Personality Profiles Of Individuals Research Articles

The Diagnostics of the Design Thinker Personality Profile with the Big Five Assessment for Educational Work

Design Thinking as an innovation approach has gained relevance in the professional context and is increasingly used to solve interdisciplinary problems. In the current research literature, there are some heuristic approaches of Design Thinking that experts have described as the personal abilities of a Design Thinker, which have proven to be beneficial in practice. However, there has been no measurement of the necessary personal skills for Design Thinking. The early diagnosis of process-inhibiting personalities would be profitable for a Design Thinking coach in that certain didactic interventions could be implemented proactively, so that foreseeable disturbances within the Design Thinking process can be counteracted. For this reason, a corresponding procedure for diagnosing the expected Design Thinker skills of the students at the Münster School of Vocational Education was developed. Using the Design-based Research approach, a Design Thinker Personality Profile was designed regarding the Big Five personality traits. The developed Design Thinker Personality Profile could be reviewed by the individual personality profiles of the students and the impressions of the lecturers regarding the personality attitudes of the students.

Exploring the Association between Entrepreneurial Intentions and Personality Traits in University Students of Punjab: Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator

Interest in entrepreneurial intention has significantly increased during the last few decades. Understanding the minds, behaviour, and personality profile of individuals who commence their ventures can help our nation's economy flourish. The motivation behind this study is to investigate the association between Big Five personality traits and the Entrepreneurial Intentions of university students of Punjab and to investigate whether the association between these traits and entrepreneurial intentions is moderated by Emotional Intelligence. Data collection was done from 170 university students through a survey using the Convenience sampling method. The outcomes obtained by correlation-regression analysis through SPSS software show that Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion positively and significantly influenced Entrepreneurial Intentions. Also, Emotional Intelligence as a moderator significantly strengthened the relationships between these dimensions and entrepreneurial intentions which was done using the Cohen, Cohen, West, and Aiken’s approach. This work advocates that some measures should be taken to enhance the personality traits of the students of Punjab as well as encourage them towards entrepreneurship so that they can lay the foundation for global success stories. Educators should create programs for personality development that will assist pupils in developing the kind of personalities that are ideal for becoming entrepreneurs.

Majors unleashed: unravelling students’ personality profiles across academic disciplines

AbstractThis study utilized Latent Profile Analysis to examine the correlation between personality and academic major choice among 1825 Greek university students, using the Five Factor Model (FFM) at the facet level. Four distinct personality profiles—resilients, overcontrollers, undercontrollers, and ordinaries—were identified. Female students predominantly chose Humanities, aligning with the overcontrollers profile while males leaned towards Sciences and Health Sciencesassociated with ordinaries, undercontrollers, and resilients profiles. Additionally, major choice varied, with Humanities and Sciences often linked to ordinaries, Health Sciences to resilients, and Economics/Information and Communication Technology to undercontrollers. This study emphasizes personalized interventions based on individual personality profiles for informed academic major choices.

