Individual Performance Scores Research Articles

#1098 Utilizing a novel individual patient performance score for mortality prediction in hemodialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) management has advanced significantly over recent years, yet mortality rates among hemodialysis (HD) patients remain high. This study aims to assess the impact of changes in an individualized patient performance score (IPPS) on survival in a large cohort of HD patients. Method This multicentre, observational, prospective cohort study included HD patients across 19 countries, starting from January 1st, 2022. We followed these patients for one year, categorizing them based on their survival status at year's end. We calculated the mean IPPS monthly, from June to December 2021, and divided the patients into tertiles based on their December 2021 scores. Subsequently, we formed five groups based on their IPPS dynamics over six months. We used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to evaluate survival, presenting the results as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The IPPS, ranging from 0 to 100, was calculated based on eight key performance areas, with higher scores indicating better medical performance: Vascular Access (20 points): type of vascular access, episodes of thrombosis and infection); HD adequacy (20 points): eKt/V, blood flow and treatment time; Anemia (20 points): hemoglobin concentration, transferrin saturation, ferritin; Arterial hypertension (10 points): mean arterial pressure; Mineral Bone disease (15 points): iPTH, plasmatic phosphorus and calcium; Fluid status (5 points): percentage of interdialytic fluid gain; Nutrition (5 points): plasmatic albumin and phosphorus and Others (5 points): influenzae vaccination, transplantation status and hospitalization events. The final score is obtained by the weighted sum of positive clinical factors, subtracted from the weighted sum of negative clinical factors and is reported as a number ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing a better medical performance. Results The study included 10 458 HD patients. In the survival analysis, a significant increase in mortality odds was observed in patients with a stable IPPS of 72 or lower, compared to those with a score consistently above 86. Patients transitioning from the lowest to the highest tertile in six months had a mortality HR similar to those consistently in the highest tertile. On the other hand, patients showing a decrease in IPPS score from the highest to the lowest tertile in the same period had a mortality HR similar to the intermediate group (Table 1). Conclusion A lower total IPPS score (<72) was associated with a threefold increase in mortality risk compared to scores above 86. An increase in IPPS from the lowest to the highest tertile correlated with a significant reduction in mortality, equating to the survival rates of patients consistently scoring high. These findings underscore the potential of IPPS as a valuable tool for guiding clinical interventions in the HD population to enhance patient survival.

#1604 LACE index as predictors of 30 day rehospitalisation among patients on maintenance hemodialysis, cohort study

Abstract Background and Aims Over 35% of patients on maintenance dialysis are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of hospital discharge. Validated risk assessment tools such as the LACE index (Length of stay, Acuity of admission, Co-morbidities, and Emergency department visits) have been developed to identify patients at high risk of hospital readmission in non-dialysis patients but have not been tested in dialysis patients. Method Data was collected from electronic medical records of patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Diaverum outpatient clinics hospitalized during 2023. Data included Age, gender, duration of hospital stay, Charlson comorbidity index (CCS), urgent or planned, and cause of Hospitalization. Multivariable logistic regression models with 30-day readmission for the same reason as the dependent outcome were used to identify readmission risk factors and whether the LACE score validly predicts 30-day rehospitalization among our cohort. Results Among (4829) patients received dialysis in Diaverum Saudi Arabia during 2023. (1487) episodes of hospitalization were reported due to various reasons rate of hospitalization was 0.54 Episodes per patient-years at risk, and 372(25%) of hospitalized patients were re-hospitalized for the same reason within 30 days. The proportion of patients with 30 days of rehospitalization for the same reason was higher in patients with post-initial discharge LACE index ≥10 in comparison to patients with LACE index<10, 348(32.6%) & 24(5.7) respectively P-VALUE<0.001. also significantly higher in patients ≥65years old than those younger 163(27.7%) &209(23.3%) respectively P-VALUE<0.05, those in high risk group (defined as those with higher comorbidity index ≥6 and/or lower Individual Patient Performance Score<75) than those who are not in high risk group 215(35%) & 157(17.9%) respectively P-VALUE<0.001. Multivariate logistic regression including covariates significantly associated with higher 30-day rehospitalization to avoid confounder effect with model including ( age, gender, dialysis duration, body mass index, comorbidity index, diabetes, vascular access, cause of hospitalization and inclusion in high-risk group ) showed significantly higher rehospitalization in patients with post-initial discharge LACE index ≥10 in comparison to patients with LACE index<10 ODDS RATIO (95%CI) 7.95(5.1-12.5) P-VALUE<0.001. independent of other covariates in the model Conclusion LACE index at discharge is an independent predictor of (30) days re-hospitalization in patients on maintenance Hemodialysis. Further analysis needed for a specific model for HD patients taking into consideration the unique characteristics of this cohort of patients.

