Individual-level Controls Research Articles

6846 Rare Variants in SEMA3A in Individuals with Constitutional Delay of Puberty (CDP)

Abstract Disclosure: W. He: None. E.C. Schafer: None. R. Brauner: None. A. Delaney: None. L. Dunkel: None. R. Grinspon: None. J.E. Hall: None. J.N. Hirschhorn: None. S. Howard: None. A. Latronico: None. A.A. Jorge: None. K. McElreavey: None. V. Mericq: None. P.M. Merino: None. M.R. Palmert: None. R.A. Rey: None. R.C. Rezende: None. S.B. Seminara: None. N. Shaw: None. T. Delayed Puberty Genetics Consortium: None. Y. Chan: None. Background: Constitutional delay of puberty (CDP), also known as self-limited delayed puberty, refers to late onset of puberty with relatively normal progression afterward. In contrast, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) results in a long-lasting defect in reproductive endocrine activity. Both CDP and IHH are highly heritable and are sometimes observed in different family members in the same pedigree. Previous work by our group and others has suggested genetic overlap between the two conditions. In this study, we aimed to identify specific IHH-related genes that are also genetic causes of CDP. Methods: The Delayed Puberty Consortium assembled exome data for 233 individuals of diverse ancestries with CDP, with onset of puberty between 12 and 18 y in girls and between 13.5 and 18 y in boys. For control data, we used exome sequencing data from gnomAD v2.1.1 (n=125,748). After data harmonization and quality control, we used a modification of the “TRAPD” method to perform gene-based burden testing for 63 genes associated with IHH. We analyzed rare variants (minor allele frequency < 0.01) with high impact (premature stop, frameshift, start-lost, stop-lost) in all individuals across ancestries (n=233), as allele frequencies for high-impact variants are unlikely to vary widely across populations. We also analyzed rare variants with moderate impact (missense, inframe insertions/deletions) predicted to be deleterious by the Primate AI algorithm (score >0.6) in non-Finnish European (NFE) individuals with CDP (n=99), then meta-analyzed the results for high- and moderate-impact variants. We considered p-values < 7.9 x 10-4 (0.05 with Bonferroni adjustment for 63 genes) significant. Results: Of the 63 genes analyzed, SEMA3A (which encodes semaphorin-3A) exhibited significant enrichment for moderate-impact variants in the NFE CDP cohort compared to controls (variant frequency in CDP vs control: 0.064 vs 0.0076, p = 1.3 x 10-4) and in the meta-analysis of both high- and moderate-impact variants (p = 3.5 x 10-6). Novel SEMA3A variants identified exclusively in CDP individuals but not in controls were a frameshift variant, p.F546fsX2, and a missense variant, I252R. Also, three missense variants in SEMA3A were observed at a higher frequency in NFE CDP individuals compared with controls: p.R66T, p.V461A, and p.T717I. No other IHH genes showed significant enrichment of rare variants in the CDP cohort. Conclusion: Rare variants in SEMA3A contribute to both CDP and IHH. While functional studies are required to assess the effects of these specific variants on protein function, previous in vitro studies of similar SEMA3A variants demonstrated defects in secretion or signaling activity. Subsequent studies employing individual-level ancestry-matched controls and larger CDP cohorts are planned to identify additional genes that contribute to CDP. Presentation: 6/1/2024