PERSONALITY PROFILES IN A SWEDISH LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED SAMPLE

Background: Long-term unemployment is associated with psychiatric problems, higher risk of suicide, low levels of well-being, and high levels of burnout. In this context, among other factors such as sociodemographic status and IQ, specific personality traits are important for individuals’ chances to finding a job, getting hired, and retaining that job, as well as for coping with the mental health risks related to long-term unemployment. Thus, in order to use person-centered methods to promote public health and sustainable employment during the current and future challenges of the 21st century, an important research area is the mapping and understanding of personality profiles of individuals who are unemployed. 
 Objectives: We mapped the personality traits and profiles in a sample of Swedish long-term unemployed (i.e., ≥ 6 months without work) in relation to a control group from the Swedish general population.
 Method: 245 long-term unemployed individuals (136 men and 157 women, range 18 to 60 years; M = 25.7; SD = 9.6) were recruited at the beginning of different well-being and employment projects in Blekinge, Sweden. The participants reported gender, age, and other basic demographics, as well as their personality using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). We calculated the T-scores and percentiles for the personality traits using the Swedish normative data (N = 1,948) and clustered participants in different temperament (high/low novelty seeking: N/n, high/low harm avoidance: H/h, high/low reward dependence: R/r) and character profiles (high/low self-directedness: S/s, high/low cooperativeness: C/c, high/low self-transcendence: T/t).
 Results: Compared to the general population, the long-term unemployed were extremely higher in harm avoidance (> 1.5 standard deviation), moderately lower in persistence (> 0.5 standard deviation), extremely lower in self-directedness (> 2 standard deviations), and moderately lower in novelty seeking (> 0.5 standard deviation). That is, consistent with past research, our study shows that the personality of long-term unemployed is denoted by being pessimistic, fearful, easily fatigable, underachieving, blaming, helpless, and unfulfilled (i.e., high harm avoidance, low persistence, and low self-directedness), but also by being reserved and rigid (i.e., low novelty seeking). Furthermore, within the unemployed population, as much as 71.60% reported a methodical (nHr) or cautious profile (nHR), and as much as 64.00% reported an apathetic (sct) or a disorganized profile (scT). Moreover, the profile analyses allowed us to show that, within this unemployed population and in relation to each individual’s own profile, about 91.70% were high in harm avoidance, 98.60% were low in self-directedness, 64.00% were low in cooperativeness, and 44.40% low in self-transcendence.
 Conclusions: These results indicate a high predictive value by the TCI, especially regarding the specific basic health-related traits or abilities (i.e., self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) needed to cope with the risks related to unemployment. Specifically, long-term unemployed populations have temperament profiles that present difficulties for them to adapt to the circumstances of unemployment, but also finding, getting, and retaining a job and character profiles that diminish their possibilities to self-regulate the emotions derived from their temperament through self-directed choices that improve their health and all aspects of their lives. Hence, evidence-based interventions targeting stress reduction and the development of health-related traits or abilities (i.e., self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) are urgently needed.

773 The relationship between personality and sleep: Subjective cognition as a mediator

Abstract Introduction Research has found relationships between sleep quality and personality traits. Poor subjective sleep quality has been observed within individuals scoring high in Neuroticism and low in Conscientiousness. Personality traits have also been associated with cognitive functioning and the link being worse cognition and poor sleep quality is established. However, less is known regarding the role of cognitive functioning in the relationship between personality and sleep quality, particularly in aging populations. This study investigated whether subjective cognition acted as a mediator between individual personality traits and subjective sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults. Methods Middle-aged and older adults (N=269; Mage= 64.5, SD=7.8; 123 women/146 men) who were cognitively healthy completed an online survey through Qualtrics measuring demographics, personality (Big Five Inventory-10; BFI-10), self-reported sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), and subjective everyday cognition (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; CFQ). Separate mediation analyses using SPSS PROCESS macro [and testing for indirect effects using 5,000 bootstrapped samples and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and controlling for conditional associations among all pathways] examined whether subjective everyday cognition (CFQ scores) mediated the relationship between different personality traits (BFI-10 Conscientiousness and Neuroticism scores) and self-reported sleep (PSQI-Total Score), controlling for age and sex. Results Neuroticism and PSQI-Total Score was partially mediated by CFQ. There was a significant association between Neuroticism and total PSQI (total effect=0.588, SE=0.110, p<0.001). There were positive associations between Neuroticism and CFQ (a-path effect=2.765, SE=0.383, p<0.001) and CFQ and PSQI (b-path effect=0.068, SE=0.017, p<0.001). The indirect effect was significant (effect=0.187, SE=0.054, 95% CI=0.088 to 0.301). There was no association between Conscientiousness and PSQI-Total Score (total effect=-0.123, SE=0.133, p=0.358), therefore mediation analysis (testing of CFQ as a mediator) was discontinued. Conclusion In middle-aged and older adults, subjective everyday cognition mediates the relationship between Neuroticism personality trait and self-reported sleep quality. Individuals scoring higher in Neuroticism report worse subjective sleep quality as their subjective cognitive failures increase. Findings underscore the interacting roles of personality and everyday cognition on perceived sleep. Clinicians should consider individual personality profiles (via personality assessments) and subjective everyday cognitive ratings for a better understanding of the factors impacting middle-aged and older adults’ sleep profiles. Support (if any):

Végétarisme, végétalisme, véganisme : des comportements (alimentaires) au service de l’identité ? Une étude qualitative en population française