#2628 A haemodialysis patient-centred model of care with a multidisciplinary programme: what is its clinical and health efficiency impact?

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes a public health concern due to its notable morbidity & mortality and associated costs. The Patient Care Coordination program (PCC) provides comprehensive and personalized care to haemodialysis (HD) patients. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of PCC compared to standard of care (SoC). Method The study included patients in 9 HD clinics (5 PCC, 4 SoC) in Catalonia, Spain, in 2020-2021. A comparative effectiveness evaluation was conducted to compare change in Individual Patient Performance Score (IPPS, score 0-100, evaluates parameters such as vascular access, adequacy of HD, anaemia, mineral bone disease, arterial hypertension, nutrition/hydration status) and number of hospitalisations of PCC patients vs SoC during the first year in the program. Instrumental variables (IV) regression analysis was performed to address potential confounding; number of interactions with program specialists was a valid IV to estimate degree of PCC use. An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis (iCEA) through microsimulation was performed using the effectiveness data from the previous step, population data from the renal patient registry of Catalonia, and the cost of hospitalisations obtained from the Public Health System. Results 127 patients in PCC and 363 patients in SoC were included. The degree of PCC use had a positive impact on IPPS variation during the first year of the program (p = 0.012). In the iCEA the PCC program resulted in a mean gain of 3.4 additional IPPS points, a reduction of 0.2 hospitalisations per patient, and reduced mean costs of €1,265 per patient in the first year compared to SoC, resulting to be a dominant alternative (Fig. 1). Conclusion The holistic and interdisciplinary approach to the patient has further highlighted the relevance of programme use and not only belonging to the programme in achieving clinical goals. The PCC program represents thus a dominant alternative, with greater effectiveness and total cost savings that could sum up to €5.5 million per year in the region due to reduced hospitalizations. This approach may be an alternative to address the challenges of CKD and optimise the allocation of healthcare resources.

#1097 Linking changes in individual performance scores to survival outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) management has advanced significantly over recent years, yet mortality rates among hemodialysis (HD) patients remain high. This study aims to assess the impact of changes in an individualized patient performance score (IPPS) on survival in a large cohort of HD patients. Method This multicentre, observational, prospective cohort study included HD patients across 19 countries, starting from January 1st, 2022. We followed these patients for one year, categorizing them based on their survival status at year's end. We calculated the mean IPPS monthly, from June to December 2021, and divided the patients into tertiles based on their December 2021 scores. Subsequently, we formed five groups based on their IPPS dynamics over six months. We used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to evaluate survival, presenting the results as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The IPPS, ranging from 0 to 100, was calculated based on eight key performance areas, with higher scores indicating better medical performance: Vascular Access (20 points): type of vascular access, episodes of thrombosis and infection); HD adequacy (20 points): eKt/V, blood flow and treatment time; Anemia (20 points): hemoglobin concentration, transferrin saturation, ferritin; Arterial hypertension (10 points): mean arterial pressure; Mineral Bone disease (15 points): iPTH, plasmatic phosphorus and calcium; Fluid status (5 points): percentage of interdialytic fluid gain; Nutrition (5 points): plasmatic albumin and phosphorus and Others (5 points): influenzae vaccination, transplantation status and hospitalization events. The final score is obtained by the weighted sum of positive clinical factors, subtracted from the weighted sum of negative clinical factors and is reported as a number ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing a better medical performance. Results The study included 10 458 HD patients. In the survival analysis, a significant reduction in mortality odds was observed in patients with a stable IPPS of 72 or lower, compared to those with a score consistently above 86. Patients transitioning from the lowest to the highest tertile in six months had a mortality HR similar to those consistently in the highest tertile. On the other hand, patients showing an improvement in IPPS score from the lowest to the highest tertile in the same period had a mortality HR similar to the intermediate group (Table 1). Conclusion A lower total IPPS score (<72) was associated with a threefold increase in mortality risk compared to scores above 86. An increase in IPPS from the lowest to the highest tertile correlated with a significant reduction in mortality, equating to the survival rates of patients consistently scoring high. These findings underscore the potential of IPPS as a valuable tool for guiding clinical interventions in the HD population to enhance patient survival.