12330 Rare Variants in SEMA3A in Individuals with Constitutional Delay of Puberty (CDP)

Abstract Disclosure: W. He: None. E.C. Schafer: None. R. Brauner: None. A. Delaney: None. L. Dunkel: None. R. Grinspon: None. J.E. Hall: None. J.N. Hirschhorn: None. S. Howard: None. A. Latronico: None. A.A. Jorge: None. K. McElreavey: None. V. Mericq: None. P.M. Merino: None. M.R. Palmert: None. R.A. Rey: None. R.C. Rezende: None. S.B. Seminara: None. N. Shaw: None. T. Delayed Puberty Genetics Consortium: None. Y. Chan: None. Background: Constitutional delay of puberty (CDP), also known as self-limited delayed puberty, refers to late onset of puberty with relatively normal progression afterward. In contrast, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) results in a long-lasting defect in reproductive endocrine activity. Both CDP and IHH are highly heritable and are sometimes observed in different family members in the same pedigree. Previous work by our group and others has suggested genetic overlap between the two conditions. In this study, we aimed to identify specific IHH-related genes that are also genetic causes of CDP. Methods: The Delayed Puberty Consortium assembled exome data for 233 individuals of diverse ancestries with CDP, with onset of puberty between 12 and 18 y in girls and between 13.5 and 18 y in boys. For control data, we used exome sequencing data from gnomAD v2.1.1 (n=125,748). After data harmonization and quality control, we used a modification of the “TRAPD” method to perform gene-based burden testing for 63 genes associated with IHH. We analyzed rare variants (minor allele frequency < 0.01) with high impact (premature stop, frameshift, start-lost, stop-lost) in all individuals across ancestries (n=233), as allele frequencies for high-impact variants are unlikely to vary widely across populations. We also analyzed rare variants with moderate impact (missense, inframe insertions/deletions) predicted to be deleterious by the Primate AI algorithm (score >0.6) in non-Finnish European (NFE) individuals with CDP (n=99), then meta-analyzed the results for high- and moderate-impact variants. We considered p-values < 7.9 x 10-4 (0.05 with Bonferroni adjustment for 63 genes) significant. Results: Of the 63 genes analyzed, SEMA3A (which encodes semaphorin-3A) exhibited significant enrichment for moderate-impact variants in the NFE CDP cohort compared to controls (variant frequency in CDP vs control: 0.064 vs 0.0076, p = 1.3 x 10-4) and in the meta-analysis of both high- and moderate-impact variants (p = 3.5 x 10-6). Novel SEMA3A variants identified exclusively in CDP individuals but not in controls were a frameshift variant, p.F546fsX2, and a missense variant, I252R. Also, three missense variants in SEMA3A were observed at a higher frequency in NFE CDP individuals compared with controls: p.R66T, p.V461A, and p.T717I. No other IHH genes showed significant enrichment of rare variants in the CDP cohort. Conclusion: Rare variants in SEMA3A contribute to both CDP and IHH. While functional studies are required to assess the effects of these specific variants on protein function, previous in vitro studies of similar SEMA3A variants demonstrated defects in secretion or signaling activity. Subsequent studies employing individual-level ancestry-matched controls and larger CDP cohorts are planned to identify additional genes that contribute to CDP. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Association of Pregnancy-Specific Alcohol Policies With Infant Morbidities and Maltreatment

Research has found associations of pregnancy-specific alcohol policies with increased low birth weight and preterm birth, but associations with other infant outcomes are unknown. To examine the associations of pregnancy-specific alcohol policies with infant morbidities and maltreatment. This retrospective cohort study used outcome data from Merative MarketScan, a national database of private insurance claims. The study cohort included individuals aged 25 to 50 years who gave birth to a singleton between 2006 and 2019 in the US, had been enrolled 1 year before and 1 year after delivery, and could be matched with an infant. Data were analyzed from August 2021 to April 2023. Nine state-level pregnancy-specific alcohol policies obtained from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's Alcohol Policy Information System. The primary outcomes were 1 or more infant injuries associated with maltreatment and infant morbidities associated with maternal alcohol consumption within the first year. Logistic regression, adjusting for individual-level and state-level controls, and fixed effects for state, year, state-specific time trends, and SEs clustered by state were used. A total of 1 432 979 birthing person-infant pairs were included (mean [SD] age of birthing people, 32.2 [4.2] years); 30 157 infants (2.1%) had injuries associated with maltreatment, and 44 461 (3.1%) infants had morbidities associated with alcohol use during pregnancy. The policies of Reporting Requirements for Assessment/Treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.08-1.52) and Mandatory Warning Signs (aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.27) were associated with increased odds of infant injuries but not morbidities. Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women Only was associated with decreased odds of infant injuries (aOR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76-0.90) but not infant morbidities. Civil Commitment was associated with increased odds of infant injuries (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.08-1.48) but decreased odds of infant morbidities (aOR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.53-0.62). Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women and Women With Children was associated with increased odds of both infant injuries (aOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.00-1.25) and infant morbidities (aOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13). Reporting Requirements for Child Protective Services, Reporting Requirements for Data, Child Abuse/Neglect, and Limits on Criminal Prosecution were not associated with infant injuries or morbidities. In this cohort study, most pregnancy-specific alcohol policies were not associated with decreased odds of infant injuries or morbidities. Policy makers should not assume that pregnancy-specific alcohol policies improve infant health.