IntroductionThese last years have been marked by an evolution as to how people feed themselves, highlighting a growing interest for vegetarian food. Vegetarianism at large refers to several types of food that are characterized by the partial or total exclusion of animal foods. This study aims at relating various elements associated to vegetarianism, such as eating motives, behaviors, self-perception and others’ perception, in relation with the notion of identity. MethodParticipants were recruited via vegetarian and vegan (for food and for lifestyle) groups on Facebook, once their agreement was obtained. Six interviews were conducted by a clinical psychologist around the notion of being and identity related to food, as well as the food history of the individual and his/her family. The use of retrospective investigation makes possible to establish a continuity between the past and the current eating behavior. These interviews, once manually transcribed, were the subject of a complex semantic analysis via TROPES software (version 8.4). ResultsThe results showed a major use of state's and identity's verbs (being, becoming, “I”) and the personal pronoun “we”, referring to a construction of both individual and collective identity around the diet. The commitment to vegetarian/vegan diet has been primarily motivated by ethical concern. And, positive feelings have emerged following the adoption of this type of diet, such as pride, inner purity and a sense of being healthy and holy. Despite the fact that their diet is ethically focused, participants spontaneously addressed the issue of weight and body image. Discussion/conclusionWhatever the food's history of participants, identifications to disorders related to body image or identifications to weight categories have preceded the identification to a specific diet. And the following of a vegetarian/vegan diet appears at the base of positive feelings toward oneself and a better self-esteem. So, we can assume that adopting a vegetarian/vegan diet could improve self-perception. Otherwise, the ethical choice mentioned by the participants, may be an acceptable sociable justification to control more or less the fate of their body (inside and outside). More research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of vegetarian/vegan diet, to explore the personality profiles of individuals and their relation to the body.

T115. PERSONALITY ACROSS THE PSYCHOSIS CONTINUUM: A FINE-GRAINED PERSPECTIVE

BackgroundPersonality is associated with the etiology, course and outcome of psychosis. Previous research has mainly focused on the global domains within the Five-Factor Model of personality. Moreover, little is known on the personality profile of individuals who report frequent psychosis-like experiences (PE) including auditory hallucinations, but do not fulfill criteria for a Cluster A personality disorder or psychotic disorder.MethodsWe included 134 individuals with non-clinical PE, 40 patients with a psychotic disorder and 126 healthy controls. Participants completed the Dutch NEO-PI-R. ANOVAs were performed to compare personality profiles across the three groups.ResultsThe domains of Neuroticism, Openness and Conscientiousness showed significant group differences. Together with intermediate levels of Neuroticism, individuals with non-clinical PE on average showed high Openness compared to healthy controls and patients (trend-level). The patient group scored high on Neuroticism and low on Conscientiousness compared to both individuals with non-clinical PE and controls. Furthermore, facet-level analyses showed intermediate levels of Depression and Anxiety (N) in individuals with non-clinical PE, as well as high Fantasy, Aesthetics and Ideas (O) relative to controls. The group with non-clinical PE also displayed similar high Angry Hostility (N) and Feelings (O), along with low Trust (A) and Gregariousness (E), as seen in the patient group. Patients showed high Vulnerability and Self-Conscientiousness (N), and also low Competence and Self-discipline (C) compared to both other groups.DiscussionThis is the first study to provide an analysis of both domain and facet-level data across the psychosis continuum. Our findings underline the added value of a more fine-grained evaluation of personality. We address how certain facets may be related to general PE proneness, both in non-clinical and clinical individuals alike, while other traits may differentiate individuals with non-clinical PE from patients. Current results encourage intervention strategies targeting coping and social skills for youth at risk for psychosis.

Personality Profiles of Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Historical Overview and Current Directions

Personality Profiles of Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Historical Overview and Current Directions

Associations of self-reported eating disorder behaviors and personality in a college-educated sample

ObjectiveIn order to better understand factors motivating eating disorder (ED) behaviors and better identify persons at-risk for these behaviors, we sought to identify which personality domains and facets were associated with behaviors for weight control. MethodsED behavior information was gathered from the University of North Carolina Alumni Heart Study using the question, “have you ever used any of the following to lose weight?” Respondents endorsed any combination of the following: “Vomiting,” “Fasting,” “Laxatives,” “Excessive physical exercise.” Personality was measured using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). One-way ANOVAs were performed comparing personality domains and facets to reported ED behaviors, computed both as separate behaviors and the number of cumulative behaviors. ResultsOf 3496 respondents, 9.41% endorsed ever having used at least one ED behavior, with the majority endorsing only a single ED behavior. For both sexes, endorsing greater numbers of ED behaviors was associated with higher scores on Neuroticism and Openness. For women, the strongest associations for behaviors with personality were: excessive exercise with high Impulsiveness; fasting with high Impulsiveness and low Gregariousness; laxative use/purging with high scores on Activity and Feelings. For men, the strongest associations were: excessive exercise with high Impulsiveness; fasting with high Ideas; laxative use/purging with low Modesty. DiscussionData collected from this sample showed a sex-modulated pattern of association between personality domains and facets with ED behaviors. Our findings support that obtaining personality profiles of individuals exhibiting subclinical eating behaviors will enhance our understanding of who is at risk of developing an ED diagnosis.

