and Group Functioning

Abstract : The relation between the level of cognitive abstractness of the members of groups composed homogeneously and the behaviors of such groups were investigated. It was hypothesized that differences in behavior and performance between groups of different composition were predictable on the basis of the theory used for classifying individuals. Dispositional factors were found to be major determinants of group behavior and worthy of intensive study. On the basis of preknowledge of individual personality structure, and using groups composed homogeneously, a number of group behaviors could be predicted quite accurately. Groups of different composition were found to behave differently (such differences being systematic), and that the theory of individual personality, originated by Harvey, Hunt, and Schroder (1961), yields highly predictive results. Abstractness of individual personality structure, and consequent abstractness of group structure, appear to be meaningful dimensions.

A Psychological Approach to the Effects of Mass Communication

I. Types of mass communication effects. Effects of mass communication, which have been dealt with by psychoegoists, may be classified into two types : (A) effects of “communication content” upon receptor's comprehensions and attitudes, (B) effects of “presence of media in the life space” upon personality development. II. An approach to the effects of communication contents. Contacts with contents transmitted through mass media are indirect experiences and are different from direct contacts with the real world. Therefore, psychologists are primarily interested in the assimilatory process of these indirect experiences. Past studies seem to have faults both in theoretical frameworks and in research strategies especially, it was hypothesized that transmitted contents are left intact in every mind. Nowadays, however, these tendencies are completely rejected in theoretical works and are gradually disappearing in the field researches. Generally accepted view, as represented by Klapper, is that “Mass communication functions among and through a nexus of mediating factors and influences.” There seem to be two important types of the mediating factors : the social agent (e.g. opinion leader) and the individual personality structure. Psychological studies mainly deal with the assimilatory processes of experiences into the personality structure. These processes may be described as follows : (1) A human personality is the product of past experiences. It reflects his living condition and his activities in it. (2) A new experience is assimilated into his personality structure. (3) In this assimilatory process of the new experience, changes take place in personality structure itself. Based on these theoretical considerations, three research strategies were proposed. 1) Accumulation of case studies. 2) Classification of subjects by the patterns of effects. 3) Researches about changes in effects brought about by guidance and instruction. III. An approach to the effects of presence of media. Here the effects caused by the appearance of the new mass media, as well as its following changes in life schedules, are examined. It is still more difficult to study this type of effects. Especially it is almost impossible to know the causal relationships and the process of the influence. But, in other fields of psychology, e.g. “Parental attitudes and personality formation”, the progress was remarkable from correlational studies of two attributes to genetic and clinical studies of their dynamic relations. We may well expect the same thing in the research of long-term effects of mass communication. From this point of view, the design of TV-gr. vs non TV-gr. comparison in TV effect surveys must be put to severe criticism. IV. Psychological vs sociological approach to mass communication research. Concerning the psychological and sociological research in mass communication, three points were discussed : 1) Foresight about the possibility of utilizing the research findings. 2) Social determination of psychological process in mass communication. 3) Some views on the assimilation.

Achievement, Culture and Personality: The Case of the Japanese Americans

Achievement, Culture and Personality: The Case of the Japanese Americans WILLIAM CAUDILL H lJf1Jara University GEORGE DE VOS University of Michigan INTRODUCTION achievement has on the importance M UCH of the literature on individual abilities, focused the relationship be­ of hereditary or learned as in tween IQ scores and educational or occupational success. In these studies, when discrepancies occur in expected predictions, the discrepancies are at­ tributed to other factors. For example, Terman and Oden (1947) use the added factor of individual personality traits to distinguish between otherwise matched groups-their high achievers being greater in prudence and fore­ sight, self-confidence, will-power and perseverance, and desire to excel. Recent workers have gone on to emphasize that such traits should be seen not only within the framework of the individual personality structure, but that these traits are also related to cultural values receiving very different emphases in lower and middle class levels of American society (Davis et al., 1951; Havighurst and Taba 1949). Some attention has also been given to the factor of ethnic background in accounting for differences in achievement. For example, Terman and Oden (1947) found that their Jewish subjects, while not differing significantly in mean IQ scores from the total group, had higher grades in college, received a higher income, and were concentrated more heavily in professional occupa­ tions. Thus, the indication is for something specific in Jewish culture to ac­ count for these differences, but beyond allusion to its probable importance, this factor has received little systematic elaboration. Early psychological studies of Japanese American children compared with other social and racial groups in California public schools (Darsie 1926; Clark 1927; Fukuda 1930; Bell 1933; Kubo 1934; Strong 1934; Sandiford 1936) give indication of a cultural factor at work which was not fully recognized or ex­ plored at the time. Strong (1934), in summarizing the achievement tests, grades obtained in school, and Binet IQ scores of Japanese American pupils in comparison with other groups in California schools, asks: How shall we explain the fact that the Japanese pupils in Los Angeles have about the same IQ as the average pupil and score about the same on educational tests but ob­ tain strikingly better grades? It may be that they possess to a greater degree than whites those qualities which endear pupils to a teacher; that is, they are more docile, occasion less disciplinary trouble, and give the appearance of being busy and striving to do their best. ... Another explanation would be that they come from poorer homes than the average and early realize that they must make their own way in the world; in consequence, they are better

The schizophrenic reaction with psychopathic features: clinical characteristics and response to therapy; a comprehensive study of seven cases.

PRICHARD, in 1835, described insanity as a form of mental derangement... in which the moral and active principles of the mind are strongly perverted so that the individual is found to be incapable... of conducting himself with decency and propriety in the business of life. 1 In 1888 Koch changed the name of this pathological entity to constitutional psychopathic inferiority. Psychopathy has been used as a wastebasket term since its introduction into the psychiatric nosology because its clinical characteristics and limits are so poorly defined. The term as used today describes various inadequacies and deviations in the personality structure of individuals... the defect existing primarily in the conative, emotional and characterological aspects of the personality. 2 As a result of the vagueness of the concept of psychopathy, many patients have been classified as psychopathic who actually were neurotic or psychotic with psychopathic symptoms. Karpman, 3 in search of a