The fintech gender gap

Can fintech close the gender gap in access to financial services? Using novel survey data for 28 countries, this paper finds a large and ubiquitous ‘fintech gender gap’: while 29% of men use fintech products, only 21% of women do. This difference exceeds the gender gap in bank account ownership at traditional financial institutions. While country characteristics and individual-level controls explain about a third of the fintech gender gap, the residual gap declines by 60% when accounting for gender differences in the willingness to use new financial technology, the suitability of fintech products, and the willingness to use fintech entrants if they offer cheaper products. The paper concludes by discussing drivers of differences in attitudes and implications for policy to foster financial inclusion with new technology.

Racial Disparities in School Belonging and Prospective Associations With Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

School belonging has important implications for academic, psychological, and health outcomes, but the associations between racial disparities in school belonging and health have not been explored to date. To examine associations between school-level racial disparities in belonging and cardiometabolic health into adulthood in a national sample of Black and White children, adolescents, and young adults. Prospective cohort study of a US national sample of 4830 Black and White students (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health) followed up for 13 years. The study was conducted from 1994 to 1995 for wave 1 and in 2008 for wave 4. Data were analyzed from June 14 to August 13, 2021. School-level racial disparities in belonging at baseline were calculated as the mean level of school belonging for Black students minus the mean level of school belonging for White students at the school that they attended when they were aged 12 to 20 years. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome were measured as outcomes for these same participants at 24 to 32 years of age. The study included 4830 students. For wave 1, mean (SD) age was 16.1 (1.7) years, and for wave 4, 29.0 (1.7) years. A total of 2614 (54.1%) were female, 2219 were non-Hispanic Black (45.9%), and 2611 were non-Hispanic White (54.1%). Among Black students, attending a school with a greater Black-White disparity in school belonging (more negative scores) was associated with an increased risk for diabetes (odds ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.46-0.95]) and more risk factors for metabolic syndrome (rate ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.90-1.00]) in adulthood 13 years later. These associations persisted above individual-level controls (age, sex, and body mass index) and school-level controls (school size, percentage of Black students, and percentage of Black teachers) and were not explained by either an individual's own perception of school belonging or the mean level of belonging across the whole school. In this prospective cohort study of US students, racial disparities in school belonging were associated with risks for diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Black students. Among students, fostering a more equal sense of school belonging across racial groups may have implications for health disparities in the cardiometabolic domain into adulthood.

Investigating the combined effect of ALAN and noise on sleep by simultaneous real-time monitoring using low-cost smartphone devices

The association between artificial light at night (ALAN) and noise, on the one hand, and sleep, on the other, is well established. Yet studies investigating these associations have been infrequent and mostly conducted in controlled laboratory conditions. As a result, little is known about the applicability of their results to real-world settings. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this knowledge gap by carrying out an individual-level real-world study, involving 72 volunteers from different urban localities in Israel. The survey participants were asked to use their personal smartphones and smartwatches to monitor sleep patterns for 30 consecutive days, while ALAN and noise exposures were monitored in parallel, with inputs reported each second. The volunteers were also asked to fill in a questionnaire about their individual attributes, daily habits, room settings, and personal health, to serve as individual-level controls. Upon cointegration, the assembled data were co-analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistical tools. As the study reveals, the effect of ALAN and noise on sleep largely depends on when the exposure occurred, that is, before sleep or during sleep. In particular, the effect of ALAN exposure was found to be most pronounced if it occurred before sleep, while exposure to noise mattered most if it occurred during the sleep phase. As the study also reveals, the effects of ALAN and noise appear to amplify each other, with a 14–15.3% reduction in sleep duration and an 8–9% reduction in sleep efficiency observed at high levels of ALAN-noise exposures. The study helped to assemble a massive amount of real-time observations, enabling a robust individual-level analysis.

Global evidence on the selfish rich inequality hypothesis

We report on a study of whether people believe that the rich are richer than the poor because they have been more selfish in life, using data from more than 26,000 individuals in 60 countries. The findings show a strong belief in the selfish rich inequality hypothesis at the global level; in the majority of countries, the mode is to strongly agree with it. However, we also identify important between- and within-country variation. We find that the belief in selfish rich inequality is much stronger in countries with extensive corruption and weak institutions and less strong among people who are higher in the income distribution in their society. Finally, we show that the belief in selfish rich inequality is predictive of people's policy views on inequality and redistribution: It is significantly positively associated with agreeing that inequality in their country is unfair, and it is significantly positively associated with agreeing that the government should aim to reduce inequality. These relationships are highly significant both across and within countries and robust to including country-level or individual-level controls and using Lasso-selected regressors. Thus, the data provide compelling evidence of people believing that the rich are richer because they have been more selfish in life and perceiving selfish behavior as creating unfair inequality and justifying equalizing policies.