Personality profiles in paradoxical insomnia: a case-control study.

IntroductionParadoxical insomnia (PARA-I) is a clinically challenging condition to diagnose and treat. Previous findings suggest that personality profiles of patients with PARA-I may be different from other subtypes of insomnia. Therefore, investigation of these profiles can be helpful in the clinical management of these patients.ObjectiveThe current study compares personality profiles of individuals with paradoxical insomnia (PARA-I), psycho-physiological insomnia (PSY-I), and normal sleepers (NS).Material and MethodsA cross-sectional case-control study was conducted in the Sleep Disorders Research Center of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran between 2015 and 2017. Patients with PARA-I (n=20), PSY-I (n=20), and NS (n=60) were matched for age, gender, education, and history of mental and/or physical illness and completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) short form. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare subscale means across groups.ResultsWith the exception of the schizophrenia scale (P =.059), significant differences were found in all subscales of the insomnia groups compared to the NS group (P=.001). Compared to the NS group, patients with PARA-I showed significant differences in the hysteria and hypomania subscales (P<.05) and patients with PSY-I showed significant differences in the hysteria, hypochondriasis, and psychopathic subscales (P=.001). No significant differences were found between the PARA-I and PSY-I groups on any subscale.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that significant differences in the personality profiles on the MMPI exist between PARA-I and PSY-I patients compared to NS. These findings should inform the diagnosis and future treatment approaches for insomnia.

Personality Across the Psychosis Continuum: A Fine-Grained Perspective

Abstract Background Personality is associated with the etiology, course, and outcome of psychosis. Yet, more specific knowledge on this association, beyond the global domains of the Five-Factor Model, is scarce. One way to investigate this is to study the personality profile of individuals having frequent psychosis-like experiences (PE), but without clinical psychosis or Cluster A personality disorder and compare them to patients with such symptoms. Methods We included 134 individuals with nonclinical PE, 40 psychotic disorder patients, and 126 healthy controls. Participants completed the NEO-PI-R. Domain and facet-level data were compared across groups. Result As expected, group differences were significant for Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness. Facet-level analyses showed intermediate levels of Depression and Anxiety (N) in individuals with nonclinical PE, together with high Fantasy, Aesthetics and Ideas (O) compared to controls. Notably, they displayed high Angry Hostility (N) and Feelings (O), along with low Trust (A) and Gregariousness (E). Patients showed high Vulnerability and Self-Consciousness (N), and low Competence and Self-discipline (C), while both nonclinical groups showed similar levels. Conclusions This is the first study to analyze both domain and facet-level data across the psychosis continuum. Our findings show how the facets Hostility and Feelings, low Trust and Gregariousness may be related to general PE proneness, both in nonclinical and clinical individuals alike, while Vulnerability and Self-Consciousness, low Competence, and low Self-discipline may differentiate patients from individuals with nonclinical PE. Current results encourage intervention strategies targeting coping and social skills for youth at risk for psychosis.

Self-Transcendence in Mountaineering and BASE Jumping.

The “extreme sports” of mountaineering and BASE Jumping are growing in popularity and are associated with significant risk of injury and death. In recent years there have also been increasing numbers of reports of reckless disregard and selfishness in the pursuit of mountaineering goals, including severe environmental degradation. Extant research has focused predominantly on personality variables that contribute to engagement, participation, and stress responsivity in these extreme sports. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) provides a comprehensive account of personality traits, measuring seven dimensions of personality that are moderately heritable and associated with distinct brain networks and psychological characteristics. One of these traits is Self-Transcendence, which is associated with spiritual ideas and experiences, such as searching for something elevated and greater than one's individual self. High Self-Transcendence can motivate people to act altruistically even if that requires personal sacrifices and hardship. This article draws on the extant research literature, which has consistently found that despite substantial heterogeneity in their individual personality profiles, mountaineers, and BASE jumpers are adventurous in temperament and highly self-controlled and organized in character. Between 75 and 85% of the character configurations observed in these populations are associated with low Self-Transcendence. The purpose of this paper is to consider the role of Self-Transcendence and its effect on individual personality profiles of extreme athletes, in particular in moderating potentially self- destructive, and regressive ethical and moral behaviors in mountaineering and BASE jumping.