Normative Reference Centiles for Sprint Performance in High-Level Youth Soccer Players: The Need to Consider Biological Maturity.

To compute reference centiles for 5- and 30-m sprint times relative to chronological and skeletal age in youth soccer players. Subsequently, to compare individual's sprint performance scores derived from the chronological and skeletal age reference centiles. Sprint times were collected for a sample of male U11 to U19 soccer players (n = 1745 data points). Skeletal age data were available for a subsample (n = 776 data points). Reference centiles were fitted using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Individual z scores relative to chronological and skeletal age reference centiles were computed and compared for each maturity group (late, on-time, early, and very early) using standardized mean differences (SMD). Reference centiles for chronological age increased more rapidly between 10.5 and 15.5years, while reference centiles for skeletal age increased more rapidly between 13.0 and 16.5years. Differences in chronological and skeletal z scores for very early (SMD: -0.73 to -0.43) and late (SMD: 0.58 to 1.29) maturing players were small to large, while differences for early (SMD: -0.30 to -0.19) and on-time (SMD: 0.16 to 0.28) were trivial to small. Reference centiles provide a valuable tool to assist the evaluation of sprint performance in relation to chronological and skeletal age for talent identification purposes in youth soccer players.

‘I Did No Harm’

Objective: To assess the performance of our urology team against GMC guidelines for using chaperone during intimate clinical examination. Background data: intimate physical examination is an integral part of our urological practice. There is a paucity of literature regarding the use of chaperones among urologists. Given the importance of this topic for both patient safety and providing support for the urologist, we decided to assess our performance as per the GMC guidelines for good medical practice. Methods: We completed an audit loop to evaluate the performance of 12 members in our urology team as regards compliance with GMC guidance for the documentation of chaperone use in urology clinic. Based on our scoring system, we objectively assessed both overall team performance as well as individual scores for documenting chaperone use. Results: There was a significant improvement in the overall documentation rate in both clinical notes (+9.85%) and clinic letters (+36.65%). Raising awareness among team members managed to increase the individual performance scores as well. Conclusion: This is the first report using a scoring system for objective assessment of a pertinent topic such as the use of chaperone and its documentation. This managed to achieve a significant improvement in our practice.

Quantifying athlete wellness: Investigating the predictive potential of subjective wellness reports through a player monitoring system

This study investigated the potential of self-reported wellness data from a player monitoring system and its predictive power of individual match performance among a female professional football player cohort. Using longitudinal data collected from the Pm Reporter Pro mobile application and corresponding individual performance scores (InStat Index), the study investigated if pre-match perceived wellness could predict individual match performance. The results show no significant evidence for a correlation between the two. This result may suggest that other factors might have a larger impact on performance, that the data quality captured by the current version of the player monitoring system is not sufficient, or that the impact of personally perceived wellness on performance is minimal. The limitations of bias in self-reported data and relatively small sample size might have affected the results. Despite these findings, the study provides valuable insights into the use of data-driven analytics with a concrete and widely used player monitoring system and suggests recommendations for future research.

Ecological validity of cognitive fluctuations in dementia with Lewy bodies.

Cognitive fluctuations are a core clinical feature of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), but their contribution to the everyday functioning difficulties evident DLB are not well understood. The current study evaluated whether intraindividual variability across a battery of neurocognitive tests (intraindividual variability-dispersion) and daily cognitive fluctuations as measured by informant report are associated with worse daily functioning in DLB. The study sample included 97 participants with consensus-defined DLB from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC). Intraindividual variability-dispersion was measured using the coefficient of variation, which divides the standard deviation of an individual's performance scores across 12 normed neurocognitive indices from the NACC neuropsychological battery by that individual's performance mean. Informants reported on daily cognitive fluctuations using the Mayo Fluctuations Scale (MFS) and on daily functioning using the functional activities questionnaire (FAQ). Logistic regression identified a large univariate association of intraindividual variability-dispersion and presence of daily cognitive fluctuations on the MFS (Odds Ratio = 73.27, 95% Confidence Interval = 1.38, 3,895.05). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that higher intraindividual variability-dispersion and presence of daily cognitive fluctuations as assessed by the MFS were significantly and independently related to worse daily functioning (FAQ scores). Among those with DLB, informant-rated daily cognitive fluctuations and cognitive fluctuations measured in the clinic (as indexed by intraindividual variability-dispersion across a battery of tests) were independently associated with poorer everyday functioning. These data demonstrate ecological validity in measures of cognitive fluctuations in DLB.