Examining experiential fear of crime using STUNDA: Findings from a smartphone-based experience methods study

Situational data have become more frequently used in research on offending and victimization. However, one outcome that has received less attention is fear of crime. The current study uses situational data collected through a smartphone application (STUNDA) to examine fear of crime as it is experienced in daily life among a sample of university students. Roughly 1200 situations reported by 129 students were analysed using generalized estimating equations. The results indicate that experiential fear of crime, in the form of worrying about victimization, is related to features of the immediate settings. More specifically, the odds ratio for experiencing fear of crime is significantly higher in places away from home and after dark, whereas social activities are associated with a significantly lower odds ratio, net of individual-level controls (gender, age, previous victimization and fear propensity). Yet, fear propensity, measured here using items that refer to an individual’s general worry about victimization, has an independent significant effect on fear of crime. As a result of the study’s convenience sample, the generalizability of the findings is limited, but a more general theoretical conclusion can nonetheless be drawn; features of settings and individual characteristics are both of importance. Further, the use of experience methods via a smartphone application provided detailed and unique situational data, which suggests that future research should further employ these methods to study situational phenomena such as fear of crime.

Exposure and Aversion to Human Transmissible Diseases Predict Conservative Ideological and Partisan Preferences.

The objective prevalence of and subjective vulnerability to infectious diseases are associated with greater ingroup preference, conformity, and traditionalism. However, evidence directly testing the link between infectious diseases and political ideology and partisanship is lacking. Across four studies, including a large sample representative of the U.S. population (N > 12,000), we demonstrate that higher environmental levels of human transmissible diseases and avoidance of germs from human carriers predict conservative ideological and partisan preferences. During the COVID‐19 pandemic (N = 848), we replicated this germ aversion finding and determined that these conservative preferences were primarily driven by avoidance of germs from outgroups (foreigners) rather than ingroups (locals). Moreover, socially conservative individuals expressed lower concerns of being susceptible to contracting infectious diseases during the pandemic and worried less about COVID‐19. These effects were robust to individual‐level and state‐level controls. We discuss these findings in light of theory on parasite stress and the behavioral immune system and with regard to the political implications of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Matched Cohort Study of Convalescent COVID-19 Plasma Treatment in Severely or Life Threateningly Ill COVID-19 Patients.

BackgroundThe utility of convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) plasma (CCP) in the current pandemic is not well defined. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CCP in severely or life threateningly ill COVID-19 patients when matched with a contemporaneous cohort.MethodsPatients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 were treated with CCP according to Food and Drug Administration criteria, prioritization by an interdisciplinary team, and based on CCP availability. Individual-level matched controls (1:1) were identified from patients admitted during the prior month when no CCP was available. The safety outcome was freedom from adverse transfusion reaction, and the efficacy outcome was a composite of death or worsening O2 support. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed by univariate and multivariable regression analyses accounting for matched design.ResultsStudy patients (n = 94, 47 matched pairs) were 62% male with a mean age of 58, and 98% (90/94) were minorities (53% Hispanic, 45% Black, non-Hispanic) in our inner-city population. Seven-day composite and mortality outcomes suggested a nonsignificant benefit in CCP-treated patients (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.23–2.12; P = .52; aHR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.04–1.51; P = .13, respectively). Stratification by pretransfusion mechanical ventilation status showed no differences between groups. No serious transfusion reactions occurred.ConclusionsIn this short-term matched cohort study, transfusion with CCP was safe and showed a nonsignificant association with study outcomes. Randomized and larger trials to identify appropriate timing and dosing of CCP in COVID-19 are warranted.Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04420988.

The Fintech Gender Gap

Fintech promises to spur financial inclusion and close the gender gap in access to financial services. Using novel survey data for 28 countries, this paper finds a large 'fintech gender gap': while 29% of men use fintech products and services, only 21% of women do. The gap is present in almost every country in our sample. Country characteristics and several individual-level controls explain about a third of the unconditional gap. Gender differences in the willingness to use new financial technology or fintech entrants if they offer cheaper services account for over half of the remaining gap. The paper concludes by suggesting potential explanations for the gender gap and implications for challenges in fostering financial inclusion with new technology.