Networked heirlooms: the affective and financial logics of digital estate planning

ABSTRACTThis article outlines the emergence of digital estate planning, a new way of managing post-mortem data, considering its cultural history and political stakes. I argue that Web 2.0 logics of interaction and inclusivity, and the subsequent valorization of social data, have led to a new form of accumulation. Unlike estate planners, who are legal professionals paid to manage the finances of wealthy clientele, digital estate planners are start-up company founders who handle the digital possessions of the masses. Because digital estate planning companies are not lucrative, often providing free services, they tend to quickly fold and vanish. Communicative traces do not contain intrinsic monetary worth in isolation. They are, however, speculatively valuable in aggregate, becoming potential networked heirlooms. They provide legible personality profiles of individuals to advertisers, government agencies, and companies such as Facebook and Google. Communicative traces also contain value in their capacity to produce and maintain social networks and affective bonds. Despite the failures of digital estate planning as an enterprise, networked heirlooms point to the dual financial and affective value of personal data under late capitalism.

Personality and Affect When the Central Nervous System is Sensitized: An Analysis of Central Sensitization Syndromes in a Substance Use Disorder Population.

Functional somatic syndromes, or more recently termed central sensitivity syndromes (CSS), comprise a significant portion of the chronic pain population. Although it is evident that personality is intricately related to the pain experience, it has not been widely studied. This article examines the impact of CSS on the clinical presentation of individuals presenting to treatment for a substance use disorder (SUD), with an emphasis on personality and emotional functioning. We examined personality profiles of individuals presenting to treatment with SUD between three groups: those with a CSS (n = 30), non-CSS chronic pain (n = 79), and no pain (n = 232). Based on previous research and a psychodynamic conceptualization of CSS, we hypothesized that predictors of the presence of a CSS in this sample would be higher rates of overall anxiety, traumatic stress, perfectionistic traits, and a need for interpersonal closeness. Logistic regression analyses did not support our hypothesis. Exploratory analyses indicated which personality traits most strongly predicted the presence of CSS. We discuss these findings using descriptive psychopathology literature, with recommendations for future research.

Psychological syndrome analysis (Vygotsky – Luria School) in psychosomatics: Clinical and psychological study of patients with mitral valve prolapse

IntroductionOne of the dominant methodological principles of Russian clinical psychology (the Vygotsky-Luria School) is the principle of Psychological syndrome analysis (PSA). It can also be heuristically applied to psychosomatics.ObjectiveTo identify a psychosomatic syndrome in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP).Materials and methodsWe applied various techniques for a qualitative and statistical data analysis of clinical and psychological study. We explored our patients’ individual personality profiles, anxiety level (Spielberger et al., 1983), features of achievement motivation (Heckhausen, 1963), emotion regulation strategies (ERS) (Zinchenko, Pervichko, 2014; Pervichko, 2015), dynamics of the patient's emotional state in stress conditions, and degrees of manifestation of MVP clinical symptoms. The study comprised 134 MVP patients, mean age was 24.8 ± 1.2 years, and 73 healthy subjects, mean age was 27.5 ± 1.3 years.ResultsMVP patients proved to be more prone to emotional stress; they were also inclined to choose less effective ERS as compared to healthy subjects. ANOVA data revealed dependence of intensity of such clinical symptoms as cardialgia, tension headaches and psychogenic dyspnea on the degree of anxiety level and the presence of dysfunctional ERS in MVP patients. The interpretation of the study results with PSA method suggested that the patients’ psychological and clinical characteristics form into a psychosomatic syndrome. The first syndrome-generating factor is the presence of the approach – avoidance motivational conflict in achievement settings. Dysfunctions of emotion regulation appear as a second syndrome-generating factor in psychosomatic syndrome in MVP patients.ConclusionsPSA (the Vygotsky-Luria School) can be used as a means to approach diagnostic and prognostic tasks in Clinical psychology and Psychosomatic medicine.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Typical MMPI-2 Profiles of Multiple-DWI Individuals