The Effect of Pass/Fail Exam Grading on Exam Performance in a Pediatric Clerkship.

Clerkship grades are a component of determining a residency candidate's competitiveness. In 2017, the University of Minnesota Medical School's pediatric clerkship transitioned its standardized multiple-choice exam, the Aquifer Pediatrics Examination, to pass/fail with eligibility for honors being determined by clinical performance, not exam performance. We assessed the effect this change had on Aquifer exam performance and evaluated for correlation between Aquifer exam performance and clinical evaluation scores in order to gather insight into the validity of each type of assessment with respect to one another. We analyzed de-identified data from 750 medical students between the academic years of 2016 to 2017 and 2019 to 2020. Individual Aquifer exam scores were compared to individual clinical performance scores. Differences in exam performance before and after the transition to pass/fail were investigated with a two-sample t-test and Cohen's d for effect size. No correlation was found between Aquifer exam scores and clinical performance scores. The mean Aquifer exam score prior to the transition to pass/fail was 80.02 ± 7.51 while the mean after the exam was made pass/fail was 77.8 ± 7.42. This difference was statistically significant (P < .001) with a Cohen's d (effect size) of 0.297. A lack of correlation between the Aquifer exam scores and clinical performance scores was found. There was a small yet statistically significant decrease in Aquifer exam scores after the change to pass/fail; it is not clear if this represents a meaningful decrease in learning by students.

Reprint of: Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.

Reprint of: Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.

Levers of change: using mathematical models to compare gender equity interventions in universities.

Women are under-represented in academic staff in universities worldwide. Our work builds on other studies of ‘demographic inertia'. We find that time will not bridge the gender representation gap in academia, and echo others in saying bold actions are required to reach parity. Our work then uses New Zealand's unique system of scoring individual research performance to test empirically which levers universities should pull, and in which combinations. We combine individual research performance scores with 20 years of data from one university to parametrize a rank-structured mathematical model using Leslie matrices. Our model compares three key levers of change at universities' disposal—hiring, promotion and attrition. We apply the model to a bifurcated population of university staff—those with high research activity, and those who are moderately active—based on their national research quality score. We then test levers in various combinations that management could pull to improve gender representation. We find that the solutions are different for the high versus moderate research performers. For individuals with high research activity, universities should concentrate on equitable hiring practices. For those with more moderate research activity, more equitable promotion practices hold the key.

Economically Disadvantaged, Incoming Readiness and School Achievement: Implications for Building High-Performing and Effective Schools

As a result of the 2002 No Child Left Behind Act, North Carolina, like many other states, has created standards and yearly student assessments for K-12 students. Student and school yearly assessments are reported via the North Carolina School Report Cards. Based on the North Carolina School Report Cards, there are several low-performing and failing schools at all levels; schools designated by the State of North Carolina as D or F in the Report Card. This study centered on two research questions: (a) Is there a relationship between incoming readiness and school performance in NC public middle schools? (b) Is there a relationship between economically disadvantaged students and school performance in NC public middle schools? Data was collected from the North Carolina School Report Cards (SRC) datasets (NCDPI, 2019). SRCs are offered for each public school in NC. NC public schools get a report card with their individual school performance score, in addition to other pertinent information, such as teacher and student characteristics. The analysis sample contains two years of data, namely for 2018 and 2017. The dataset includes 850 observations for 425 middle schools. The analysis and results are presented as follows: First, the frequencies of particular performance grades earned by NC middle schools are presented. Second, descriptive statistics are provided and data visuals for the variables associated with the specific research questions a and b, followed by the hypotheses. Third, the hypotheses are tested with the results from the linear regression and ordered logit. Analysis showed evidence of a relationship between incoming student readiness and school performance in NC public middle schools. Larger shares of incoming students considered ready significantly predicts school performance. It is possible to find evidence of a relationship between economically disadvantaged students and school performance in NC public middle schools. Having larger shares of economically disadvantaged students significantly predicts school performance. Based on these findings, a recommendation would be that teachers and schools work to get students ready for middle school in order to improve student performance.