The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Optimism and Business Recovery during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Covid-19 created unprecedented challenges for the business sector, which provide a unique way to study what drives the ability of firms to overcome exogenous shocks. Using a large-scale longitudinal survey, we study how entrepreneurial traits shaped entrepreneurs’ actions during a pandemic. Evidence from 1,632 UK firms shows that entrepreneurs who score high on optimism were more likely to innovate and make organizational changes to their firms during the Covid-19 outbreak. Moreover, optimistic entrepreneurs experienced higher revenue growth during the pandemic. Collectively, our study sheds light on the psychological factors explaining why some firms can prosper and some others struggle in the wake of an external shock.

Relationship Between State Preemption of Inclusionary Zoning Policies and Health Outcomes: Is There Disparate Impact Among People of Color?

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between state preemption of inclusionary zoning policies and health outcomes among different demographic groups. Controlling for state- and individual-level controls, preemption of inclusionary association was negatively associated with health outcomes, particularly among Black adults. Adults living in states that preempt inclusionary zoning were more likely to have poor or fair self-rated health status. Additionally, Black adults were more likely to report delaying medical care because of cost in preemption states. Study findings suggest that changes to land-use regulation and zoning policy are important policy levers for improving health and longstanding racial health inequities. Policy interventions should be race-conscious and account for the historical and systemic barriers experienced by Black people.

Suffering and Prejudice: Do Negative Emotions Predict Immigration Concerns?

Despite being a regular suspect, a causal role of residents’ emotions in predicting their opposition to international immigration has not been investigated. Using the individual-level panel data from Germany, we study the impact of the individual’s experience of negative emotions (sadness, fear, and anger) on immigration concerns and bridge this gap in the literature. After controlling for person fixed effects and a battery of individual-level and macroeconomic controls, we find that negative emotions are statistically and significantly associated with the respondent’s immigration concerns. The association holds for male as well as female respondents. To estimate the causal effects of negative emotions, we exploit the exogenous variation in negative emotions induced by the death of a parent or the change in averages of daily temperature and employ IV fixed effects regressions. Our findings suggest that, while within-person changes in the respondent’s feelings of anger affect immigration concerns among all respondents, the feelings of sadness and fear affect immigration concerns only among females. The impact of sadness and fear is more forceful among females who are not always-working during the sample period, older in age, and rarely use online social media.

The Effect of Organizational Factors on the Use of Evidence-based Practices among Middle Managers in Swedish Social Services

ABSTRACTThis study explores the effect of organizational factors, such as work unit size, diversity of services offered, geographic coverage, managerial culture, and staff qualifications on the degree to which middle managers in Swedish social services use evidence-based interventions. An ordered generalized logistic regression shows that most of these organizational factors are positively related to the use of evidence-based interventions above and beyond managers’ individual-level characteristics, such as interest in evidence-based interventions, education, gender, and managerial experience. Furthermore, a social work qualification is the only one of these individual-level controls that appears related to the use of evidence-based interventions.

Physical violence and vulnerable adolescents: the roles of school climate and presence of similar peers

ABSTRACT Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (a.k.a., Add Health), this study examines the impact of school climate and share of vulnerable groups of students on self-perceived discrimination and violence involvement in high school. Violence involvement is operationalized as victimization and perpetration of physical violence. Five categories of vulnerability status are analyzed: the emotionally disabled, learning disabled, physically disabled, obese and LGB. Results suggest that relatively higher odds of violence involvement for individuals who were members of vulnerable groups as adolescents are fully explained by school climate and an extensive set of individual-level controls. While the share of vulnerable groups in school is not consistently correlated with violence involvement, school climate is found to be highly predictive of self-perceived discrimination and violence involvement. Consequently, we believe that improving school climate is the most effective strategy for reducing violence involvement of vulnerable youth in school.