We identified the typical personality profile of individuals with multiple driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) offenses using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Multiple DWI offenders were recruited from outpatient clinics between January 2009 and September 2013. All participants were administered the MMPI-2 and also completed a questionnaire soliciting demographic information. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using Ward’s method. The multiple-offenders-I group (n = 9) had relatively high (although still within normal) scores on the D and Pd scales. The multiple-offenders-II group (n = 50) had low scores on both the Ma and Si scales and a V-shaped profile on the validity scales. Some multiple offenders may have poorer emotional adjustment, characterized by tendencies toward psychopathic deviance, mania, and depression, as well as psychopathological characteristics typically associated with patients with alcohol-use disorder.

Contextual and Individual Factors Determining Escalation of Collective Violence: Case Study of the Project X Riot in Haren, the Netherlands

Two dominant perspectives explaining collective violence differ in the extent to which they ascribe influence to individual and contextual factors. Our analysis of a project X disorder in the Netherlands shows organized groups were not involved. Instead spontaneous group formation and identification were observed, confirming socio-contextual theory. Arrested suspects, however, were no cross section of youths, with a minority mirroring the personality profile of individuals dis-proportionally involved in collective violence. This suggests predispositions are of relevance as well in explaining public disorder. This case study shows the recently developed initiation/escalation model provides a useful framework that incorporates both perspectives, i.e. both theoretical perspectives are not mutually exclusive. Research suggestions are discussed.

Personality traits and exercise dependence: Exploring the role of narcissism and perfectionism

There are currently limited investigations that have examined the relationship between personality traits and exercise dependence. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between exercise dependence, narcissism and perfectionism. Ninety regular exercisers were recruited from various gyms, fitness centres and sporting events to complete the Narcissistic Personality Inventory [Raskin, R. N., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890–902], Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale [Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470] and Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised [Symons Down, D., Hausenblas, H. A., & Nigg, C. R. (2004). Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8(4), 183–201] either online or in person. Exercise dependence was positively related to narcissism, self-orientated perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism. Gender differences between these relationships were also found. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that a combination of narcissism and self-orientated perfectionism uniquely predicted a greater degree of exercise dependence. These findings indicate that both narcissism and perfectionism may be important antecedents of exercise dependence, and that a combination of these personality traits is associated with exercise dependence. Future research should continue to determine which personality traits contribute to the personality profile of individuals with exercise dependence.

The exploration of personality traits among adolescents addicted to the internet

Background: According to previous studies, some personality traits are associated with internet addiction. The purpose of this study was to compare the personality traits of adolescents who are addicted to the internet with those normal adolescents. Methods: 4342 male and female students in high schools and pre-university schools across 11 provinces of Iran through multistage cluster sampling for this study were selected. NEO personality questionnaires and Yangs’ internet addiction scale was used. For data analysis both descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (MANOVA) were employed. Results : While there was significant difference between first and second adolescents groups in the four subscales of neuroticism, extroversion, open to experience and agreeableness (P=0/001), there was no statistically significant difference between groups on subscale of conscientious (P=0/348). Conclusion: Adolescents who are addicted to the internet compared to the normal adolescents obtain higher scores on the subscales of neuroticism and open to experience, instead, they aquired lower scores on subscales of extroversion and conscientious. As a result, according to the personality profile of individuals susceptible to internet addiction providing the required training on the use of cyberspace seems to be essential.

Are Entrepreneurs a Different Breed?

Entrepreneurs are often thought to be risk-taking and patient individuals who, unlike non-entrepreneurs, are willing to forgo their existing resources for a chance of a future larger reward. Entrepreneurs are also thought to more motivated, reward driven, and overconfident than others. How reliable are these assumptions? To establish a correlation between individual characteristics and entrepreneurship, we developed an incentivized online experiment that consisted of three risk decision tasks, a time decision task, and a set of validated psychological questionnaires. We elicited individual risk attitudes and time preferences and found that our sampled entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs did not exhibit statistically significant differences in risk and time preferences. We also found that psychological personality traits correlated with both risk attitudes and patience: individuals who scored higher on drive were more risk seeking, and individuals who had higher IQ and those who scored higher on pessimism were more patient; in addition, intrinsic motivation was positively related to the likelihood of being an entrepreneur. Our results suggest that individual personality profiles can play an important role in explaining economic preferences and entrepreneurship.