The Relationship Between the Motivation Calculus and The Organizational Performance

This study follows the Motivation Calculus of Charles Handy conducted in a large multinational company’s branch located in Romania. The findings have been obtained by analyzing the responses to our questionnaire that tracks the “E” factors from a representative and diverse sample and comparing the results to the individual performance score given by their supervisor.

Knowledge deficiency of acute kidney injury management among healthcare professionals: cause for concern?

Background: In 2009, an audit into the death of a patient with a diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) revealed several shortcomings in the management of AKI patients in UK hospitals. The National Confidential Enquiry into Patients Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) reports that the poor management of AKI is commonly related to poor clinical care, and it is recommended that all clinical staff receive regular teaching on AKI to improve their knowledge and skills. Aim: This study aimed to establish the level of understanding of healthcare professionals caring for patients with AKI and ways to provide intervention to overcome any deficiencies. Method: This study used a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was posted using the Survey Monkey online tool and sent via a link to healthcare professionals. The links allowed respondents to answer the questions and recorded their anonymised responses. The online survey link was sent out via mail to the staff of three Trusts within Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire region between May and July 2019. Results: A total of 135 people responded to the survey. A total of 34% (n=46) correctly identified the definition of AKI and correct staging of AKI was 31% (42). A higher number of respondents correctly selected risk factors (85%; n=116), assessments (68%; n=92) and observational information (78%; n=105). There was a statistically significant association between AKI teaching and knowledge of AKI definition, staging and assessment. There was no strong association between AKI teaching and the respondent's ability to recognise risk factors or observation carried out on AKI patients. While there was a slight improvement in individual performance scores against AKI teaching, this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study identified specific gaps in knowledge of AKI management among healthcare professionals. An educational intervention will be required to increase AKI management awareness, which may in turn improve the clinical outcomes.

Sosyal Ağ Bağlantılarının Bireysel Performans Üzerindeki Etkisi: Akademisyenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Many behaviors of human being, who is a social being, in the organization are affected by the social network connections. The aim of this study is to reveal whether the social network connections of the actor in the organization have an effect on individual performance, which can be considered as the antecedent of many behavioral variables in the management and organization research literature. The absence of a holistic study in the literature that deals with positive and negative social network connections together constitutes the originality of the study, and it is considered that both the methodology and the theoretical infrastructure of the study will contribute to the literature. The social network of the study consists of 37 academicians working in a faculty affiliated to the university operating in Ankara Province. Within the scope of the study, first the network mechanism of the actors was revealed with the UCINET program, then the individual performance scores of the actors, which were measured regularly within the framework of the criteria determined by the university, and the network analysis obtained. Correlation and regression analyzes were performed to reveal the relationship between the findings through the SPSS program. As a result of the analyzes, quite remarkable results were obtained. Accordingly, it was determined that the performance scores of the central actor with positive social network connections, in other words, the most liked actor in the network, were low; it was determined that the actor with the most negative social network connections was the actor with the highest individual performance score.

Predicting multilingual effects on executive function and individual connectomes in children: An ABCD study

While there is a substantial amount of work studying multilingualism's effect on cognitive functions, little is known about how the multilingual experience modulates the brain as a whole. In this study, we analyzed data of over 1,000 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine whether monolinguals and multilinguals differ in executive function, functional brain connectivity, and brain-behavior associations. We observed significantly better performance from multilingual children than monolinguals in working-memory tasks. In one finding, we were able to classify multilinguals from monolinguals using only their whole-brain functional connectome at rest and during an emotional n-back task. Compared to monolinguals, the multilingual group had different functional connectivity mainly in the occipital lobe and subcortical areas during the emotional n-back task and in the occipital lobe and prefrontal cortex at rest. In contrast, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance and functional connectivity when performing a stop-signal task. As a second finding, we investigated the degree to which behavior is reflected in the brain by implementing a connectome-based behavior prediction approach. The multilingual group showed a significant correlation between observed and connectome-predicted individual working-memory performance scores, while the monolingual group did not show any correlations. Overall, our observations suggest that multilingualism enhances executive function and reliably modulates the corresponding brain functional connectome, distinguishing multilinguals from monolinguals even at the developmental stage.