Are U.S. Schools Discriminating When Suspending Students With Disabilities? A Best-Evidence Synthesis

We examined whether U.S. schools systemically discriminate when suspending or otherwise disciplining students with disabilities (SWD). Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria. We coded 147 available risk estimates from these 18 studies. Of four studies including individual-level controls for infraction reasons, over half of the available estimates (i.e., 14 of 24, or 58%) failed to indicate that SWD were more likely to be suspended than otherwise similar students without disabilities. Of the seven available estimates adjusted for the strong confound of individual-level behavior, most (i.e., five of seven, or 71%) failed to indicate that SWD were more likely to be suspended. The other two estimates indicating SWD were more likely to be suspended were from one study. We also examined whether SWD were less likely to be suspended than otherwise similar students without disabilities. There was no strong evidence of this. Empirical evidence regarding whether U.S. schools discriminate when disciplining SWD is currently inconclusive.

Income Inequality in the Great Recession did not Harm Subjective Health in Europe, 2003–2012

A rich tradition of research has addressed income inequality and health, but the issue has achieved a fresh currency with the reversals of economic fortunes wrought by the Great Recession. This paper analyses the degree to which changing inequality induced by the Great Recession impacted Europeans’ subjective health (self-rated health and satisfaction with health). To address this question, we analyse the multilevel European Quality of Life Survey conducted mainly in 2003, 2008, and 2012 which provides representative samples from 24 European countries at all three time points, as well as national-level data on inequality (Gini coefficient) and appropriate national-level and individual-level controls. We find that, net of GDP, inequality has no statistically significant impact before, during or after the Great Recession. Turning to determinants, our variance-components multi-level models controlling for known individual-level predictors show that inequality remains insignificant at all time points, while individual family income is strongly related to subjective health GDP per capita has little effect except indirectly through income. We also assessed impacts specifically for vulnerable, at-risk groups. Including GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, and individual level controls, our model explains about one quarter of the variance in health status (R-squared >.23). All in all, our results support a rational choice, materialist hypothesis: that absolute prosperity of the individual matters to subjective health, but income inequality does not, in Europe in this period. This supports a policy emphasis on increasing levels of pay, and on poverty relief, rather than on reducing inequality.

Status perception, residential context and subjective wellbeing among South Korean adults: A multilevel analysis of primary survey data

This study examines the multilevel associations between perceived socioeconomic status (SES) and subjective wellbeing (SWB) among community residing South Korean adults. Based on primary survey data, this research provides evidence on the contingent ways in which status perception and wellbeing are associated across individual and contextual (residential-community) levels. Three related but distinct questions guide the analysis. First, net of objective SES indicators (income, education, employment status, homeownership and financial assets), is perceived status related to SWB? Second, is the community-level status, net of individual-level status, associated with wellbeing? Lastly, how do residential characteristics moderate the linkage between status perception and SWB? Results from fitting hierarchical linear models reveal that perceived status is significantly and positively related to SWB. Adjusting for individual-level controls, significant contextual effect also emerges, i.e., residence in a higher-status community is associated with greater wellbeing. Finally, the relationship between status perception and SWB is stronger in lower-quality communities measured in terms of aggregate perceived SES, level of business commercialization (e.g., density of factories), suicide prevalence, and proportion of government welfare recipients.

Comments by Frank Walsh, on The Effect of Import Competition on Wages in the Japanese Manufacturing Sector

February 01 2018 Comments by Frank Walsh, on The Effect of Import Competition on Wages in the Japanese Manufacturing Sector Author and Article Information Online Issn: 1536-0083 Print Issn: 1535-3516 © 2018 by the Asian Economic Panel and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2018Massachusetts Institute of Technology Asian Economic Papers (2018) 17 (1): 69–70. https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00586 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Comments by Frank Walsh, on The Effect of Import Competition on Wages in the Japanese Manufacturing Sector. Asian Economic Papers 2018; 17 (1): 69–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00586 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsAsian Economic Papers Search Advanced Search Frank Walsh: This paper makes a number of important contributions. In terms of data, a new worker firm panel is assembled by combining data across a range of surveys. This allows the author to control for a range of characteristics including firm-level fixed effects. This makes the evidence much more convincing. Although it is unfortunate that data constraints prevent the author from tracing workers over time, a range of worker individual-level controls are included. Hummels et al. (2014) is discussed as a reference for the instrumental variables (IV) approach adopted in the paper. In this approach, the world export supply net of home country imports is used as an instrument for offshoring. Interestingly, Hummels et al. (2014) also use world import demand net of home country exports as an instrument for exports, which might be interesting for future work. The estimated IV effects for annual income... You do not currently have access to this content.