Post-trip safety interventions: State-of-the-art, challenges, and practical implications

Introduction: Currently, risky driving behaviour is a major contributor to road crashes and as a result, wide array of tools have been developed in order to record and improve driving behaviour. Within that group of tools, interventions have been indicated to significantly enhance driving behaviour and road safety. This study critically reviews monitoring technologies that provide post-trip interventions, such as retrospective visual feedback, gamification, rewards or penalties, in order to inform an appropriate driver mentoring strategy delivered after each trip. Method: The work presented here is part of the European Commission H2020 i-DREAMS project. The reviewed platform characteristics were obtained through commercially available solutions as well as a comprehensive literature search in popular scientific databases, such as Scopus and Google Scholar. Focus was given on state-of-the-art-technologies for post-trip interventions utilized in four different transport modes (i.e. car, truck, bus and rail) associated with risk prevention and mitigation. Results: The synthesized results revealed that smartphone applications and web-based platforms are the most accepted, frequently and easiest to use tools in cars, buses and trucks across all papers considered, while limited evidence of post-trip interventions in -rail was found. The majority of smartphone applications detected mobile phone use and harsh events and provided individual performance scores, while in-vehicle systems provided delayed visual reports through a web-based platform. Conclusions: Gamification and appropriate rewards appeared to be effective solutions, as it was found that they keep drivers motivated in improving their driving skills, but it was clear that these cannot be performed in isolation and a combination with other strategies (i.e. driver coaching and support) might be beneficial. Nevertheless, as there is no holistic and cross-modal post-trip intervention solution developed in real-world environments, challenges associated with post-trip feedback provision and suggestions on practical implementation are also provided.

Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score

Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score

Talent Performance Analysis Using People Analytics Approach

The purpose of this study was to answer the research question "How is the prediction of Talent Performance in the following year with the application of People Analytics?" and knowing the description of employees who are potential talents, the resulting performance contributions, to the description of the development and retention efforts needed by Talent in order to be able to maintain their future performance and position as Talents compared to the previous People Analytics method using predictive analysis, namely prediction of Talent Performance in the year next. In this study, data analysis using the Multivariate Logistic Regression method is used to get the Prediction of the Performance of Talents who become the object of research in the form of individual performance quickly and precisely in accordance with the patterns drawn by individual Performance score data in previous years. And can provide insight regarding the projected strategies that need to be done to maintain the improvement of individual talent performance in the years of the assessment period. It also helps management in making decisions about the right Talent development program and determining which Talents are priorities. The population in this study were the talents of employees of PT. Angkasa Pura II (Persero) with a managerial level consisting of: Senior Leader, Middle Leader, and First Line Leader who has a Person Grade (PG) range of 13 to 21. The sample used is Middle Leader level talent with specified criteria and through a process data cleansing. The results of this study indicate that the variable that significantly affects the performance of the following year is the performance of the previous 2 years. Then prediction analysis can be done using these independent variables with the Multinomial Logistic Regression method, and to get prediction results with better accuracy can be done by the Random Forest method.

Tough Teams and Optimistic Individuals: The Intersecting Roles of Group and Individual Attributes in Helping to Predict Physical Performance

This study tested the effects of individual and group-level characteristics on performance during a mandatory and challenging physical education course at the United States Military Academy (USMA). We focused on attributes related to mental toughness, and examined both self-report and utilized an other-rating scale that measures mental toughness-related characteristics and is important to USMA generally. We examined course scores for 5,581 first-year students over five academic years, accounted for background physical fitness, and determined how mental toughness attributes at the group and individual-level contributed to overall course score and scores on constituent events (e.g. obstacle course, rope climbing). Self-reported optimism, self-reported resilience, and mental toughness items from a peer rating scale, but not self-reported grit, significantly improved course performance. The average score across class section on optimism or the peer rating scale also positively covaried with course score, over and above the individual-level impact of that attribute. Analyses of individual events demonstrated that “group-level character” was important for some events, whereas individual attributes were most important for others. Findings suggested an emergent group character capable of influencing individual physical performance scores. Being a member of a tough group may have comparable effects to individual mental toughness.